PvMYB60 gene, a candidate for drought tolerance improvement in common bean in a climate change context.

BACKGROUND: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the main nutritional resources in the world, and a low environmental impact source of protein. However, the majority of its cultivation areas are affected by drought and this scenario is only expected to worsen with climate change. Stomatal closure is one of the most important plant responses to drought and the MYB60 transcription factor is among the key elements regulating stomatal aperture. If targeting and mutating the MYB60 gene of common bean would be a valuable strategy to establish more drought-tolerant beans was therefore investigated. RESULTS: The MYB60 gene of common bean, with orthology to the Arabidopsis AtMYB60 gene, was found to have conserved regions with MYB60 typical motifs and architecture. Stomata-specific expression of PvMYB60 was further confirmed by q-RT PCR on organs containing stomata, and stomata-enriched leaf fractions. Further, function of PvMYB60 in promoting stomata aperture was confirmed by complementing the defective phenotype of a previously described Arabidopsis myb60-1 mutant. CONCLUSIONS: Our study finally points PvMYB60 as a potential target for obtaining more drought-tolerant common beans in the present context of climate change which would further greatly contribute to food security particularly in drought-prone countries.

Characterization of physiological and antioxidant responses in Run1Ren1 Vitis vinifera plants during Erysiphe necator attack.

Grapevine is a fruit crop of major significance worldwide. Fungal attacks are one of the most relevant factors affecting grapevine yield and fruit quality, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator is one of the most harmful fungal diseases for this fruit-bearing species. Incorporating resistance genes such as Run1 and Ren1 in new vine selections offers a sustainable alternative to control the disease. These combined loci produce an immune response that prevents the development of the disease. However, to date studies are lacking concerning whether this response generates alterations in the physiological and antioxidant parameters of resistant plants in the presence of the fungus or if it has an associated energy cost. Therefore, the main goal of our research was to determine if Run1Ren1 plants present alterations in their physiological and biochemical parameters in the presence of the fungus. To achieve this target, a previously characterized resistant Run1Ren1 genotype and the susceptible Carménère cultivar were analyzed. We evaluated photochemical parameters (Fv'/Fm', ΦPSII and ETR), net photosynthesis (Pn), photosynthetic pigments, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs ), oxidative stress parameters (MDA), antioxidant activity, and phenols. Our results show that the physiological parameters of Run1Ren1 plants were not negatively affected by the fungus at 10 days post-inoculation, contrasting with alterations observed in the susceptible plants. Therefore, we propose that the resistance response triggered by Run1Ren1 is physiologically and biochemically advantageous to grapevines by preventing the development of powdery mildew infection.

Omics Approaches for Understanding Grapevine Berry Development: Regulatory Networks Associated with Endogenous Processes and Environmental Responses.

Grapevine fruit development is a dynamic process that can be divided into three stages: formation (I), lag (II), and ripening (III), in which physiological and biochemical changes occur, leading to cell differentiation and accumulation of different solutes. These stages can be positively or negatively affected by multiple environmental factors. During the last decade, efforts have been made to understand berry development from a global perspective. Special attention has been paid to transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with the control of grape berry development, and how external factors affect the ripening process. In this review, we focus on the integration of global approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, and especially transcriptomics, to understand grape berry development. Several aspects will be considered, including seed development and the production of seedless fruits; veraison, at which anthocyanin accumulation begins in the berry skin of colored varieties; and hormonal regulation of berry development and signaling throughout ripening, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of hormone receptors, protein kinases, and genes related to secondary messenger sensing. Finally, berry responses to different environmental factors, including abiotic (temperature, water-related stress and UV-B radiation) and biotic (fungi and viruses) stresses, and how they can significantly modify both, development and composition of vine fruit, will be discussed. Until now, advances have been made due to the application of Omics tools at different molecular levels. However, the potential of these technologies should not be limited to the study of single-level questions; instead, data obtained by these platforms should be integrated to unravel the molecular aspects of grapevine development. Therefore, the current challenge is the generation of new tools that integrate large-scale data to assess new questions in this field, and to support agronomical practices.

Regulation of polar auxin transport in grapevine fruitlets (Vitis vinifera L.) and the proposed role of auxin homeostasis during fruit abscission.

BACKGROUND: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most abundant auxin, is a growth promoter hormone involved in several developmental processes. Auxin homeostasis is very important to its function and this is achieved through the regulation of IAA biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation and transport. In grapevine, IAA plays an essential role during initial stages of berry development, since it delays fruitlet abscission by reducing the ethylene sensitivity in the abscission zone. For this reason, Continuous polar IAA transport to the pedicel is required. This kind of transport is controlled by IAA, which regulates its own movement by modifying the expression and localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux facilitators that localize asymmetrically within the cell. On the other hand, the hormone gibberellin (GA) also activates the polar auxin transport by increasing PIN stability. In Vitis vinifera, fruitlet abscission occurs during the first two to three weeks after flowering. During this time, IAA and GA are present, however the role of these hormones in the control of polar auxin transport is unknown. RESULTS: In this work, the use of radiolabeled IAA showed that auxin is basipetally transported during grapevine fruitlet abscission. This observation was further supported by immunolocalization of putative VvPIN proteins that display a basipetal distribution in pericarp cells. Polar auxin transport and transcripts of four putative VvPIN genes decreased in conjunction with increased abscission, and the inhibition of polar auxin transport resulted in fruit drop. GA3 and IAA treatments reduced polar auxin transport, but only GA3 treatment decreased VvPIN transcript abundance. When GA biosynthesis was blocked, IAA was capable to increase polar auxin transport, suggesting that its effect depends on GA content. Finally, we observed significant changes in the content of several IAA-related compounds during the abscission period. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that auxin homeostasis plays a central role during grapevine initial fruit development and that GA and IAA controls auxin homeostasis by reducing polar auxin transport.

Inspection of the grapevine BURP superfamily highlights an expansion of RD22 genes with distinctive expression features in berry development and ABA-mediated stress responses.

The RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 22 (RD22) gene is a molecular link between abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and abiotic stress responses. Its expression has been used as a reliable ABA early response marker. In Arabidopsis, the single copy RD22 gene possesses a BURP domain also located at the C-terminus of USP embryonic proteins and the beta subunit of polygalacturonases. In grapevine, a RD22 gene has been identified but putative paralogs are also found in the grape genome, possibly forming a large RD22 family in this species. In this work, we searched for annotations containing BURP domains in the Vitis vinifera genome. Nineteen proteins were defined by a comparative analysis between the two genome predictions and RNA-Seq data. These sequences were compared to other plant BURPs identified in previous genome surveys allowing us to reconceive group classifications based on phylogenetic relationships and protein motif occurrence. We observed a lineage-specific evolution of the RD22 family, with the biggest expansion in grapevine and poplar. In contrast, rice, sorghum and maize presented highly expanded monocot-specific groups. The Vitis RD22 group may have expanded from segmental duplications as most of its members are confined to a region in chromosome 4. The inspection of transcriptomic data revealed variable expression of BURP genes in vegetative and reproductive organs. Many genes were induced in specific tissues or by abiotic and biotic stresses. Three RD22 genes were further studied showing that they responded oppositely to ABA and to stress conditions. Our results show that the inclusion of RNA-Seq data is essential while describing gene families and improving gene annotations. Robust phylogenetic analyses including all BURP members from other sequenced species helped us redefine previous relationships that were erroneously established. This work provides additional evidence for RD22 genes serving as marker genes for different organs or stresses in grapevine.

Enseñanza practica de las materias de histologia y patologia por medios computarizados / Practical teaching of the matters of histology and pathology through computerizad means

El proyecto pretende realizar un estudio audiovisual practico de las patologias andinas mas frecuentes en nuestro medio, buscando determinar por medio de un test el medio mas eficiente de adquirir habilidades prácticas en el estudio del organismo vivo y sus posibles soluciones planteadas por el propio alumno como una posible respuesta al encargo social a quien pricipalmente nos debemos como origen de la carrera

Intubación endotraqueal con besilato de atracurio, valoración clínica y monitorización neuronuscular

OBJETIVOS: Valorar efectos del relajante muscular Besilato de Atracurio en la intubación endotraqueal; evaluar su tolerancia, efectos indeseables, inicio de la relajación y tiempo de duración de la dosis de intubación. DISEÑO: Es un estudio prospectivo experimental y transversal. UBICACION: Sala de operaciones del Hospital Nacional del Sur, IPSS. SUJETOS DE ESTUDIO: 50 pacientes seleccionados al azar, sometidos a Cirugía mayor electiva ASA I ó II. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo transversal usando pruebas estadísticas, mediante las cuales se determina la validez de las conclusiones emitidas. RESULTADOS: El 78 por ciento de nuestros pacientes tienen buena laringoscopía; estando; estando el 70 por ciento entre 31 y 60 años. El 80 por ciento tiene un tiempo de latencia entre 71 y 120 segundos y un tiempo de inicio de bloqueo máximo entre 121 y 240 segundos. La duración del bloqueo en más de la mitad de los pacientes(60 por ciento) tiene una duración menor de 25 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: El Besilato de Atracurio es un relajante bueno para la intubación, con un tiempo de duración inferior al de otros estudios y como único efecto indeseable es el Rash localizado, encontrado en el 28 por ciento de los pacientes

Situación de los residuos hospitalarios en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas de Lima, Perú: estudio de caso

[Introducción] El problema de los residuos sólidos hospitalarios es mayor cada día en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Los residuos son manejados dentro de los centros hospitalarios sin ningún cuidado, tal vez por la ignorancia del personal que los manipula, o por la falta de normas técnicas y de equipos de seguridad. Este problema es aún mayor en el transporte y disposición final, donde se mezclan con residuos domiciliarios y son reciclados de igual forma. Por otra parte, no se conoce la situación actual en la que se encuentran los residuos de hospitales en Lima Metropolitana, de tal manera que se pueda planificar y normar su manejo. Es por este motivo que ha sido necesario realizar este estudio de caso que permita conocer las características cualitativas y cuantitativas de estos residuos en un centro hospitalario de nuestra ciudad.

Guía para el manejo de los residuos sólidos del Hospital de las Mercedes de Chiclayo-Perú / Saneamiento hospitalario

Muestra la técnica aceptable desde el punto de vista ambiental para el manejo de los residuos sólidos de hospitales. Detalla los procedimientos específicos para el caso del Hospital Regional Docente Las Mercedes de Chiclayo. El documento está dirigido a las personas responsables del manejo de los residuos en lo referente a: clasificación, recolección, transporte, almacenamiento interno, reciclaje y recursos humanos que trabajan en esta área

Propuesta de manejo de los residuos sólidos para el Hospital Regional Docente Las Mercedes de Chiclayo / Saneamiento hospitalario

Presenta un diagnóstico y una propuesta para el manejo de los residuos sólidos en el Hospital Regional Docente Las Mercedes de Chiclayo, Perú. Propone recomendaciones a ser implementadas en el corto, mediano y largo plazo con la finalidad de mejorar el servicio de limpieza y manejo de los residuos sólidos del hospital

Propuesta de manejo de los residuos sólidos para el Hospital Regional Cayetano Heredia de Piura / Saneamiento hospitalario

Presenta el diagnóstico de situación de manejo de residuos sólidos para el Hospital Regional Cayetano Heredia de Piura, Perú. Propone recomendaciones a ser implementadas en el corto y mediano plazo, con la finalidad de mejorar el servicio de limpieza y manejo de los residuos sólidos del hospital

Red Panamericana de Gestión en Desechos (REPADES); documento de trabajo

Propone integrar y coordinar el esfuerzo panamericano para lograr una adecuada gestión de desechos que contribuya a mejorar el nivel de vida de la región. Plantea las políticas, áreas prioritarias, esquema del proyecto, funciones y actividades del CEPIS (Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente) y de los Centros Cooperantes. Señala las fases de desarrollo en dos etapas; el rol de los centros cooperantes, la estructura organizacional y el presupuesto