Factores que afectan el estado nutricional en personas mayores mexicanas: Enasem, 2018.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores que afectan el estado nutricional en personas mayores mexicanas del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México 2018 (Enasem 2018). Material y métodos. Análisis transversal secundario de determinantes sociales, factores relativos a la salud y eventos estresantes de la vida con dos problemas nutricionales relevantes en personas mayores: 1) desnutrición y 2) exceso de peso considerando sobrepeso y obesidad, mediante regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: 4 587 participantes. La prevalencia de desnutrición fue 16.1% y está relacionada con edad ≥80 años, sin pareja, sin escolaridad, sobrestimación de índice de masa corporal (IMC), dificultad motriz, dependencia funcional instrumental, hospitalización en año previo y caídas en los últimos dos años, autorreporte de fuerza prensil débil, reporte de desastre que afectó vivienda o accidente que afectó la salud. La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue 43.6%, relacionada con ser mujer, tener 60 a 79 años, percibirse sin sobrepeso u obesidad y subestimarlo contra IMC, tener ≥3 enfermedades, síntomas somáticos e inactividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los factores que afectan el estado nutricional hacia desnutrición o exceso de peso en las personas mayores requieren considerarse como áreas de intervención importante en el envejecimiento.

Validación de un instrumento para medir el respeto de la autonomía del paciente en situación terminal durante la toma de decisiones médicas sobre el final de la vida / Validació d'un instrument per mesurar el respecte de l'autonomia del pacient en situació terminal durant la presa de decisions mèdiques sobre el final de la vida / Validation of an instrument to measure respect for the autonomy of terminally ill patients during end-of-life medical decision-making

Antecedentes: El respeto por la autonomía de la persona consiste en considerarlas preferencias y valores de la persona enferma durante la toma de decisions sobre el tipo de atención que recibe y es un elemento bioético-jurídico. Sin embargo, no existen instrumentos validados sobre este fenómeno que ayuden aclarificar la percepción del médico sobre este principio.Objetivo: Elaborar, validar mediante juicio de expertos y pilotear para obtener la consistencia interna de un instrumento que evalúa el nivel de acuerdo de los médicos sobre los diferentes elementos que constituyen el respeto por la autonomía de la persona enferma en etapa terminal.Métodos: Estudio transversal. Método de validación por juicio de diez expertos de México. El instrumento se piloteó en médicos de un hospital público de alta especialidad para determinar la consistencia interna del mismo.Resultados: Se generó un instrumento de 15 ítems con un índice de validez de contenido de 0.82 para 10 expertos. Fue piloteado en una muestra de 96 médicos. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.694.Conclusiones: Se desarrolló, validó y evaluó la consistencia interna de un cuestionario para medir el nivel de acuerdo de médicos que atienden a persones enfermas en etapa terminal con relación a los aspectos constitutivos sobre el respeto de su autonomía. Se recomienda su aplicación en médicos para corroborar su utilidad y favorecerun diagnóstico situacional sobre la situación estudiada.(AU)

Antecedents: El respecte per l'autonomia de la persona consisteix a considerar-les preferències i valors de la persona malalta durant la presa de decisions sobre el tipus d'atenció que rep i és un element bioeticojurídic. No obstant això, no hi ha instruments validats sobre aquest fenomen que ajudin a aclarir la percepció del metge sobreaquest principi.Objectiu: Elaborar, validar mitjançant un judici d'experts i pilotejar per obtenir la consistència interna d'un instrument que avalua el nivell d'acord dels metges sobre els diferents elements que constitueixen el respecte per l'autonomiade la persona malalta en l'etapa terminal.Mètodes: Estudi transversal. Mètode de validació per judici de deu experts de Mèxic. L'instrument es va pilotejar en metges d'un hospital públic d'alta especialitat per determinar-ne la consistència interna.Resultats: Es va generar un instrument de 15 ítems amb un índex de validesa de contingut de 0.82 per a 10 experts. Va ser pilotejat en una mostra de 96 metges. S'obtingué un alfa de Cronbach de 0.694.Conclusions: Es va desenvolupar, validar i avaluar la consistència interna d'un qüestionari per mesurar el nivell d'acord de metges que atenen persones malaltes en etapa terminal amb relació als aspectes constitutius sobre el respecte de la seva autonomia. Se'n recomana l'aplicació en metges per corroborar-ne la utilitat i afavorir un diagnòstic situacional sobre la situació estudiada.(AU)

Background: Respect for the autonomy of the person consists in considering the preferences and values of the sick person when making decisions about the type of care they receive and is a bioethical-legal element. However, there are no validated instruments on this phenomenon that help to clarify the physician's perception of this principle.Objective: To elaborate, validate through expert judgment and determine the internal consistency of an instrument that evaluates the level of agreement that the doctors have on the different elements that constitute respect for theautonomy of the terminally ill person.Methods: Cross-sectional study. The expert judgment validation method was used with a panel of ten experts from Mexico. The instrument was piloted in doctors of a highly specialized public hospital to determinate itsinternal consistency.Results: An instrument of 15 items was generated with a content validity index of 0.82 for 10 experts. It was piloted in a sample of 96 doctors (31.3% female and 68.7% male) and with an average age of 30 years. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.694.Conclusions: A questionnaire was developed to measure the level of agreement that the doctor who cares for terminally ill people has in relation to the constitutive aspects of respect for their autonomy. Based on the results of the validation andinternal consistency, its application in medical populations is recommended to corroborate its usefulness and favoura simple situational diagnosis of the situation studied.(AU)

The Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype Is Associated with Several Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associates with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as dyslipidemias and systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTWP) identifies increased CVRF; however, information about HTWP on RA is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of HTWP with CVRF in RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Women (125) with RA were included (ACR, 1987). Anthropometry, bioimpedance, body mass index (BMI), disease activity score 28 (DAS28), and health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-Di) were determined. The lipid profile determination includes the atherogenic index (AI) (TC/HDL) and Framingham Risk Score. HTWP is defined as a waist circumference ≥88 cm and triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL. Chi-squared and Student's t-tests were applied for comparisons. RESULTS: HTWP was found in 38 (30.4%) patients. The subgroup with HTWP had a greater frequency of arterial hypertension (AHT) (57.9 vs. 37.9, p = 0.04), Type 2 DM (23.7 vs. 8.0, p= 0.02), BMI (29.7 ± 3.2, vs. 26.8 ± 4.3, p < 0.001), fat mass (39.3 ± 4.8 vs. 34.7 ± 6.8, p < 0.001), and AI (4.7 ± 1.2 vs. 3.7 ± 1.0, p < 0.001). No differences between DAS28 and HAQ-Di were found. HTWP was associated with the presence of MetS and CVR (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSION: The HTWP in RA is associated with CVRF, and its potential predictive role should be evaluated in longitudinal studies.

Patterns of Muscle-Related Risk Factors for Sarcopenia in Older Mexican Women.

Early detriment in the muscle mass quantity, quality, and functionality, determined by calf circumference (CC), phase angle (PA), gait time (GT), and grip strength (GSt), may be considered a risk factor for sarcopenia. Patterns derived from these parameters could timely identify an early stage of this disease. Thus, the present work aims to identify those patterns of muscle-related parameters and their association with sarcopenia in a cohort of older Mexican women with neural network analysis. Methods: Information from the functional decline patterns at the end of life, related factors, and associated costs study was used. A self-organizing map was used to analyze the information. A SOM is an unsupervised machine learning technique that projects input variables on a low-dimensional hexagonal grid that can be effectively utilized to visualize and explore properties of the data allowing to cluster individuals with similar age, GT, GSt, CC, and PA. An unadjusted logistic regression model assessed the probability of having sarcopenia given a particular cluster. Results: 250 women were evaluated. Mean age was 68.54 ± 5.99, sarcopenia was present in 31 (12.4%). Clusters 1 and 2 had similar GT, GSt, and CC values. Moreover, in cluster 1, women were older with higher PA values (p < 0.001). From cluster 3 upward, there is a trend of worse scores for every variable. Moreover, 100% of the participants in cluster 6 have sarcopenia (p < 0.001). Women in clusters 4 and 5 were 19.29 and 90 respectively, times more likely to develop sarcopenia than those from cluster 2 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The joint use of age, GSt, GT, CC, and PA is strongly associated with the probability women have of presenting sarcopenia.

[Interinstitutional Command Mexico: organizational decision-making in the face of COVID-19]. / Comando interinstitucional México: toma de decisiones organizacionales ante COVID-19.

Background: The third wave of COVID-19 in Mexico produced a high demand for hospital care, which is why it was created a multidisciplinary group to optimize decision-making: the Interinstitutional Command for the Health Sector (COISS, according to its initials in Spanish). So far, there is no scientific evidence of the COISS processes or their effect on the behavior of epidemiological indicators and the hospital care needs of the population in the context of COVID-19 in the entities involved. Objectives: To analyze the trend on epidemic risk indicators throughout the COISS group's management in the third wave of COVID-19 in Mexico. Material and methods: Mixed study: 1) non-systematic review of information from technical documents issued by COISS, 2) secondary analysis of open-access institutional databases through the description of healthcare needs of cases notified with COVID-19 symptoms, and an ecological analysis by each Mexican state on the behavior of hospital occupancy, RT-PCR positivity, and COVID-19 mortality in two-time points. Results: The COISS activity in identifying states with epidemic risk generated actions aimed at a reduction in hospital occupancy of beds, positivity by RT-PCR, and mortality from COVID-19. Conclusions: The decisions of the COISS group reduced the indicators of epidemic risk. Continuing the work of the COISS group is an urgent need. Conclusions: The decisions of the COISS group reduced the indicators of epidemic risk. Continuing the work of the COISS group is an urgent need.

Introducción: la tercera ola por COVID-19 en México provocó una alta demanda de atención hospitalaria, por lo cual se conformó un grupo multidisciplinario para optimizar la toma de decisiones sanitarias: Comando Interinstitucional del Sector Salud (COISS). Hasta el momento, no hay evidencia científica de los procesos del COISS ni de su efecto sobre el comportamiento de indicadores epidemiológicos y las necesidades de atención hospitalaria de la población bajo el contexto de COVID-19 en entidades federativas involucradas. Objetivos: analizar la tendencia de indicadores de riesgo epidémico durante la gestión del grupo COISS en la tercera ola por COVID-19 en México. Material y métodos: estudio mixto: 1) revisión no sistemática de documentos técnicos del COISS, 2) análisis secundario de bases de datos de libre acceso, mediante la descripción de necesidades de atención hospitalaria de los casos notificados con síntomas de la COVID-19 y un análisis ecológico por entidades federativas sobre el comportamiento de la ocupación hospitalaria, positividad y mortalidad por COVID-19 en dos cortes temporales. Resultados: la actividad del COISS en la identificación de entidades federativas de riesgo epidémico generó acciones encaminadas a una reducción en la ocupación hospitalaria de camas generales, positividad por RT-PCR y mortalidad por COVID-19. Conclusiones: las decisiones del grupo COISS disminuyeron los indicadores de riesgo epidémico. Continuar el trabajo del grupo COISS es una necesidad apremiante.

Factors Associated with Recovered Functionality After Hip Fracture in Non-Institutionalized Older Adults: A Case-Control Study Nested in a Cohort.

PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with recovered functionality after a hip fracture in a sample of older adult patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nested case-control study in a cohort. Older adults (60 years or older) with a hip fracture were recruited between May 2017 and October 2018. The Barthel scale was used to measure performance in activities of daily living (ADL). A questionnaire was applied to collect information about demographic, clinic, psychological and social variables, and anthropometric measurements were taken. A logistic regression model was built to analyze various factors related to recovered functionality. RESULTS: A total of 346 older adults with a hip fracture were studied (n=173 cases and n=173 controls); 69.4% (n=240) women and 30.6% (n=140) men. Mean age was 79.4 years (±8.7) overall; for cases, 77.4 (±7.9) years and for controls, 81.4 (±9.0). Mean schooling was 6.3 (± 4.3) years. Recovered functionality was associated with normal nutritional status (OR 4.81, 95% CI = 2.54-9.12), absence of heart disease (OR 4.08, 95% CI = 1.48-11.20), self-efficacy for ADL (OR 4.07, 95% CI = 2.15-7.72), absence of depressive symptoms (OR 2.99, 95% CI = 1.69-5.28), prior functionality (OR 2.83, 95% CI = 1.51-5.31), high socioeconomic level (OR 2.41, 95% CI = 1.24-4.65) and transcervical fracture (OR 2.34, 95% CI = 1.05-5.22). CONCLUSION: In older adults who have suffered a hip fracture, clinical, psychological, and demographic characteristics are associated with recovered functionality. These factors should be considered as a priority in the care of older adults who have experienced hip fractures.

Efficacy of clindamycin compared with amoxicillin-metronidazole after a 7-day regimen in the treatment of periodontitis in patients with diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of clindamycin compared with amoxicillin-metronidazole after a 7-day regimen during nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, a total of 42 patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes were included. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either clindamycin or amoxicillin-metronidazole three times a day during 7 days. Clinical determinations (probing depth, bleeding on probe, and plaque index) were performed to determine the extent and severity of periodontitis before and after the pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: After 7 days of administration of clindamycin or amoxicillin-metronidazole, no differences were observed between the clinical determinations, probing depth (0.44 vs 0.50 mm, p=0.624), plaque index (17.62 vs 15.88%, p=0.910), and bleeding on probing (16.12 vs 22.17%, p=0.163), respectively. There were no adverse events in either group. CONCLUSION: The administration during 7 days of clindamycin or amoxicillin/metronidazole showed the same efficacy for the reduction of probing depth, plaque index, and bleeding on probing in patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes.

Fasting triglycerides and glucose index: a useful screening test for assessing insulin resistance in patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is frequently observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In clinical practice, IR assessment is limited to a low proportion of patients due to cost and equipment and technical expertise requirements. The surrogate index of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index) has been validated in non-rheumatic populations, showing adequate sensitivity and specificity for IR, although this index has not yet been used in connective tissue disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of insulin resistance (IR) using the validated surrogate index of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index) and to explore factors associated with IR in Mexican women with RA or SLE. METHODS: Ninety-five female RA and 57 SLE patients were included in a cross-sectional study. Clinical and epidemiological variables were evaluated. IR was assessed using the TyG index with a cutoff value of > 4.68. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with IR excluding confounders. RESULTS: IR frequency in the entire sample was 50%, higher than the 10% observed in non-rheumatic controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of IR was similar in SLE (49.1%) and RA (50.5%, p = 0.8) patients. IR was associated with a longer duration of hypertension and higher total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Based on multivariate analysis, the duration of hypertension (OR: 1.06; 95% CI 1.002-1.12, p = 0.04), waist circumference (OR: 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.08, p = 0.007), uric acid levels (OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.08-1.97, p = 0.01), RA (OR: 4.87; 95% CI 1.31-18.78, p = 0.01) and SLE (OR: 4.22; 95% CI 1.06-16.74, p = 0.04) were the main risk factors for IR. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the TyG index is a useful screening test for IR in RA and SLE patients. Future longitudinal studies should be performed with the aim of identifying the predictive value of TyG index results for identifying complications linked to IR.

Associated factors with sarcopenia among Mexican elderly: 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey / Factores asociados a sarcopenia en adultos mayores mexicanos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012

Background: Sarcopenia involves the loss of skeletal muscle mass and age-related functionality; it diminishes physical independence, health and quality of life. In 2016 it was added to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Information about the frequency of sarcopenia among Mexican older adults is scarce. The objective was to analyze associated factors with sarcopenia in Mexican older adults through the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey data. Methods: Cross-sectional study which included subjects of 60 years of age or more with simultaneous information on health and anthropometry questionnaires from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Sarcopenia was diagnosed through a gait speed test and calf circumference. It was assessed the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and variables related to health, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. The analysis was performed with SPSS v. 16. Results: We analyzed a sample of 5046 older adults who represented 7 439 686 older adults nationwide. Among subjects 53.9% (n = 2718) were women (mean age 69.92 ± 7.56 years) and 46.1% (n = 2328), men (mean age 70.43 ± 7.73 years). Prevalence of presarcopenia was 8.70% and sarcopenia, 13.30%. Conclusion: Sarcopenia was more prevalent in women and it increases with age. It has a significant relationship with falls, cognitive impairment, central obesity and high levels of marginalization.

Introducción: la sarcopenia es la pérdida de masa muscular esquelética y de funcionalidad relativa a la edad; disminuye la independencia funcional, la salud y la calidad de vida. En 2016 se integró a la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. La información epidemiológica de la sarcopenia entre adultos mayores mexicanos es escasa. El objetivo fue analizar los factores asociados a la presencia de sarcopenia en adultos mayores mexicanos, mediante datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Métodos: estudio transversal en el que participaron sujetos de 60 años o más con información simultánea en cuestionarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. La sarcopenia se determinó por la velocidad de la marcha y la circunferencia de pantorrilla. Se evaluó la prevalencia de sarcopenia y su asociación con características sociodemográficas y de salud, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol. El análisis se realizó con el programa de IBM SPSS, versión 16. Resultados: se analizó una muestra de 5046 adultos mayores, que representaban a 7 439 686 adultos mayores a nivel nacional. Entre los sujetos el 53.9% (n = 2718) fueron mujeres (edad promedio 69.92 ± 7.56 años) y 46.1% (n = 2328) fueron hombres (edad promedio 70.43 ± 7.73 años). La prevalencia de presarcopenia fue 8.70% y la de sarcopenia 13.30%. Conclusión: la sarcopenia es prevalente en mujeres e incrementa con la edad, tiene asociación con caídas, deterioro cognitivo, obesidad abdominal y marginación alta.

Cost of hospitalizations for older adults at one IMSS regional general hospital / Costos por hospitalización de adultos mayores en un hospital general regional del IMSS

Background: Population aging has a direct impact on the increasing demand of health services and on medical care costs. The objective was to carry out a cost analysis of health care costs in older adults in a regional general hospital of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Methods: A calculation of the costs was done based on a retrospective collection of health care data. Unit prices were used to estimate costs. These were reported in 2016 Mexican pesos. A cost analysis was carried out by means of a regression model. Explanatory variables were sex, age and comorbidity level, the latter measured by using the Charlson index. Results: The average cost of all the 509 patients was 34 769 Mexican pesos (SD = 2869 pesos). Age variable explains the costs; however, sex and comorbidity variables were not significant. Cost predictions with the statistical model show differences mainly by age. In the case of females, the model predicts greater costs compared with those of males. Costs for older adults of 85 years or more were greater than those for the group of younger people (75-84). Conclusion: The hospitalization costs estimated are high and they differ according to the age group. We suggest to make further research in order to know the factors associated with high hospital costs for this age group.

Introducción: el envejecimiento tiene como consecuencia el aumento de la demanda de servicios y los costos de la atención médica. El objetivo fue realizar un análisis de costos de la atención médica en población adulta mayor en un hospital general regional del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Métodos: se realizó la estimación de costos por medio de la recolección retrospectiva de bienes y servicios. Los precios unitarios oficiales fueron usados para valorar los costos. Los costos se reportan en pesos de 2016. Se realizó un análisis de costos por medio de un modelo de regresión. Las variables explicativas fueron la edad, el sexo y el nivel de comorbilidad medido por el índice de Charlson. Resultados: el costo promedio para 509 pacientes fue de 34 769 pesos mexicanos (DE = 2869 pesos). La variable de edad explica los costos pero las de sexo y nivel de comorbilidad no fueron significativas. Las predicciones de costos con el modelo estadístico muestran diferencias entre grupos de edad principalmente. Los costos promedio fueron más altos para mujeres que para hombres. Los costos para mayores de 85 años fueron superiores que para los del grupo de 75-84 años. Conclusiones: los costos estimados por hospitalizaciones son elevados y son distintos por nivel de edad. Se sugiere investigar más sobre los factores que pueden explicar el crecimiento de los costos de hospitalización.

Comparison of quality of life among community-dwelling older adults with the frailty phenotype.

PURPOSE: To compare the perception of the quality of life (QOL) of community-dwelling older adults with the phenotype of frailty. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of the "Cohort of Obesity, Sarcopenia and Frailty of Mexican Older Adults" (COSFOMA). Operationalization of frailty was carried out using the phenotype as follows: weight loss, self-report of exhaustion, low physical activity, slow gait, and weakness. QOL was measured using two scales: World Health Organization Quality of Life of Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD), which is a specific instrument for the elderly population, and Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), a generic instrument to evaluate the QOL related to health. One-way analyses of variance were conducted to assess the differences among the three phenotypes of frailty and QOL perception. RESULTS: There were 1252 older adult participants who were analyzed; 11.2% (n = 140) had frailty, 50.3% (n = 630) pre-frailty and 38.5% (n = 482) were not frail. The mean (±SD) total score of the WHOQOL-OLD according to the phenotype of frailty was 60.3 (13.9) for those with frailty, 67.4 (12.7) pre-frailty and 72.4 (11.2) not frail (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The mean (±SD) of the SF-36 of the physical and mental component measures the sum, 38.9 (9.9) and 41.9 (11.3) with frailty, 45.7 (9.1) and 46.6 (9.8) pre-frailty, and 49.6 (7.3) and 49.4 (7.9) not frail, respectively (ANOVA, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is observed in 1/10 community-dwelling older adults. Those with frailty and pre-frailty had a lower perception of QOL compared with those who were not frail.

Insulin resistance in adult primary care patients with a surrogate index, Guadalajara, Mexico, 2012.

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key molecular disorder related with diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine IR in adult primary care patients using the triglyceride/glucose (TyG) index [(Ln TG (mg/dL) × FG (mg/dL))/2]. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis and identified IR subjects according to the TyG index. RESULTS: There were 1500 patients included. Significant differences were found between the IR group versus the insulin-sensitive group, respectively: age (in years), 46.4 ± 9.34 versus 40.24 ± 11.27 (P < 0.001); fasting glucose (mg/dL), 99.87 ± 11.95 versus 84.62 ± 6.59 (P < 0.001); total cholesterol (mg/dL), 203.21 ± 37.38 versus 173.91 ± 33.99 (P < 0.001); triglycerides (mg/dL), 226.40 ± 96.66 versus 111.27 ± 23.44 (P < 0.001); uric acid (mg/dL), 6.09 ± 1.59 versus 4.77 ± 1.40 (P < 0.001); and TyG index, 4.96 ± 0.21 versus 4.48 ± 0.13 (P < 0.001). The cutoff of the TyG index for IR was 4.68 or greater. CONCLUSIONS: The TyG index allows for early diagnosis of IR in primary health care.

Hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine--fentanyl vs. nalbuphine--propofol in plastic surgery.

UNLABELLED: Dexmedetomidine has demonstrated to be useful in several clinical fields due to its respiratory safety and cardiovascular stability. We undertook this study to determine its usefulness in plastic surgery. Sixty patients were divided into two parallel groups. A group received dexmedetomidine--fentanyl and the comparison group received nalbuphine--propofol, both with same dose of midazolam. Blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation were determined during the preoperative, intraoperative and recuperation periods. RESULTS: In both groups, hemodynamic constants decreased intraoperatively. Dexmedetomidine--fentanyl decreased more than in the nalbuphine--propofol (systolic blood pressure, p = 0.006; diastolic blood pressure, p = 0.01 and heart rate, p = 0.007). Comparatively, oxygen saturation was greater in the dexmedetomidine--fentanyl group vs. nalbuphine--propofol (p = 0.0001). Recovery time for the nalbuphine--propofol group was shorter than in the dexmedetomidine--fentanyl group (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine shows the same cardiovascular stability but with absence of respiratory depression.

[Impact of the program Home Care for the Chronically Ill for elderly: quality of life and hospital readmissions]. / Impacto de un programa de Atención Domiciliaria al Enfermo Crónico en ancianos: calidad de vida y reingresos hospitalarios.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the ADEC program (acronym in Spanish) as compared with the typical care provided to disabled elderly affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort at three months after discharge from two general hospitals in Mexico City. A total of 130 patients with functional dependency were studied, 70 in the ADEC program and 60 with typical care. Impact was measured using hospital readmissions and quality of life based on the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). RESULTS: Average age was 74 (61/103) years and 60% were women. The main diagnosis was cerebrovascular disease (30.77%). The quality of life in the psychosocial dimension improved for the ADEC group (from 46.26 (±13.85) to 29.45(±16.48) as compared with 47.03 (±16.47) to 42.36 (±16.35) for those receiving typical care (p<0.05). No differences were found regarding hospital readmissions. (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HC program improved the psychosocial dimension of quality of life.

Impacto de un programa de atención domiciliaria al enfermo crónico en ancianos: calidad de vida y reingresos hospitalarios / Impact of the program home care for the chronically ill for elderly: quality of life and hospital readmissions

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto del programa Atención Domiciliaria al Enfermo Crónico (ADEC) comparado con la atención habitual (AH) a ancianos con dependencia funcional, derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte prospectiva a tres meses a partir del egreso hospitalario en dos hospitales de la Ciudad de México. Se ingresaron 130 ancianos con dependencia funcional, 70 insertados al programa ADEC y 60 con atención habitual. Se midió impacto en reingresos hospitalarios y calidad de vida a partir de la escala Perfil de Impacto de la Enfermedad (SIP, por sus siglas en inglés). RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los ancianos fue de 74 años (61/103) y 60 por ciento fueron mujeres. El principal diagnóstico fue enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) (30.77 por ciento). El grupo de ADEC mejoró la calidad de vida en la dimensión psicosocial [46.26 (±13.85) comparado con 29.45 (±16.48) vs. 47.03 (±16.47) a 42.36 (±16.35) p<0.05 en grupo habitual]. No se presentaron diferencias en los reingresos (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONES: El programa mejoró la dimensión psicosocial de calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the ADEC program (acronym in Spanish) as compared with the typical care provided to disabled elderly affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort at three months after discharge from two general hospitals in Mexico City. A total of 130 patients with functional dependency were studied, 70 in the ADEC program and 60 with typical care. Impact was measured using hospital readmissions and quality of life based on the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). RESULTS: Average age was 74 (61/103) years and 60 percent were women. The main diagnosis was cerebrovascular disease (30.77 percent). The quality of life in the psychosocial dimension improved for the ADEC group (from 46.26 (±13.85) to 29.45(±16.48) as compared with 47.03 (±16.47) to 42.36 (±16.35) for those receiving typical care (p<0.05). No differences were found regarding hospital readmissions. (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HC program improved the psychosocial dimension of quality of life.

[Hospital discharges for oral cancer in the Mexican Institute of Social Security, 1991-2000]. / Egresos hospitalarios por cáncer bucal en el IMSS (1991-2000).

A descriptive study based on the secondary analysis of the Unique System of Information database, Subsystem 13 of Hospital discharges to oral cancer of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) during the decade from 1991 to 2000, it was considered all the registrations for oral cancer according to the International Classification of Diseases ICD-9. During that time, 8,800 hospital discharges were registered for oral cancer, out of which 64.6% (n = 5682) were men. The men: women ratio showed 1.8 men per admitted woman for oral cancer. The mortality gross rate for oral cancer was of 50.4 for each 100,000 hospital discharges with a significantly descendent trend. Hospital discharges rate by age group was specifically concentrated in population to 35 years-old or more, registering themselves the greater rates as of the 55 years-old. The hospital average stay was of 5.1 days. According to the topography of the oral cavity, we found that the tongue (25.1%), principal salivary glands (24.0%) and tonsil-oropharynx (14.2%) were the main places where this pathology presented. During the above decade, the oral cancer hospital discharges registered in the IMSS didn't show an increasing pattern.

The hospital appropriateness evaluation protocol in elderly patients: a technique to evaluate admission and hospital stay.

BACKGROUND: Aging of the population represents one of the main challenges for health systems because of the increase in the demand for hospital services. To be able to count on tools that allow an objective evaluation of hospital-resource use becomes indispensable for health systems. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) regarding the appropriateness of admissions and hospital stays in elderly patients. In a scenario of scarce resources, to have a valid instrument will make it possible to evaluate the process of care in our growing elderly population in a standardized way. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study of 144 randomly chosen elderly patients admitted to the hospital with 394 even-numbered hospital-stay days. For the reliability analysis between the pair of nurses with the AEP and the pair of specialists, the details of the hospital admissions and the stay days were obtained from the clinical files. Criteria validity was conducted by pairs of physicians, including two internists, two general surgeons and two geriatricians. Only the agreements were compared with agreements of the AEP-trained nurses. Disagreements were excluded from the final analysis. RESULTS: Inter-rater (inter-reviewer) agreement of hospital admissions and days spent by the patient presented a kappa coefficient of >0.70, while these admissions and hospital-stay days was >0.70. Sensitivity and positive predictor value to detect inappropriate admissions were not calculated because no agreement existed on inappropriate admissions. Specificity and negative predictive value to detect appropriate admission was >94.0% and >98.0%. Sensitivity and positive predictor value to detect inappropriate hospital-stay days was >44.0% and >10.0%, while specificity and negative predictor value for detecting appropriate hospital-stay days was >79.0% and >88.0%. CONCLUSIONS: AEP's high-reliability and moderate-validity results with regard to clinical judgement positions it as a useful instrument for appropriate hospitalization screening in elderly patients.