Glassy carbon electrodes modified with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets and CoNiO2 bimetallic oxide nanoparticles as electrochemical sensor for Sunitinib detection in human fluid matrices and pharmaceutical samples.

A sophisticated electrochemical sensor is presented employing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a novel composite of synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and CoNiO2 bimetallic oxide nanoparticles (g-C3N4/CoNiO2). The sensor's electrocatalytic capabilities for Sunitinib (SUNI) oxidation were demonstrated exceptional performance with a calculated detection limit (LOD) of 52.0 nM. The successful synthesis and integrity of the composite were confirmed through meticulous characterization using various techniques. FT-IR analysis affirmed the successful synthesis of g-C3N4/CoNiO2 by providing insights into its molecular structure. XRD, FE-SEM, SEM-EDX, and BET analyses collectively validated the material's structural integrity, surface morphology, and electrocatalytic performance. Optimization of key analytical parameters, such as loading volume, concentration, electrolyte solution type, and pH, enhanced the electrocatalytic sensing capabilities of g-C3N4/CoNiO2. The synergistic interaction between g-C3N4 and CoNiO2 bimetallic oxide nanoparticles executed the sensor highly effective in the electrical oxidation of SUNI. Across a concentration range of 0.1-83.8 µM SUNI, the anodic peak current exhibited a linear increase with good precision. Application of the newly developed g-C3N4/CoNiO2 system to detect SUNI in a variety of samples, including urine, human serum, and capsule dosage forms, obtained satisfactory recoveries ranging from 97.1 to 103.0%. This methodology offers a novel approach to underscore the potential of the developed sensor for applications in biological and pharmaceutical monitoring.

An Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Sensor Using Banana Peel Activated Carbon/NiFe2O4/MnCoFe-LDH Nanocomposites for Anticancer Drug Determination.

In the current study, we report the synthesis of a novel composite material composed of banana peel activated carbon (BPAC), nickel iron oxide (NiFe2O4), and manganese cobalt iron layered double hydroxide (MnCoFe-LDH) to create a high-performance electrochemical sensor to detect Palbociclib (PLB). The composite was successfully immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface to create a modified electrode. The performance of the electrode was thoroughly evaluated, considering parameters such as electroactive surface areas (ESA), electron transfer rate constant (k0), and exchange current density (j0). The developed BPAC/NiFe2O4/MnCoFe-LDH/GCE exhibited a wide linear dynamic range of 0.01-13.0 µM for PLB concentration, accompanied by a detection limit at a low level (3.5 nM). Furthermore, it can be applied to the determination of PLB in human urine and pharmaceutical samples with excellent recoveries (98.5-102.9%) and RSD values lower than 3%, establishing its potential for precise PLB determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples. This research contributes to the advancement of electrochemical sensor technology for the detection of important anticancer drugs in real-world applications.

Evaluating the simultaneous electrochemical determination of antineoplastic drugs using LaNiO3/g-C3N4@RGH nanocomposite material.

A novel electrochemical sensor based on LaNiO3/g-C3N4@RGH nanocomposite material was developed to simultaneously determine Ribociclib (RIBO) and Alpelisib (ALPE). Ribociclib and Alpelisib are vital anticancer medications used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. The sensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of RIBO and ALPE, enabling their simultaneous detection. The fabricated sensor was characterized using various techniques, including energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirmed the successful synthesis of the LaNiO3/g-C3N4@RGH composite material. Electrochemical characterization revealed enhanced conductivity and lower resistance of the modified electrode compared to the bare electrode. The developed sensor exhibited high repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity toward RIBO detection. Furthermore, the sensor displayed high sensitivity with low detection limits of 0.88 nM for RIBO and 6.1 nM for ALPE, and linear ranges of 0.05-6.2 µM and 0.5-6.5 µM, respectively. The proposed electrochemical sensor offers a promising approach for simultaneously determining RIBO and ALPE in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples with recovery data of 98.7-102.0 %, providing a valuable tool for anticancer drug analysis and clinical research.

Electrochemical Detection of Melphalan in Biological Fluids Using a g-C3N4@ND-COOH@MoSe2 Modified Electrode Complemented by Molecular Docking Studies with Cellular Tumor Antigen P53.

Melphalan (Mel) is a potent alkylating agent utilized in chemotherapy treatments for a diverse range of malignancies. The need for its accurate and timely detection in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples is paramount to ensure optimized therapeutic efficacy and to monitor treatment progression. To address this critical need, our study introduced a cutting-edge electrochemical sensor. This device boasts a uniquely modified electrode crafted from graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), decorated with activated nanodiamonds (ND-COOH) and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), and specifically designed to detect Mel with unparalleled precision. Our rigorous testing employed advanced techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The outcomes were promising; the sensor consistently exhibited a linear response in the range of 0.5 to 12.5 µM. Even more impressively, the detection threshold was as low as 0.03 µM, highlighting its sensitivity. To further enhance our understanding of Mel's biological interactions, we turned to molecular docking studies. These studies primarily focused on Mel's interaction dynamics with the cellular tumor antigen P53, revealing a binding affinity of -5.0 kcal/mol. A fascinating observation was made when Mel was covalently conjugated with nanodiamond-COOH (ND-COOH). This conjugation resulted in a binding affinity that surged to -10.9 kcal/mol, clearly underscoring our sensor's superior detection capabilities. This observation also reinforced the wisdom behind incorporating ND-COOH in our electrode design. In conclusion, our sensor not only stands out in terms of sensitivity but also excels in selectivity and accuracy. By bridging electrochemical sensing with computational insights, our study illuminates Mel's intricate behavior, driving advancements in sensor technology and potentially revolutionizing cancer therapeutic strategies.

Development of a green high-performance liquid chromatography method for tofacitinib quantification in pharmaceutical formulations and degradation studies.

A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied for the quantification of the active substance of tofacitinib. Analysis was performed on a Chromasil 100 C18 (100.0 × 4.0 mm, 3.5 µm) stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile:0.2% phosphoric acid in water (12:88, v/v). The prepared sample (20.0 µL) was injected into the system. A detection wavelength of 285.0 nm was chosen for the compound, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. The experiment was completed in 5.0 min. The analysis temperature was set to 40.0°C. The method was evaluated using green chemistry. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. For linearity studies calibration curves were constructed in the range of 10.0-200.0 µg/mL. The recovery values were calculated at 97.66% and 105.68%. The method developed for the analysis of the active substance had a short analysis time and was cost-effective. It is an environmentally friendly method due to the mobile phase content used. The technique can be used in laboratory analysis and bioequivalence experiments.

Pioneering electrochemical detection unveils erdafitinib: a breakthrough in anticancer agent determination.

The successful fabrication is reported of highly crystalline Co nanoparticles interconnected with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-12) -based amorphous porous carbon using the molten-salt-assisted approach utilizing NaCl. Single crystal diffractometers (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm the codoped amorphous carbon structure. Crystallite size was calculated by Scherrer (34 nm) and Williamson-Hall models (42 nm). The magnetic properties of NPCS (N-doped porous carbon sheet) were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The NPCS has a magnetic saturation (Ms) value of 1.85 emu/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses show that Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in the carbon matrix. While a low melting point eutectic salt acts as an ionic liquid solvent, ZIF-12, at high temperature, leading cobalt nanoparticles with a trace amount of Co3O4 interconnected by conductive amorphous carbon. In addition, the surface area (89.04 m2/g) and pore architectures of amorphous carbon embedded with Co nanoparticles are created using the molten salt approach. Thanks to this inexpensive and effective method, the optimal composite porous carbon structures were obtained with the strategy using NaCl salt and showed distinct electrochemical performance on electrochemical methodology revealing the analytical profile of Erdatifinib (ERD) as a sensor modifier. The linear response spanned from 0.01 to 7.38 µM, featuring a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.36 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.2 nM. The developed sensor was examined in terms of selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. The fabricated electrode was utilized for the quantification of Erdafitinib in urine samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This research provides a fresh outlook on the advancements in electrochemical sensor technology concerning the development and detection of anticancer drugs within the realms of medicine and pharmacology.

Development of a Cr2AlC MAX phase/g-C3N4 composite-based electrochemical sensor for accurate cabotegravir determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples.

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor is reported that employs a modified electrode for the precise measurement of cabotegravir, a potent anti-HIV drug. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized for this purpose. Electrode modification involved the immobilization of Cr2AlC MAX phase/g-C3N4 onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to enhance its electrocatalytic activity and selectivity for cabotegravir detection. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the working potential (vs. Ag/AgCl) was to 0.93 V. The developed sensor exhibited a good linear relationship in the range 0.05 µM to 9.34 µM with a low limit of detection of 4.33 nM, signifying its exceptional sensitivity. Additionally, it demonstrated successful cabotegravir detection in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples, achieving an RSD below 3.0%. The recoveries fell within the range 97.7 to 102%, confirming the sensor's potential for real-sample applications. This innovative electrochemical sensor represents a significant advancement, providing a simple, reliable, and sensitive tool for the accurate measurement of cabotegravir. Its potential applications include optimizing drug dosages, monitoring treatment responses, and supporting the development of cabotegravir-based pharmaceutical products, thereby contributing to advancements in HIV therapy and prevention strategies.

A low-cost voltammetric sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for highly sensitive and accurate determination of nanomolar levels of the anticancer drug Ribociclib in bulk and biological fluids.

In this study, we present the development and comprehensive characterization of the first electrochemical sensor utilizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the sensitive and precise detection of Ribociclib (RIBO), an important anticancer drug. The sensor underwent systematic optimization, focusing on critical parameters such as pH, deposition potential, and cumulative time to enhance its electrocatalytic activity and expand the linear range for RIBO determination. The MWCNTs/GCE sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility and repeatability, ensuring reliable and consistent results. The applicability and feasibility of the sensor for real sample analysis were extensively evaluated by analyzing human serum, urine, and tablet samples using the standard addition method. The obtained percent recovery values demonstrated the sensor's exceptional accuracy and precision. Furthermore, interference studies revealed the sensor's remarkable selectivity, with minimal impact from common interfering substances. The developed sensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.01 µM to 5.0 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) calculated to be 0.69 nM and 2.31 nM, respectively, affirming its high sensitivity for detecting low RIBO concentrations. The MWCNTs/GCE sensor demonstrates substantial promise for diverse practical applications with its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and excellent analytical performance.

A DNA biosensor strategy in monitoring of Vinorelbine breast cancer drug using catalytic effect of Pt-Pd-ZnO/SWCNTs.

The present research work introduced a new electrocatalyst (Pt-Pd-ZnO/SWCNTs in this case) to the fabrication of a powerful DNA biosensor in the monitoring of Vinorelbine anticancer drug. The characterization information confirms the high purity of Pt-Pd-ZnO/SWCNTs nanocomposite and an intercalation reaction between Vinorelbine anticancer drug and the guanine base of DNA in an aqueous solution. The reducing signal of DNA after interaction with Vinorelbine drug showed a linear analytical range of 0.1-120 µM with a detection limit of 0.05 µM. The biosensor was fabricated by layer-by-layer modification of glassy carbon electrode with ds-DNA and Pt-Pd-ZnO/SWCNTs nanocomposite and used as the working electrode to sensing of vinorelbine drug in pharmaceutical and other real samples with acceptable recovery data. The preferential intercalation mode for the binding of vinorelbine anticancer drug into the ds-DNA receptor is clarified using the molecular docking study.

Nanodiamond (ND)-Based ND@CuAl2O4@Fe3O4 electrochemical sensor for Tofacitinib detection: A unified approach to integrate experimental data with DFT and molecular docking.

Tofacitinib (TOF) is gaining recognition as a potent therapeutic agent for a variety of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Ensuring precise drug concentration control during treatment necessitates a rapid and sensitive detection method. This study introduces a novel electrochemical sensor employing a composite of nanodiamond (ND), copper aluminate spinel oxide (CuAl2O4), and iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4) as modified materials for efficient TOF detection. Extensive analyses using physicochemical and electrochemical techniques were carried out to characterize the morphological, structural, and electrochemical properties of the ND@CuAl2O4@Fe3O4 composite. Thereafter, various voltammetric methods were utilized to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the ND@CuAl2O4@Fe3O4-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) concerning TOF determination. The fabricated electrode showcased superior performance in electrochemical TOF detection in a buffered solution (pH = 5), achieving a remarkably low detection limit of 7.8 nM and a linear response from 0.05 µM to 13.21 µM. Furthermore, applying the modified electrode as an electrochemical sensor exhibited exceptional selectivity, stability, and practicality in determining TOF in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Alongside the sensor development, this study conducted a thorough investigation using Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the geometry optimization of TOF and the TOF-ND complex. Consequently performed molecular docking studies using Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) (PDB ID: 3EYG) and JAK3 (PDB ID: 3LXK) indicated higher interaction of the TOF-ND conjugate with the JAKs, reflected by binding energies of -12.9 kcal/mol and -11.7 kcal/mol for JAK1 and JAK3 respectively, compared to -7.0 kcal/mol and -6.9 kcal/mol for TOF alone. These findings illustrate the potential of the ND-based ND@CuAl2O4@Fe3O4 composite as a proficient sensing material for TOF detection and the merits of DFT in providing a detailed understanding of the interactions at play. This pioneering research holds promise for real-time TOF monitoring, which will advance personalized treatment strategies and improve therapeutic outcomes for patients with autoimmune disorders.

Smart and sensitive nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor for the determination of a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor anticancer agent.

In this research, we propose a novel approach for constructing a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor utilizing high-quality multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with amino groups (MWCNT-NH2) for the detection of Talazoparib (TLZ), a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme inhibitor, in real samples. The MWCNT-NH2-based sensor exhibited remarkable performance characteristics, including excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and high selectivity against various interferences. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a wide linear concentration range of 1.0-5.0 µM, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.201 µM. Substantiated by rigorous analysis of pharmaceutical and biological matrices, our methodology emerges as a paragon of reliability, boasting recovery rates within the satisfactory bracket of 96.38-105.25%. The successful application of the MWCNT-NH2-based sensor in practical sample analysis highlights its potential for implementation in clinical and pharmaceutical settings. This research not only advances the application of MWCNT-NH2 in electrochemical sensing but also opens new avenues for the development and monitoring of innovative anticancer treatments. The insights gained from our study have far-reaching implications, pointing toward a future where precision and innovation converge to improve patient care and treatment outcomes.

A green approach for the analysis of emtricitabine bictegravir and tenofovir in a pharmaceutical preparation using novel HPLC and spectrophotometric methods.

Two spectrophotometric techniques and a novel HPLC method were consecutively applied for the simultaneous quantification of the active ingredients of emtricitabine (EMC), tenofovir (TNF), and bictegravir (BIC). The first spectrophotometric method is the dual amplitude difference method coupled with the ratio difference method. TNF was determined using the dual amplitude difference method, while BIC and EMC were determined using the ratio difference method. The second spectrophotometric method was the constant multiplication with absorbance extraction method, and was applied for the determination of active substances used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. BIC was determined by the constant multiplication method, whereas EMC and TNF were determined using the absorbance extraction method. For the HPLC method, the XBridge C18 column was used. The solvent system comprised acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 6.8; 30:70 v/v). All active ingredients were detected at 260.0 nm, and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The experiment was completed within 5.5 min. The experiments carried out enabled the simultaneous analysis of the three active substances and they were economical, fast, environmentally friendly, and simple. The methods have been successfully applied to prepare mixtures and tablets without matrix interference. The methods were evaluated in terms of green chemistry. The methods have been validated according to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Green synthesis of Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite using Hyssopus officinalis extract and its sensing application for vortioxetine determination.

Herein, we introduce a stable and green Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a selective electrochemical sensor for vortioxetine (VOR) determination. The electrochemical behavior of VOR on the developed electrode was investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. The Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite was thoroughly observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite had a higher conductivity and a narrower band gap than pure g-C3N4, causing higher electrochemical activity for VOR detection. Moreover, Au@g-C3N4 on the glassy carbon electrode (Au@g-C3N4/GCE) monitored a low level of VOR with high efficiency and low interference as an environmentally friendly processing approach. Interestingly, the as-fabricated sensor exhibited an ultrahigh selectivity for recognizing VOR with a detection limit (LOD) of 3.2 nM. Furthermore, the developed sensor was applied to determine VOR in pharmaceutical and biological samples, which indicated a high selectivity in the presence of interferences. This study suggests new insights into the phytosynthesis synthesis of nanomaterials with excellent biosensing applications.

Gemcitabine drug intercalation with ds-DNA at surface of ds-DNA/Pt-ZnO/SWCNTs/GCE biosensor: A DNA-biosensor for gemcitabine monitoring confirmed by molecular docking study.

Herein, a facile and highly sensitive electroanalytical tool for monitoring and quantifying the antineoplastic drug gemcitabine in real sample was provided. In this regard, a novel DNA-biosensor based on Pt-doped ZnO decorated single walled carbon nanotubes (Pt-ZnO/SWCNTs) hybrid nanomaterial modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. Ds-DNA (Calf Thymus), as a biological recognition element, was decorated onto nanomaterial-modified GCE via layer-by-layer fabrication strategy to attain ultimate biosensor ds-DNA/Pt-ZnO/SWCNTs/GCE. The characterizations confirmed the successful fabrication of hybrid nanomaterial, as well as the modification of electrode surface by fabricated nanomaterial. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed that the nanomaterial modification of GCE surface enhanced the electrical conductivity thanks to the synergistic effects of Pt-ZnO and SWCNTs structures, thereby boosted the electrocatalytic activity of the resultant biosensor. The electrochemical characterization results showed that the suggested biosensor is capable of detecting gemcitabine in a wide concentration range of 0.01-30.0 µM, with a detection limit of 5.0 nM. The intercalation binding mode of Gemcitabine inside guanine and cytosine rich region of DNA receptor was approved by molecular docking study. The results of the experimental data were well congruent with the molecular docking analysis, which showed that the binding mode of gemcitabine drug with ds-DNA was intercalation.

Modeling of adsorptive removal of azithromycin from aquatic media by CoFe2O4/NiO anchored microalgae-derived nitrogen-doped porous activated carbon adsorbent and colorimetric quantifying of azithromycin in pharmaceutical products.

Herein, it was aimed to optimize the removal process of Azithromycin (Azi) from the aquatic environment via CoFe2O4/NiO nanoparticles anchored onto the microalgae-derived nitrogen-doped porous activated carbon (N-PAC), besides developing a colorimetric method for the swift monitoring of Azi in pharmaceutical products. In this study, the Spirulina platensis (Sp) was used as a biomass resource for fabricating CoFe2O4/NiO@N-PAC adsorbent. The pores of N-PAC mainly entail mesoporous structures with a mean pore diameter of 21.546 nm and total cavity volume (Vtotal) of 0.033578 cm3. g-1. The adsorption studies offered that 98.5% of Azi in aqueous media could remove by CoFe2O4/NiO@N-PAC. For the cyclic stability analysis, the adsorbent was separated magnetically and assessed at the end of five adsorption-desorption cycles with a negligible decrease in adsorption. The kinetic modeling revealed that the adsorption of Azi onto the CoFe2O4/NiO@N-PAC was well-fitted to the second-order reaction kinetics, and the highest adsorption capacity was found as 2000 mg. g-1 at 25 °C based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model at 0.8 g. L-1 adsorbent concentration. The Freundlich isotherm model had the best agreement with the experimental data. Thermodynamic modeling indicated the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Moreover, the effects of pH, temperature, and operating time were also optimized in the colorimetric Azi detection. The blue ion-pair complexes between Azi and Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBBG-250) reagent followed Beer's law at wavelengths of 640 nm in the concentration range of 1.0 µM to 1.0 mM with a 0.94 µM limit of detection (LOD). In addition, the selectivity of Azi determination was verified in presence of various species. Furthermore, the applicability of CBBG-250 dye for quantifying Azi was evaluated in Azi capsules as real samples, which revealed the acceptable recovery percentage (98.72-101.27%). This work paves the way for engineering advanced nanomaterials for the removal and monitoring of Azi and assures the sustainability of environmental protection and public health.

An electrochemical sensing platform with a molecularly imprinted polymer based on chitosan-stabilized metal@metal-organic frameworks for topotecan detection.

The present study aims to develop an electroanalytical method to determine one of the most significant antineoplastic agents, topotecan (TPT), using a novel and selective molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) method for the first time. The MIP was synthesized using the electropolymerization method using TPT as a template molecule and pyrrole (Pyr) as the functional monomer on a metal-organic framework decorated with chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au-CH@MOF-5). The materials' morphological and physical characteristics were characterized using various physical techniques. The analytical characteristics of the obtained sensors were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). After all characterizations and optimizing the experimental conditions, MIP-Au-CH@MOF-5 and NIP-Au-CH@MOF-5 were evaluated on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). MIP-Au-CH@MOF-5/GCE indicated a wide linear response of 0.4-70.0 nM and a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.298 nM. The developed sensor also showed excellent recovery in human plasma and nasal samples with recoveries of 94.41-106.16 % and 95.1-107.0 %, respectively, confirming its potential for future on-site monitoring of TPT in real samples. This methodology offers a different approach to electroanalytical procedures using MIP methods. Moreover, the high sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor were illustrated by the ability to recognize TPT over potentially interfering agents. Hence, it can be speculated that the fabricated MIP-Au-CH@MOF-5/GCE may be utilized in a multitude of areas, including public health and food quality.

Electrochemical Biosensors as a Novel Platform in the Identification of Listeriosis Infection.

Listeria monocytogenes (L.M.) is a gram-positive bacillus with wide distribution in the environment. This bacterium contaminates water sources and food products and can be transmitted to the human population. The infection caused by L.M. is called listeriosis and is common in pregnant women, immune-deficient patients, and older adults. Based on the released statistics, listeriosis has a high rate of hospitalization and mortality; thus, rapid and timely detection of food contamination and listeriosis cases is necessary. During the last few decades, biosensors have been used for the detection and monitoring of varied bacteria species. These devices are detection platforms with great sensitivity and low detection limits. Among different types of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors have a high capability to circumvent several drawbacks associated with the application of conventional laboratory techniques. In this review article, different electrochemical biosensor types used for the detection of listeriosis were discussed in terms of actuators, bioreceptors, specific working electrodes, and signal amplification. We hope that this review will facilitate researchers to access a complete and comprehensive template for pathogen detection based on the different formats of electrochemical biosensors.

A novel atropine electrochemical sensor based on silver nano particle-coated Spirulina platensis multicellular blue-green microalga.

In this work, Atropine as the anticholinergic drug was measured using the environmentally friendly sensor. In this regard, Self-cultivated Spirulina platensis with electroless silver was employed as a powder amplifier in carbon paste electrode modification. Also, 1-Hexyl-3 methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate (HMIM PF6) ion liquid as a conductor binder was used in the suggested electrode construction. Atropine determination was investigated by voltammetry methods. According to voltammograms, the electrochemical behavior of atropine depends on pH, and pH 10.0 was used as the optimal condition. Moreover, the diffusion control process for the electro-oxidation of atropine was verified by the scan rate study, so the diffusion coefficient (D∼ 3.0136×10-4cm2/sec) value was computed from the chronoamperometry study. Furthermore, responses of the fabricated sensor were linear in the concentration range from 0.01 to 800 µM, and the lowest detection limit of the Atropine determination was obtained at 5 nM. Moreover, the stability, reproducibility, and selectivity factors of the suggested sensor were confirmed by the results. Finally, the recovery percentages for atropine sulfate ampoule (94.48-101.58), and water (98.01-101.3) approve of the applicability of the proposed sensor to Atropine determination in real samples.

Algae extract delamination of molybdenum disulfide and surface modification with glycidyl methacrylate and polyaniline for the elimination of metal ions from wastewater.

A special type of two-dimensional (2D) material based conducting polymer was constructed by green synthesis and in-situ polymerization techniques. The 2D Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) were first synthesized with the combination of, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate dissolved in 20 mL algae extract under stirring. After stirring for about 2 h, and then finally sulfurization was initiated using sulfur powder in 20 mL of sulfuric solution and stirred for 8 h. The resulting black precipitates of MoS2 were collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm. Moreover, the prepared MoS2 was functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and form the MoS2@PGMA. Further, the MoS2@PGMA is combined with polyaniline (PANI) to form conducting polymer grafted thin film nanosheets named MoS2@PGMA/PANI with a thickness in micrometer size through grafting method. The prepared materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS and EDX techniques. To check the performance of materials the adsorption study was performed. Moreover, the adsorption study toward Cu2+ and Cd2+ showed a tremendous results and the maximum adsorption was 307.7 mg/g and 214.7 mg/g respectively. In addition, the pseudo-first and second order models as well as the adsorption isotherm were investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich model. The results were best fitted with the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models. The regeneration study was also conducted and MoS2@PGMA/PANI nanosheets can be easily recycled and restored after five successful recycling. The established methodology for preparing the 2D materials and conducting polymer based MoS2@PGMA/PANI nanosheets is expected to be applicable for other multiple applications.

Molecularly imprinted polymer film loaded on the metal-organic framework with improved performance using stabilized gold-doped graphite carbon nitride nanosheets for the single-step detection of Fenamiphos.

A noninvasive material-based electrochemical sensor continuously monitors the fenamiphos (FMS) level in vegetable samples is highly desirable for innovative fabrics to check the health of agricultural products. Herein, an electrochemical sensor is fabricated by a sensitive molecularly imprinted polymers/metal-organic framework/gold stabilized on graphite carbon nitride (MIP-Au@MOF-235@g-C3N4) for monitoring the FMS level in real samples continuously with high sensitivity and accuracy. The MIP-based sensor was simply produced by a hydrothermal strategy. The MIP-Au@MOF-235@g-C3N4 had a large specific surface area and high catalytic activity, which enables the fabricated sensor with good electrochemical performance with a high sensitivity of 1.07 µA.µM-1 and a wide linear range of 0.01 to 16.4 µM. The proposed strategy was applied to determine FMS in agricultural products with satisfactory recoveries (94.7-107.9%) and a relative standard error of less than 1.0%, providing novel tactics for the rational design ofMIP-sensorsto determine a growing number of deleterious substances.