Basilar artery perforator aneurysms: a comparison with non-perforator saccular aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Basilar artery perforator aneurysms (BAPAs) are rare. There is no systematic description of their presentation, imaging, natural history and outcomes and how these compare to conventional non-perforator aneurysms. Thus, the authors in this study aimed to compare BAPAs to non-perforator aneurysms. METHODS: Cases were identified from a prospective neurovascular database, notes and imaging retrospectively reviewed and compared to a consecutive series of patients with non-perforator aneurysms. Blood volume on CT and vessel wall imaging (VWI) were compared to controls. RESULTS: 9/739 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) harboured BAPAs. Compared to 103 with aSAH from posterior circulation aneurysms, they were more likely to be male (6/9, p = 0.008), but of equal severity (4/9 poor grade, p = 0.736) and need of CSF drainage (5/9, p = 0.154). Blood volume was similar to controls (30.2 ml vs 26.7 ml, p = 0.716). 6/9 BAPAs were initially missed on CTA. VWI showed thick (2.9 mm ± 2.7) bright enhancement (stalk ratio 1.05 ± 0.12), similar to controls with ruptured aneurysms (0.95 ± 0.23, p = 0.551), and greater than unruptured aneurysms (0.43 ± 0.11, p < 0.001). All were initially managed conservatively. Six thrombosed spontaneously. Three grew and had difficult access with few good endovascular options and were treated through a subtemporal craniotomy without complication. None rebled. At 3 months, all presenting in poor grade were mRS 3-4 and those in good grade mRS 1-2. CONCLUSIONS: Despite their small size, BAPAs present with similar volume SAH, WFNS grade and hydrocephalus to other aneurysms. They are difficult to identify on CTA but enhance strikingly on VWI. The majority thrombosed. Initial conservative management reserving treatment for growth was associated with no rebleeds or complications.

Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage reduces with blood pressure values below hypertensive thresholds.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a known risk factor for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between blood pressure and SAH using a large cohort study and perform a meta-analysis of the published literature. METHODS: Participants in the UK Biobank were followed up via electronic records until 31 March 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyse the association between baseline blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP] and MABP [mean arterial blood pressure]) and subsequent aneurysmal SAH. Linearity was assessed by comparing models including and excluding cubic splines. Electronic databases were searched from inception until 11 February 2022 for studies reporting on blood pressure and SAH. RESULTS: A total of 500,598 individuals were included with 539 (0.001%) suffering from aneurysmal SAH. Nonlinear models including cubic splines visually appeared linear between SBP of 110 and 180 mmHg and there was minimal difference in fit between linear and nonlinear models. When values were stratified, those with SBP 120-130 mmHg were at higher risk compared to those with SBP <120 mmHg (hazard ratio [HR] 1.41 [1.02, 1.95]). The meta-analysis demonstrated a similar increased risk of SAH in individuals with SBP 120-130 mmHg relative to those with <120 mmHg (HR 1.41 [1.17, 1.72]). A stepwise increase in risk was also seen at each subsequent threshold (130-140 mmHg: HR 1.85 [1.53, 2.24], 140-160 mmHg: HR 2.16 [1.57, 2.98], 160-180 mmHg: HR 2.81 [1.85, 4.29], >180 mmHg: HR 5.84 [1.94, 17.54]). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of SAH increases linearly with higher SBP in the general population and specifically appears lower in those with SBP <120 mmHg.

Aneurysm management in patients over 80 years old with good grade subarachnoid haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: An increasing proportion of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) occurs in older patients, in whom there is widespread variability in treatment rates due to a different balance of risks. Our aim was to compare outcomes of patients over 80 years old with good grade aSAH who underwent treatment of their aneurysm with those who did not. METHODS: Adult patients with good grade aSAH admitted to tertiary regional neurosciences centres contributing to the UK and Ireland Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Database (UKISAH) and a cohort of consecutive patients admitted from three regional cohorts were included for analysis. Outcomes were functional outcome at discharge, three months and survival at discharge. RESULTS: In the UKISAH, patients whose aneurysm was treated were more likely to have a favourable outcome at discharge (OR 2.34, CI 1.12-4.91, p = .02), at three months (OR 2.29, CI 1.11-4.76, p = .04), and lower mortality (10% vs. 29%, OR 0.83, CI 0.72-0.94, p < .01). In the regional cohort, a similar pattern was seen, but after correction for frailty and comorbidity there was no difference in survival (HR 0.45, CI 0.12-1.68, p = .24) or favourable outcome at discharge (OR 0.83, CI 0.23-2.94, p = .77) and at three months (OR 1.03, CI 0.25-4.29, p = .99). CONCLUSIONS: Better early functional outcomes in those undergoing aneurysm treatment appear to be explained by differences in frailty and comorbidity. Therefore, treatment decisions in this patient group are finely balanced with no clear evidence overall of either benefit or harm in this cohort.

The association between acetylsalicylic acid and subarachnoid haemorrhage: the Framingham Heart Study.

Studies investigating the association between acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) use and spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in the general population have produced conflicting results. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between SAH and ASA. We included all participants who reported on ASA use during interim examinations of the Framingham Heart Study Cohorts. Using Cox proportional-hazards regression modelling, we estimated the hazard ratio (HR) associated with ASA use. 7692 participants were included in this study. There were 30 cases of SAH during follow up, with an estimated incidence of 10.0 per 100,000 person- years (CI 6.90-14.15). Univariate analysis showed no association between regular ASA use and SAH (HR, 0.33 [0.08-1.41]; p = 0.14). This was similar when accounting for smoking (HR, 0.35 [0.08-1.51]; p = 0.16). Using a large longitudinal dataset from the Framingham Heart Study, we observed some evidence suggesting fewer SAH in those participants taking regular ASA. However, multivariate statistical analysis showed no significant association between ASA use and SAH. Due to the low incidence of SAH in the general population, the absolute number of SAH events was low and it remains uncertain if a significant effect would become apparent with more follow up.

Aspirin and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in the UK Biobank.

Previous studies investigating the relationship between aspirin use and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we aimed to clarify the association between aspirin and SAH in the general population. The UK Biobank is a prospective population-based cohort study. Sex, age, smoking, alcohol, medication use, hypertension, blood pressure, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were recorded at baseline assessments. Follow-up is conducted through linkages to National Health Service data including electronic, coded death certificate, hospital and primary care data. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to analyse the association between aspirin use and SAH. Of the 501,060 participants included in the analysis, a total of 579 suffered from spontaneous SAH after their baseline assessment. There was no relationship between aspirin and SAH of all causes (HR, 1.16 [0.92-1.46]), aneurysmal SAH (HR, 1.15 [0.91-1.47]) or non-aneurysmal SAH (HR, 1.29 [0.54-3.09]). Aspirin use was associated with SAH resulting in death (HR, 1.69 [1.14-2.51]), especially out of hospital death (HR, 2.10 [1.13-3.91]). Despite reports of a protective association between aspirin and SAH in patients with known unruptured aneurysms, this study has not demonstrated the same effect in the general population. However, aspirin users were more likely to suffer SAH resulting in death, especially out of hospital.

Internal neurolysis: 'nerve combing' for trigeminal neuralgia without neurovascular conflict - early UK outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Internal neurolysis (INL) is a surgical procedure where trigeminal nerve fibres are separated between the pons and porus trigeminus to relieve trigeminal neuralgia (TN). We report pain and functional outcomes to evaluate its safety and efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort of all patients undergoing retrosigmoid craniotomy and INL between 2015 and 2017 at University Hospital Southampton. Patients with type I (6) or type II (2) refractory TN and no clear neurovascular conflict were offered INL as an alternative to partial sensory rhizotomy. Barrow Pain Intensity Scale (BNI) and Brief Pain Inventory Facial scores (BPI-Facial) were assessed. Minimum follow-up was 2 years'. RESULTS: Eight patients (7F:1M) underwent INL. Two had MS. Pre-operatively, all had severe pain (BNI grade V) and the median BPI-Facial score was 115 (range 79-123).. There were no unexpected complications. On last follow-up, six (75%) had no pain (BNI grade I), while two (25%) had recurred (at 5 and 27 months). Median BPI-Facial score for all patients on the last follow-up was 20 (range 18-91) reflecting dramatically improved quality of life and activities. CONCLUSIONS: INL is a potentially safe and effective treatment for refractory TN. Long-term efficacy is unknown, but early results are promising.

A meta-analysis of aspirin and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with intracranial aneurysms yields different results to the general population.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown a protective association between aspirin use and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Other studies have found no relationship or the reverse. These studies differ in their study populations and definitions of subarachnoid hemorrhage. AIMS: Our aim was to establish (1) if there is an association between aspirin and subarachnoid hemorrhage, (2) how this differs between the general population and those with intracranial aneurysms. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: Studies reporting aspirin use and the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage were included and grouped based on population (general population vs. aneurysm population). Odds ratios, hazard ratios, and confidence intervals were combined in random-effects models. Eleven studies were included. Overall, there was an association between aspirin and subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR 0.68 [0.48, 0.96]). However, populations were diverse and heterogeneity between studies high (p < 0.00001), questioning the validity of combining these studies and justifying analysis by population. In the general population, there was no difference in aspirin use between individuals with and without subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR 1.15 [0.96, 1.38]). In patients with intracranial aneurysms, aspirin use was greater in patients without subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR 0.37 [0.24, 0.58]), although these studies were at higher risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between aspirin use and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with intracranial aneurysms. This apparent protective relationship is not seen in the general population. Prospective randomized studies are required to further investigate the effect of aspirin on unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Long-Term Cognitive Outcome following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: Survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) frequently suffer from cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess, in a large sample size with long term follow-up, the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction following aSAH and explore whether cognitive deficits mediate employment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective case-controlled study, aSAH survivors (n = 884) were identified from the UK Biobank and compared to matched controls (n = 3536). Controls were propensity score matched according to age, sex, Townsend deprivation score, educational status and relevant medications known to influence cognition. Cognitive outcomes and employment status were compared between cases and controls using group comparison and cross-tabulation tests. A regression-based mediation analysis was performed to assess whether cognitive deficits mediate employment status following aSAH. RESULTS: Psychomotor reaction time and employment status significantly differed between aSAH cases and controls with slower reaction times (p < 0.001) and more unemployment or inability to work due to illness (p < 0.001) in the aSAH cohort at a mean follow-up of 125 months. Psychomotor slowing was estimated to mediate a significant proportion (6.59%) of the effect of aSAH on employment status. CONCLUSIONS: Psychomotor reaction time and employment status differed significantly between aSAH cases and control matched individuals in the UK Biobank. Psychomotor slowing following aSAH had a discernible impact on employment status. Psychomotor reaction time and employment status are practical to acquire and can be used as surrogate measures of outcome in future studies of aSAH survivors.

CovidNeuroOnc: A UK multicenter, prospective cohort study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the neuro-oncology service.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected cancer services. Our objective was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on decision making and the resulting outcomes for patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent intracranial tumors. METHODS: We performed a multicenter prospective study of all adult patients discussed in weekly neuro-oncology and skull base multidisciplinary team meetings who had a newly diagnosed or recurrent intracranial (excluding pituitary) tumor between 01 April and 31 May 2020. All patients had at least 30-day follow-up data. Descriptive statistical reporting was used. RESULTS: There were 1357 referrals for newly diagnosed or recurrent intracranial tumors across 15 neuro-oncology centers. Of centers with all intracranial tumors, a change in initial management was reported in 8.6% of cases (n = 104/1210). Decisions to change the management plan reduced over time from a peak of 19% referrals at the start of the study to 0% by the end of the study period. Changes in management were reported in 16% (n = 75/466) of cases previously recommended for surgery and 28% of cases previously recommended for chemotherapy (n = 20/72). The reported SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was similar in surgical and non-surgical patients (2.6% vs. 2.4%, P > .9). CONCLUSIONS: Disruption to neuro-oncology services in the UK caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was most marked in the first month, affecting all diagnoses. Patients considered for chemotherapy were most affected. In those recommended surgical treatment this was successfully completed. Longer-term outcome data will evaluate oncological treatments received by these patients and overall survival.

Surgical Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematomas in Nonagenarians: Who to Treat?

OBJECTIVE: Although chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH) are often treated surgically it remains plausible that invasive treatment in elderly patients may have a negative effect on survival. The aim of this study was to characterize survival following neurosurgical intervention for cSDH in a selected cohort aged >90 years and to identify prognostic factors that may inform clinical decision-making. METHODS: In total, we identified a cohort of 548 consecutive patients who had undergone burr hole drainage for cSDH in a 5-year period between 2009-2013. Of these patients, 41 were aged >90 years. For each patient, information was gathered from local hospital records, general practice records, and the patients directly. Long-term survival was compared with actuarial data obtained from the National Life Tables. RESULTS: Overall mortality at the time of discharge was 2%. Mortality was 26.8% at 6 months, 36.8% at 1 year, and 47.9% at 2 years. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the actuarial curve and the survival curve following surgery (hazard ratio, 1.17; confidence interval, 0.67-2.05; P = 0.57). Despite initially departing from the actuarial curve, the survival curve becomes parallel at approximately 1 year. Multivariate analysis showed that preadmission residence and the number of comorbid conditions were significant predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: We advocate that neurosurgical intervention for cSDH in selected nonagenarians can be a safe and beneficial procedure. Patients living independently at home and with a limited past medical history were most likely to benefit from the surgery.

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Shunt Failure and the Role of Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a chronic condition characterized by raised intracranial pressure in the absence of a known etiology. IIH typically presents in overweight women of childbearing age. Surgical intervention for IIH involves diversion of cerebrospinal fluid, often by the placement of a shunt. Experience suggests higher shunt failure rates in patients with IIH than shunts placed for other etiologies. Here we sought to both establish and compare failure rates for IIH and non-IIH shunts and to examine association with body mass index (BMI). METHODS: This study was a single-center retrospective consecutive cohort over a 13-year period. There were 1264 non-IIH patients and 116 patients with IIH included in the study. This was a retrospective analysis of time to shunt failure using Kaplan-Meier methods for IIH and non-IIH shunts. Secondary analysis of BMI, shunt type, and sex on IIH shunt failure was also conducted. RESULTS: The median time to failure of the initial IIH shunt was 22.9 months (interquartile range [IQR], 4-55) compared with 57 months (IQR, 12-87) in non-IIH shunts (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 58.6-233.6). In the IIH group, the median shunt survival for BMI above the healthy range (18.5-25 kg/m2) was 18 months relative to 44 months for those with a healthy BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that in IIH, relative to hydrocephalus of other causes, shunts have higher failure rates and often require more frequent revisions. Higher shunt failure rates in patients with IIH may be associated with an unhealthy BMI.

Sniffing out causes of gastrointestinal disorders: a review of volatile metabolomic biomarkers.

Distinct changes can be observed in the odor of human excretions during health and disease. Identifying underlying volatile metabolites responsible for these odorous changes can be correlated with the pathological process within the body. Advances in the technology have enabled us to interpret the volatile signature of these changes in the odor. This has opened a promising area to lay the foundations of a rapid, noninvasive and point of care diagnostic tool. This review explores the diagnostic potential of volatile organic metabolites as novel biomarkers and extends the discussion on the clinical applications of these biomarkers in gastrointestinal disorders.

An Evaluation of Commonly Used External Ventricular Drain Securement Methods in a Porcine Model: Recommendations to Improve Practice.

BACKGROUND: External ventricular drain (EVD) dislodgement is common and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Many securement techniques to prevent this are described. There are, however, no objective studies comparing them. This study aimed to determine the most secure method of securing an EVD. METHODS: A survey was distributed through the British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative to determine common EVD securement methods and select techniques for testing. Securement methods were tested in a pig cadaver model. Peak pull force before EVD failure was measured. Failure was defined as catheter displacement 1 cm from the insertion site, catheter fracture, or suture fracture. RESULTS: Twenty-three neurosurgical units responded. Five basic EVD securement methods were in common use. These were tested in isolation and in combination so that in total 15 common methods were tested. The most secure method was a triple construct, consisting of an anchoring suture, sutures around a coil of the catheter, and either a soft plastic flange (25.85 N, 95% confidence interval 24.95 N-26.75 N) or a hard plastic flange (29.05 N, 95% confidence interval 25.69 N-32.41 N). Of the individual methods, single anchoring sutures, soft flanges, VentriFix, and staples were found to be the least secure, whereas multiple sutures and hard flanges were the most secure. CONCLUSIONS: An anchoring suture followed by a coil of the catheter and finally a flange is the most secure method for securing EVDs. This simple technique can withstand up to 8.2 times the force of a single anchoring suture, is easily used, and decreases the likelihood of EVD dislodgement and associated complications.