Comb size, shape complexity and laterality of laying hens reared in environments varying in resource choice.

The comb is an ornament involved in signalling condition in domestic fowl. We hypothesised that comb size, comb shape complexity (i.e., rugosity, the comb perimeter jaggedness), and comb laterality of laying hens would be influenced by the degree of environmental enrichment experienced during juvenile development in the form of resource choice. We conducted a 2 × 2 factorial crossover experiment with pullets reared in pens containing four perches of equal length and four litter areas of equal size. Pullets were exposed to a single choice vs multiple choices of perch and litter types (i.e., all the same vs all different) during Weeks 1-4 (Period 1) and/or Weeks 5-15 (Period 2) of rearing (n = 4 pens/treatment combination) prior to transfer to standard adult laying pens for Weeks 16-27 (Period 3). In Week 27, combs were photographed, and comb laterality (hanging on left or right side) was noted. Using a custom-made image analysis programme, we captured comb area (mm2), perimeter length (mm), and rugosity ((perimeter length - horizontal length) / horizontal length) from comb photographs of 6-7 randomly selected hens/pen. We predicted that hens reared in the multi-choice environment during Periods 1 and 2 would have larger, more complex, and left-side-biased combs than those in the other treatment groups, reflecting lower allostatic load. The predicted comb side bias was based on a possible bias in head posture/movements associated with greater right eye/ear use and left-brain hemispheric dominance. Contrary to our predictions, we detected an overall right-side bias in comb laterality, and no associations between resource choice treatment in Period 1 or Period 2 and comb area, perimeter length, rugosity, or laterality of the adult hens. Thus, variation in allostatic load resulting from the rearing treatments was insufficient to modify the trajectory of comb morphological development, possibly due to a ceiling effect when comparing environmental treatments on the positive end of the welfare spectrum. We found that left-lopping combs had shorter perimeters than right-lopping combs. However, among hens with left-lopping combs, those with larger combs were heavier and had less feather damage, while among hens with right-lopping combs, those with longer-perimeter combs were heavier and tended to have less comb damage. In conclusion, comb characteristics were related to physical condition at the individual level but did not serve as sensitive integrated indicators of hen welfare in response to basic vs enhanced resource choice during rearing.

Beyond lectures and practical courses: Teaching pharmacology using imaginative pedagogical tools.

Pharmacology has broadened its scope considerably in recent decades. Initially, it was of interest to chemists, doctors and pharmacists. In recent years, however, it has been incorporated into the teaching of biologists, molecular biologists, biotechnologists, chemical engineers and many health professionals, among others. Traditional teaching methods, such as lectures or laboratory work, have been superseded by the use of new pedagogical approaches to enable a better conceptualization and understanding of the discipline. In this article, we present several new methods that have been used in Spanish universities. Firstly, we describe a teaching network that has allowed the sharing of pedagogical innovations in Spanish universities. A European experience to improve prescribing safety is described in detail. The use of popular films and medical TV series in biomedical students shows how these audiovisual resources can be helpful in teaching pharmacology. The use of virtual worlds is detailed to introduce this new approach to teaching. The increasingly important area of the social aspects of pharmacology is also considered in two sections, one devoted to social pharmacology and the other to the use of learning based on social services to improve understanding of this important area. Finally, the use of Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation in pharmacology allows to know how this approach can help to better evaluate clinical pharmacology students. In conclusion, this article allows to know new pedagogical methods resources used in some Spanish universities that may help to improve the teaching of pharmacology.

Factors affecting space use by laying hens in a cage-free aviary system: effect of nest lighting at pullet housing and of curtain nest color during laying.

At 17 wk of age, 1,800 Lohman brown hens were housed in 8 pens of an experimental aviary system, specifically set up for the purposes of the present study, and kept until 26 wk without or with nest lighting (lights inside the nest 1.5 h before the lighting of the installation) for training in the nest use. Then, at 27 wk, 4 combinations of nest curtains were adopted to evaluate the effects on hens' distribution, that is, nests with red (RR) or yellow (YY) curtains at all tiers; nests with red and yellow curtains at the first and second tier, respectively (RY); or nests with yellow and red curtains at the first and second tier, respectively (YR). The use of enlightened compared to dark nests at housing increased the oviposition rate (P < 0.001) and decreased the rate of broken (P < 0.001) and dirty eggs (P < 0.05) from 27 to 45 wk, while increasing the rate of eggs laid inside the nests (P < 0.001). The presence of yellow nest curtains increased the rate of hens on the floor in pens YY and YR compared to pens RR and RY (35.3 and 35.5% vs. 34.1 and 33.3%, respectively; P = 0.05) and the rate of floor eggs in pens YR (2.23% vs. 1.63 and 1.65% in pens RR and RY; P < 0.05). In pens RY, a higher rate of eggs was always found on the second tier compared to the first one with the most inhomogeneous distribution compared to pens RR, YY, and YR (+10.8 vs. +3.4, +1.9, and +4.6 percentage points of eggs laid on the second tier compared to the first one, respectively). In conclusion, nest lighting at housing trained hens to the use of nests while improving egg production in terms of quantity and quality. The use of yellow curtains on nests moved hens between the different levels of the aviary but this was not associated with an increased nest use for laying.

Role of Yeast Mannoproteins in the Interaction between Salivary Proteins and Flavan-3-ols in a Cell-Based Model of the Oral Epithelium.

Astringency is a highly complex sensation which involves multiple mechanisms occurring simultaneously, such as the interaction between flavan-3-ols and salivary proteins (SP). Moreover, astringency development can be affected by the presence of polysaccharides such as mannoproteins (MP). The aim of this work was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms whereby MP could modulate the astringency elicited by tannins, using a cell-based model of the oral epithelium (TR146 cells), and the effect of salivary proteins on these interactions. The binding of flavan-3-ols to oral cells was evaluated by DMACA assay, while the content of unbound flavan-3-ols after the interactions was assessed by means of HPLC-DAD-MS. Results obtained confirm the existence of cell-tannin interactions, that can be partially inhibited by the presence of SP and/or MP. The most significant decrease was obtained in the system containing MPF (38.16%). Both mannoproteins assayed seem to have modulating effect on flavan-3-ol-SP interactions, acting by two different mechanisms: MPF would lead to the formation of SP/MPF/flavan-3-ols ternary soluble aggregates, while MPL seems to prevent flavan-3-ol-saliva interaction by a competitive mechanism, i.e., MPL would reduce cell-tannin interactions, similar to SP. This study suggests that mannoproteins with different compositional characteristics could exhibit preferential interaction with distinct flavan-3-ol families.

Tratamiento de liquen escleroso y atrófico vulvar con láser de dióxido de carbono fraccionado. Presentación de cuatro casos / Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus With Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Therapy: A Report of 4 Cases

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Síndromes compresivos de las arterias viscerales. Síndrome del ligamento arcuato. Síndrome de Wilkie / Compressive syndromes of the visceral arteries. Arcuate ligament syndrome. Wilkie syndrome

Los síndromes compresivos de los vasos sanguíneos a nivel abdominal son entidades nosológicas que se pueden considerar poco frecuentes. La sintomatología clínica en la mayoría de los casos y generalmente se suele llegar al diagnostico descartando otras patologías y utilizando las modernas tecnologías que permiten en la mayoría de los casos llegar a un diagnostico evidenciando el problema compresivo. Su tratamiento, desde el punto de vista conceptual es la descompresión pudiéndose aplicar diferentes alternativas que deben de ser aplicadas, en especial las mas agresivas con una adecuada ponderación de riesgo beneficio, teniendo en consideración los diferentes condicionantes que suelen acompañar a este tipo de problemas. (AU)

Compressive syndromes of the blood vessels at the abdominal level are nosological entities that can be considered infrequent. The clinical symptoms in most cases and generally the diagnosis is usually reached by ruling out other pathologies and using modern technologies that allow in most cases to reach a diagnosis showing the compression problem. Its treatment, from the conceptual point of view, is decompression, and different alternatives can be applied that must be applied, especially the most aggressive oneswith an adequate risk-benefit weighting, taking into account the different conditioning factors that usually accompany this type ofproblems. (AU)

Influence of Chemical Species on Polyphenol-Protein Interactions Related to Wine Astringency.

One of the most accepted mechanisms of astringency consists of the interaction between polyphenols and some specific salivary proteins. This work aims to obtain further insights into the mechanisms leading to a modulation of astringency elicited by polyphenols. The effect of the presence of different chemical species (present in food and beverages as food additives) on the polyphenol-protein interaction has been evaluated by means of techniques such as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and cell cultures using a cell-based model of the oral epithelium. Results obtained showed that several chemicals, particularly sodium carbonate, seem to inhibit polyphenol binding to salivary proteins and to oral epithelium. These results point out that polyphenol-saliva protein interactions can be affected by some food additives, which can help to better understand changes in astringency perception.

Preservation of renal function in cardiac surgery patients with low cardiac output syndrome: levosimendan vs beta agonists.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have been performed to assess the effects of levosimendan on cardiac function when administered to cardiac surgery patients with low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) in the immediate postoperative period. Levosimendan is an inotropic agent for the treatment of low cardiac output syndrome that seems to have a protective effect on renal function. METHODS: It is a quasi-experimental study. A total of 100 patients with LCOS received either beta-agonists or levosimendan. We assessed the incidence of postoperative kidney failure in cardiac surgery patients. In patients who had kidney failure at diagnosis of LCOS, we examined whether differences existed in the evolution of kidney failure based on the treatment administered for LCOS. The parameters measured included haemodynamics, oxygen supply, and renal function as assessed by the AKI scale. ANOVA, Student's t-test and Wilcoxon or Friedman tests were used. RESULTS: Up to 30% of cardiac surgery patients had kidney failure at diagnosis of LCOS. Kidney failure at discharge from the ICU was more frequent in patients who received beta-agonist drugs as compared to those who received levosimendan (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The incidence of kidney failure decreased with the postoperative administration of levosimendan to cardiac surgery patients with LCOS, as compared to beta-agonists. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 46058317. Date of registration: 7/10/2019. Retrospectively registered.

Synergistic effect of mixture of two proline-rich-protein salivary families (aPRP and bPRP) on the interaction with wine flavanols.

In this study, we have evaluated by HPLC-DAD, DLS and MALDI-TOF a synergic effect of the coexistence of two salivary-PRP fractions (basic-PRPs and acidic PRPs) on the interaction with flavanols. Results obtained showed noticeable enhancement of the interaction between (epi)catechin and PRPs when both types of proteins are blended. Up to 30 soluble aggregates have been tentatively identified with molecular weight from 4680 to 35,851. (epi)Catechins seem to bind preferentially bPRPs than aPRPs, although the medium size aggregates flavanol-bPRPs formed could favour the interaction with aPRPs giving rise to soluble mixed aggregates.

The potential of the transect method for early detection of welfare problems in broiler chickens.

The potential of the transect method was tested for early detection of welfare problems associated with bird age and genetic line, litter quality, and transect location. On-farm welfare impairment and its consequences on slaughter outcomes were evaluated to test the method's predictive ability. A total of 31 commercial Ross, Cobb, and mixed RC broiler flocks were evaluated at 3, 5, and 6 wk of age. Two observers evaluated 3 transects each, simultaneously and in the same house by detecting welfare indicators including lame, immobile, sick, small, dirty, tail wounds, other wounds (head and back wounds), featherless, terminally ill, and dead birds. Increasing lame, immobile, sick, and terminally ill birds according to bird age (P < 0.001) was detected. Higher incidences of small and sick birds were detected in C and RC (P < 0.001) as compared to R flocks, whereas more dead and tail wounded were observed in RC compared to R and C flocks at week 5 (P < 0.001). Dirty incidence increased as litter quality deteriorated (P < 0.001). A higher incidence of immobile, small, sick, dirty, and dead was registered near house walls (P < 0.001). Differences across observers were detected for lame, immobile, and terminally ill birds (P < 0.001). For the observer by bird age interaction, differences were detected for dirty, tail wounds, and other wounds (P < 0.05). Pearson correlations between welfare indicators at week 3 and those at final weeks of age (P < 0.05) ranged between r values of -0.2 and 0.654 (P < 0.05). Correlations between welfare indicators and slaughter outcomes showed a relationship between flock mortality and dead on arrival, footpad dermatitis, leg problems, and illness (P < 0.05). Litter quality positively correlated with downgrades (P < 0.001). This study showed the potential of transects to detect differences in welfare indicators according to factors that effects were previously reported. It demonstrated the transect potential for detecting and predicting the consequences of welfare impairment on slaughter outcomes. This would make the transect method a useful tool for notifying and rectifying welfare deterioration as early as at 3 wk of age.

Características de las pacientes portadoras de aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Characteristics of patients carriers of aorta abdominal aneurysm

Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de las características de las pacientes de sexo femenino portadoras de aneurismas de aorta abdominal, distribuyendo las pacientes en tres grupos de tratamiento quirúrgico electivo, urgente y no tratadas. Se consideran factores de riesgo y otras características del aneurisma. Se analizan estos factores y se hacen consideraciones en relación con la información aportada en la bibliografía

A retrospective study of the characteristics of female patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out, distributing the patients in three groups of elective, urgent and untreated surgical treatment. They are considered risk factors and other features of the aneurysm. These factors are analysed, and considerations are made in relation to the information provided in the bibliography

Meta-analysis of the effects of intensive rearing environments on the performance and welfare of broiler chickens.

To better understand how relevant intensive systems' characteristics simultaneously affect the performance and welfare of broiler chickens, a meta-analysis of recent literature was carried out. The study determined the effects of gender, genetics, experimental initial age (EIA, d), stocking density (SD; kg/m2), group size (GS; n), bedding material (yes/no), duration of photoperiod (DP; h), divided scotoperiod (yes/no), feeding phases (1/2/3/>3), environmental control (EC; yes/no), environmental enrichment (yes/no), use of vaccines and other medications (yes/no), experimental duration (d), and relevant 2-way interactions on average daily gain (g/d), average daily feed intake (g/d), FCR (g: g), mortality (%), behavior (%), and gait score (mean value). Predictive equations for response variables were calculated using multiple regression models including a random experiment effect. Among other results, EIA × SD interaction indicated that relatively high SD may improve FCR at older ages, but parallel increased mortality would pose concerns about the actual productive benefits and welfare. Combining large GS and relatively low SD seem to improve performance and decrease flock disturbance. They would also increase leg problems, and so their actual benefits on welfare remain unclear. A gradual increase in FCR seems to occur with longer DP at older EIA (EIA × DP interaction), highlighting the importance of adapting light programs to flock age to optimize performance. The SD × DP and GS × DP interactions predicted increased FCR for longer DP at low SD or large GS, that is, with more effective space available. Longer DP combined with low SD or large GS would overall promote enhanced leg conditions, and therefore welfare. Predictions would not support scotoperiod division from both performance and welfare perspectives. The SD × EC interaction indicated that EC would benefit chicken performance at low SD, although EC would seem to increase leg problems. Our study highlights the complex, interactive nature of production systems' characteristics on broiler chicken performance and welfare.

Imagen por resonancia magnética en la estadificación y planificación del tratamiento del cáncer de cérvix / Magnetic resonance imaging for staging and treatment planning in cervical cancer

Objetivo. En este artículo revisamos los puntos clave indispensables para realizar una correcta estadificación del cáncer de cérvix mediante resonancia magnética. Conclusión. La resonancia magnética es el método de elección para la estadificación locorregional del cáncer de cérvix. Una correcta valoración de sus factores pronósticos, como el tamaño tumoral, la invasión de estructuras adyacentes y la presencia de metástasis ganglionares, resulta fundamental para decidir un adecuado manejo terapéutico (AU)

Objective. To review the key points that are essential for the correct staging of cervical cancer by magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion. Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for locoregional staging of cervical cancer. Thorough evaluation of prognostic factors such as tumor size, invasion of adjacent structures, and the presence of lymph node metastases is fundamental for planning appropriate treatment (AU)

Use of space and its impact on the welfare of laying hens in a commercial free-range system.

The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing patterns of space use of commercial free-range laying hens and their relation to welfare indicators. Three free-range laying hen flocks were studied during one production cycle by collecting spatial locations on 150 individually tagged hens per flock. At the end of production, welfare and morphometric measures were collected. The results indicated that use of the outdoor area was lower during midday (P < 0.05), but remained stable across age periods (P > 0.05). Tagged hens were classified according to their use of the outdoor area (heavy, medium, light, or never) per age period. A total of 49.5% were never observed using the outdoor area, which was higher than any other category (P < 0.05). In addition, the early experience of the hens using the outdoor area during the first 16 wk (20 to 36 wk) determined the level of use of the outdoor area at later ages (P < 0.05). Most use of space parameters did not vary according to age period (P > 0.05); only activity center indoors increased (P < 0.05), while mean distance from the hen house tended to increase (P = 0.053). However, birds with a higher frequency of use of the outdoor area had larger home ranges and activity centers (r = 0.956, r = 0.964 P < 0.05, respectively) and showed lower plumage damage (r = -0.337, P < 0.05) and a lower incidence of footpad dermatitis (r = -0.307, P < 0.05). On the contrary, birds showing higher total walked distance indoors showed a higher incidence of footpad dermatitis (r = 0.329, P < 0.01). We conclude that there exist individual differences in the use of the outdoor area, with early experience (20 to 36 weeks) during the production period being the most relevant factor affecting outdoor area use. Birds visiting the outdoor area more frequently also used larger areas. In addition, individual patterns of space use had some relevance on the incidence on foot pad dermatitis and plumage condition.

Cáncer de mama: determinación del perfil genético a partir de la biopsia percutánea ecoguiada diagnóstica / Breast cancer: determining the genetic profile from ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy specimens obtained during the diagnostic workups

Objetivos. Evaluar la posibilidad de obtener el perfil genético de los tumores primarios malignos de la mama a partir de las muestras obtenidas mediante la biopsia percutánea ecoguiada realizada durante el proceso diagnóstico. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo sobre 13 pacientes consecutivas diagnosticadas de cáncer infiltrante de mama mediante biopsia ecoguiada (Modo B) con aguja gruesa (BAG) de calibre 12 G. Tras indicación clínica, el anatomopatólogo determinó, sobre los bloques de parafina, la aparente idoneidad de las muestras, antes de enviarlas al laboratorio para análisis genético con la plataforma MammaPrint®. Se han evaluado los siguientes aspectos: tamaño tumoral, validez de la muestra y porcentaje de células tumorales. Resultados. El tamaño ecográfico tumoral osciló entre 0,6 cm y 5 cm. En 11 pacientes la muestra conservada se consideró "válida" y apta para la determinación del perfil genético. En una paciente (tamaño tumoral de 1 cm) y a juicio del anatomopatólogo, hubo que repetir la BAG para obtener muestras adicionales. En otra paciente (tamaño tumoral de 5 cm), la muestra no fue considerada "válida" por el laboratorio genético. El porcentaje de células tumorales, entre las muestras válidas, osciló entre el 60% y 70%. En 11 de 13 (84,62%) casos fue posible el análisis genético a partir de las muestras diagnósticas previas. Conclusión. Resulta posible obtener el perfil genético en la BAG ecoguiada con agujas de 12 G, a partir de las muestras diagnósticas conservadas en bloques de parafina, en la mayoría de los casos, independientemente del tamaño tumoral (AU)

Objectives. To evaluate the possibility of determining the genetic profile of primary malignant tumors of the breast from specimens obtained by ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsies during the diagnostic imaging workup. Material and methods. This is a retrospective study in 13 consecutive patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer by B-mode ultrasound-guided 12 G core needle biopsy. After clinical indication, the pathologist decided whether the paraffin block specimens seemed suitable (on the basis of tumor size, validity of the sample, and percentage of tumor cells) before sending them for genetic analysis with the MammaPrint® platform. Results. The size of the tumors on ultrasound ranged from 0.6 cm to 5 cm. In 11 patients the preserved specimen was considered valid and suitable for use in determining the genetic profile. In 1 patient (with a 1 cm tumor) the pathologist decided that it was necessary to repeat the core biopsy to obtain additional samples. In 1 patient (with a 5 cm tumor) the specimen was not considered valid by the genetic laboratory. The percentage of tumor cells in the samples ranged from 60% to 70%. In 11/13 cases (84.62%) it was possible to do the genetic analysis on the previously diagnosed samples. Conclusion. In most cases, regardless of tumor size, it is possible to obtain the genetic profile from tissue specimens obtained with ultrasound-guided 12 G core biopsy preserved in paraffin blocks (AU)

Acrocianosis secundaria a quimioterapia con gemcitabina y cisplatino / Acrocyanosis secondary to chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin

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Effect of available space and previous contact in the social integration of Saint Croix and Suffolk ewes.

Reproduction in tropical sheep is not affected by season, whereas the reproductive cycle of temperate-climate breeds such as Suffolk depends on the photoperiod. Close contact with tropical ewes during the anestrous period might induce Suffolk ewes to cycle, making the use of artificial light or hormonal treatments unnecessary. However, the integration of both breeds within the social group would be necessary to trigger this effect, and so the aim of the experiment was to determine the speed of integration of 2 groups of Saint Croix and Suffolk ewes into a single flock, according to space allowance and previous experience. For this, 6 groups of 10 ewes (half from each breed) from both breeds, housed at 2 or 4 m/ewe (3 groups/treatment) and with or without previous contact with the other breed, were monitored for 3 d. Each observation day, the behavior, movement, and use of space of ewes were collected during 10 min at 1-h intervals between 0900 and 1400 h. Generalized linear mixed models were used to test the effects of breed, space allowance, and previous experience on behavior, movement, and use of space. Net distances, interbreed farthest neighbor distance, mean interbreed distance, and walking frequencies were greater at 4 m/ewe ( < 0.05). Intrabreed nearest neighbor, mean intrabreed neighbor, and interbreed nearest neighbor distances and minimum convex polygons at 4 m/ewe were greatest for Saint Croix ewes, whereas the opposite was found for lying down ( < 0.05). Experienced ewes showed larger intrabreed nearest neighbor distances, minimum convex polygons, and home range overlapping ( < 0.05). Experienced ewes at 4 m/ewe showed longest total distances and step lengths and greatest movement activity ( < 0.05). Experienced ewes walked longer total distances during Day 1 and 2 ( < 0.05). Lying down frequency was greater for Day 3 than Day 1 ( < 0.05), and Suffolk ewes kept longer interindividual distances during Day 1 ( < 0.05). After 3 d of cohabitation, Suffolk and Saint Croix ewes did not fully integrate into a cohesive flock, with each breed displaying specific behavioral patterns. Decreasing space allowance and previous experience resulted in limited benefits for the successful group cohesion. Longer cohabitation periods might result in complete integration, although practical implementation might be difficult.

Breast cancer: determining the genetic profile from ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy specimens obtained during the diagnostic workups. / Cáncer de mama: determinación del perfil genético a partir de la biopsia percutánea ecoguiada diagnóstica.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possibility of determining the genetic profile of primary malignant tumors of the breast from specimens obtained by ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsies during the diagnostic imaging workup. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study in 13 consecutive patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer by B-mode ultrasound-guided 12 G core needle biopsy. After clinical indication, the pathologist decided whether the paraffin block specimens seemed suitable (on the basis of tumor size, validity of the sample, and percentage of tumor cells) before sending them for genetic analysis with the MammaPrint® platform. RESULTS: The size of the tumors on ultrasound ranged from 0.6cm to 5cm. In 11 patients the preserved specimen was considered valid and suitable for use in determining the genetic profile. In 1 patient (with a 1cm tumor) the pathologist decided that it was necessary to repeat the core biopsy to obtain additional samples. In 1 patient (with a 5cm tumor) the specimen was not considered valid by the genetic laboratory. The percentage of tumor cells in the samples ranged from 60% to 70%. In 11/13 cases (84.62%) it was possible to do the genetic analysis on the previously diagnosed samples. CONCLUSION: In most cases, regardless of tumor size, it is possible to obtain the genetic profile from tissue specimens obtained with ultrasound-guided 12 G core biopsy preserved in paraffin blocks.

Magnetic resonance imaging for staging and treatment planning in cervical cancer. / Imagen por resonancia magnética en la estadificación y planificación del tratamiento del cáncer de cérvix.

OBJECTIVE: To review the key points that are essential for the correct staging of cervical cancer by magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for locoregional staging of cervical cancer. Thorough evaluation of prognostic factors such as tumor size, invasion of adjacent structures, and the presence of lymph node metastases is fundamental for planning appropriate treatment.