RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of liver cancer and its occurrence in the oral cavity as a metastatic neoplasm is a rare event. We describe a fatal case of HCC with oral metastasis in a patient firstly diagnosed with prostatic and hepatic carcinomas. The histopathological examination revealed a hepatocyte-like tumour cells arranged in organoid structures as well as positivity to cytokeratin 8 and Hep Par 1. The present findings highlight the importance of a complete medical evaluation of the patient to identify possible oral repercussions of primary diseases.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/secundario , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/secundario , Neoplasias Primarias Secundarias/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Anciano , Resultado Fatal , Humanos , Masculino , Mucosa Bucal/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland malignancy and is successfully treated by surgery and radiation. However, some patients have recurrent tumours and in these cases, few treatments options are available. Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been observed and isolated from different solid tumours based on the expression of stem cell markers. These cells are associated with tumour initiation, progression as well as treatment resistance. In this study, the expression of stem cell markers CD44, Bmi1, Oct4 and Nanog was evaluated in non-neoplastic salivary tissue and in MEC. METHODS: Twenty-eight samples of MEC and their corresponding non-neoplastic salivary tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry and the stem cell markers expression was correlated with histological and clinical parameters. RESULTS: CD44 was expressed in the membrane of serous and mucous acini as well as in the ductal cells in normal gland tissue. Bmi1, Oct4 and Nanog were mainly expressed in ductal structures. In MEC, CD44 and Bmi1 showed strong expression in all types of neoplastic cells and both markers revealed intense expression in tumour invasive front. Oct4 and Nanog protein expression was associated with desmoplasia and perineural invasion. Only Oct4 positive tumours were associated with dissociative growth pattern and committed margins. CONCLUSION: The stem cell markers CD44, Bmi1, Oct4 and Nanog are frequently expressed in MEC in relation to normal salivary gland and Oct4 and Nanog expression may contribute to aggressiveness and worst prognosis in MEC patients.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/metabolismo , Proteína Homeótica Nanog/metabolismo , Factor 3 de Transcripción de Unión a Octámeros/metabolismo , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Salivales/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/patología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuranos/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica/fisiopatología , Células Madre Neoplásicas , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 1/metabolismo , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Salivales/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Approximately 300 homeobox loci were identified in the euchromatic regions of the human genome, of which 235 are probable functional genes and 65 are likely pseudogenes. Many of these genes play important roles in embryonic development and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of homeobox gene expression is a frequent occurrence in cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that as genetics disorders, epigenetic modifications alter the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes driving tumorigenesis and perhaps play a more central role in the evolution and progression of this disease. Here, we described the current knowledge regarding homeobox gene DNA methylation in human cancer and describe its relevance in the diagnosis, therapeutic response and prognosis of different types of human cancers.