Novel cellular systems unveil mucosal melanoma initiating cells and a role for PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in mucosal melanoma fitness.

BACKGROUND: Mucosal Melanomas (MM) are highly aggressive neoplasms arising from mucosal melanocytes. Current treatments offer a limited survival benefit for patients with advanced MM; moreover, the lack of pre-clinical cellular systems has significantly limited the understanding of their immunobiology. METHODS: Five novel cell lines were obtained from patient-derived biopsies of MM arising in the sino-nasal mucosa and designated as SN-MM1-5. The morphology, ultrastructure and melanocytic identity of SN-MM cell lines were validated by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, in vivo tumorigenicity of SN-MM1-5 was tested by subcutaneous injection in NOD/SCID mice. Molecular characterization of SN-MM cell lines was performed by a mass-spectrometry proteomic approach, and their sensitivity to PI3K chemical inhibitor LY294002 was validated by Akt activation, measured by pAkt(Ser473) and pAkt(Thr308) in immunoblots, and MTS assay. RESULTS: This study reports the validation and functional characterization of five newly generated SN-MM cell lines. Compared to the normal counterpart, the proteomic profile of SN-MM is consistent with transformed melanocytes showing a heterogeneous degree of melanocytic differentiation and activation of cancer-related pathways. All SN-MM cell lines resulted tumorigenic in vivo and display recurrent structural variants according to aCGH analysis. Of relevance, the microscopic analysis of the corresponding xenotransplants allowed the identification of clusters of MITF-/CDH1-/CDH2 + /ZEB1 + /CD271 + cells, supporting the existence of melanoma-initiating cells also in MM, as confirmed in clinical samples. In vitro, SN-MM cell lines were sensitive to cisplatin, but not to temozolomide. Moreover, the proteomic analysis of SN-MM cell lines revealed that RICTOR, a subunit of mTORC2 complex, is the most significantly activated upstream regulator, suggesting a relevant role for the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in these neoplasms. Consistently, phosphorylation of NDRG1 and Akt activation was observed in SN-MM, the latter being constitutive and sustained by PTEN loss in SN-MM2 and SN-MM3. The cell viability impairment induced by LY294002 confirmed a functional role for the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in SN-MM cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these novel and unique cellular systems represent relevant experimental tools for a better understanding of the biology of these neoplasms and, as an extension, to MM from other sites.

International Multicenter Study of Clinical Outcomes of Sinonasal Melanoma Shows Survival Benefit for Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Potential Improvements to the Current TNM Staging System.

Objectives Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is an extremely rare and challenging sinonasal malignancy with a poor prognosis. Standard treatment involves complete surgical resection, but the role of adjuvant therapy remains unclear. Crucially, our understanding of its clinical presentation, course, and optimal treatment remains limited, and few advancements in improving its management have been made in the recent past. Methods We conducted an international multicenter retrospective analysis of 505 SNMM cases from 11 institutions across the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, and continental Europe. Data on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Results One-, three-, and five-year recurrence-free and overall survival were 61.4, 30.6, and 22.0%, and 77.6, 49.2, and 38.3%, respectively. Compared with disease confined to the nasal cavity, sinus involvement confers significantly worse survival; based on this, further stratifying the T3 stage was highly prognostic ( p < 0.001) with implications for a potential modification to the current TNM staging system. There was a statistically significant survival benefit for patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy, compared with those who underwent surgery alone (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.96, p = 0.021). Immune checkpoint blockade for the management of recurrent or persistent disease, with or without distant metastasis, conferred longer survival (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25-1.00, p = 0.036). Conclusions We present findings from the largest cohort of SNMM reported to date. We demonstrate the potential utility of further stratifying the T3 stage by sinus involvement and present promising data on the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors for recurrent, persistent, or metastatic disease with implications for future clinical trials in this field.

The SINTART 1 study. A phase II non-randomised controlled trial of induction chemotherapy, surgery, photon-, proton- and carbon ion-based radiotherapy integration in patients with locally advanced resectable sinonasal tumours.

PURPOSE: Sinonasal tumours are rare diseases with poor prognosis. Multimodal approach including surgery is widely used, although no standard therapy has been established in prospective trials. This study assessed activity and safety of an innovative integration of multimodality treatment-induction chemotherapy (ICT), surgery and radiotherapy (RT)-modulated by histology and response to ICT. METHODS: Patients with untreated, operable sinonasal tumours with selected histotypes (squamous cell carcinoma, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated and neuroendocrine carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma) were enrolled in a single-arm, phase II, multicenter clinical trial. Patients were treated with up to 5 ICT cycles, whose regimen was selected according to histotype, followed either by curative chemo-RT for pts with ≥80% reduction of initial tumour diameter or surgery and adjuvant (chemo)RT. Photon and/or proton/carbon ion-based RT was employed according to the disease site and stage. Primary end-point was 5-year progression-free survival (PFS), secondary end-points were overall survival (OS), ICT objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST 1.1 and safety. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were evaluable for primary end-point. Fourteen patients (40%) were treated with definitive (CT)RT and 20 (57%) underwent surgery. Five-year PFS was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21-69), with a median PFS of 26 months. Five-year OS was 46% (95% CI, 28-75), with a median OS of 36 months. Three-year PFS-OS for pts achieving PR/CR versus stable disease (SD)/PD to ICT were 49.8-57% versus 43.2-53%, respectively. Three-year PFS for patients achieving major volumetric partial response (≥80% reduction of initial tumour volume, major partial volumetric response [mPRv]) versus non-mPRv were 82% versus 28% and 3-year OS were 92% versus 36% (p value 0.010 and 0.029, respectively). The ORR to ICT was 54% and 60% across all histotypes and in the sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) subpopulation, respectively, with 6/15 SNUCs (40%) achieving mPRv. CONCLUSION: Treatment of advanced sinonasal cancer with histology-driven ICT followed by (CT)RT in responsive patients was feasible. Overall, these findings suggest a possible role of ICT as the primary approach in newly diagnosed, resectable sinonasal tumours-especially SNUC-to select patients with favourable prognosis. Histology heterogeneity limits generalisation of trial results.

Transcription Factor Expression in Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Olfactory Neuroblastoma (ONB): Hyams' Grades 1-3 ONBs Expand the Spectrum of SATB2 and GATA3-Positive Neoplasms.

Sinonasal neuroendocrine neoplasms (SN-NENs) are rare and mostly include neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), whereas neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is exceptional in this site. Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a malignant neuroectodermal neoplasm arising in the nasal cavity. Albeit crucial for correct patients' management, the distinction of high grade ONB from NEC is challenging and requires additional diagnostic markers. The transcription factor SATB2 has been recently introduced in routine diagnostics as an immunohistochemical marker of distal intestine differentiation. No specific data are available about SATB2 and GATA3 expression in SN-NENs. GATA3, SATB2, and, for comparison, CDX2 expression were investigated in a series of epithelial and non-epithelial SN-NENs. We collected 26 cases of ONB and 7 cases of epithelial SN-NENs diagnosed and treated in our Institution. ONBs were graded according to Hyams' system and epithelial NENs were reclassified into 5 NECs, 1 MiNEN, and 1 amphicrine carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed using standard automated protocols. Hyams' grades 1-3 ONBs stained diffusely and intensely for SATB2, whereas grade 4 ONBs and NECs were globally negative. The non-neuroendocrine component of MiNEN and the amphicrine carcinoma were strongly positive. GATA3 was heterogeneously and unpredictably expressed in Hyams' grades 1-3 ONBs, whereas grade 4 ONBs and NECs were completely negative. CDX2 was negative in all cases. Our study identifies, for the first time, SATB2 and GATA3 expression as features of Hyams' grades 1-3 ONBs, expands the spectrum of SATB2 and GATA3-positive neoplasms, and suggests that Hyams' grade 4 ONBs are not only clinically but also biologically different from low graded ONBs.

Strategies for Lynch syndrome identification in selected and unselected gynecological cancers.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial carcinoma represents a sentinel cancer for Lynch syndrome (LS) identification. It is crucial to highlight how other types of tumors can arise in the gynecological tract acting as sentinel tumors in LS patients.Up to now, no established LS patient management strategy has incorporated the presence of these additional candidate sentinel tumors to improve the prevention and management of LS tumors. METHODS: In order to investigate the involvement of the most frequent gynecological cancers in gynecological cancers, we studied different subsets of gynecological cancers using both somatic approaches, including mismatch repair (MMR) gene immunohistochemical expression, microsatellite instability, and germline analyses ofMSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2 and EPCAM genes.A total of 261 patients referring to the Cancer Genetic Counselling Service of our institution were included in the study. In detail, our series was composed of 131 patients affected by uterus cancers including endometrial, isthmus and non-HPV endocervical carcinomas, 113 patients affected by ovarian cancers and 17 patients affected by synchronous endometrial/ovarian carcinomas (SEOC).In addition, we studied 115 cases of endometrial cancers identified by 2 years of universal testing (endometrial cancers/UTs) using IHC analysis of four MMR proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of MMR defective gynecological cancers ranged from 7.1 to 47.1% depending on cancer site and selection. LS patients carriers of pathogenetic MMR variants were identified in 19.8% of uterus cancers, 35.3% of SEOC, 4.4% of ovarian cancers. In addition, pathogenetic MMR variants were identified in 4.3% of endometrial cancers/universal testing investigated with universal screening.In conclusion, gynecological cancers are heavily involved in LS and our study shows that MMR screening using immunohistochemical pattern and MSI analysis of endometrial and ovarian cancers as well as of rare entities such as non-HPV related endocervical cancers and synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers are sentinels for LS.Tumor testing approach improves early identification of MMR defective gynecological cancers and this is an effective strategy to detect high-risk patients and to offer them and their relatives personalized cancer prevention.

Aerosolization risk during endoscopic transnasal surgery: a prospective qualitative and quantitative microscopic analysis of particles spreading in the operating room.

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents the greatest public health emergency of this century. The primary mode of viral transmission is droplet transmission through direct contact with large droplets generated during breathing, talking, coughing, and sneezing. However, the virus can also demonstrate airborne transmission through smaller droplets (< 5 µm in diameter) generated during various medical procedures, collectively termed aerosol-generating procedures. The aim of this study was to analyze droplet contamination of healthcare workers and splatter patterns in the operating theater that resulted from endoscopic transnasal procedures in noninfected patients. METHODS: A prospective nonrandomized microscopic evaluation of contaminants generated during 10 endoscopic transnasal procedures performed from May 14 to June 11, 2020, in the same operating theater was carried out. A dilution of monosodium fluorescein, repeatedly instilled through nasal irrigation, was used as a marker of contaminants generated during surgical procedures. Contaminants were collected on detectors worn by healthcare workers and placed in standard points in the operating theater. Analysis of number, dimensions, and characteristics of contaminants was carried out with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: A total of 70 samples collected from 10 surgical procedures were analyzed. Liquid droplets and solid-tissue fragments were identified as contaminants on all detectors analyzed. All healthcare workers appeared to have been exposed to a significant number of contaminants. A significant degree of contamination was observed in every site of the operating room. The mean (range) diameter of liquid droplets was 4.1 (1.0-26.6) µm and that of solid fragments was 23.6 (3.5-263.3) µm. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic endonasal surgery is associated with the generation of large amounts of contaminants, some of which measure less than 5 µm. All healthcare workers in the surgical room are exposed to a significant and similar risk of contamination; therefore, adequate personal protective equipment should be employed when performing endoscopic endonasal surgical procedures.

Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma: European multicentre case-series and systematic literature review.

Objective: Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma (BSNS) is a rare low-grade cancer that was included from the 4th edition of WHO classification of head and neck tumours. The purpose of this study is to analyse clinical behaviour, pattern of recurrences and survival outcomes of this neoplasm. Methods: Retrospective review of patients affected by BSNS who were treated via an endoscopic-assisted approach in 6 European tertiary-care referral hospitals. Cases of BSNS described in literature since 2012 to date were fully reviewed, according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 15 patients were included. Seven patients were treated via an endoscopic endonasal approach, 4 with endoscopic transnasal craniectomy, and 4 via a cranio-endoscopic approach. Adjuvant treatment was delivered in 2 cases. After a mean follow-up of 27.3 months, systemic metastasis was observed in 1 case; the 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 100% and 80 ± 17.9%, respectively. Conclusions: BSNS is a locally aggressive tumour with a low recurrence rate and encouraging survival outcomes if properly treated with surgical resection and free margins followed by adjuvant radiotherapy for selected cases. Endoscopic-assisted surgery is safe and effective as an upfront treatment within a multidisciplinary care protocol.

Methylation Drivers and Prognostic Implications in Sinonasal Poorly Differentiated Carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Poorly differentiated sinonasal carcinomas (PDSNCs) are rare and aggressive malignancies, which include squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). Several epigenetic markers have been suggested to support the histopathological classification, predict prognosis, and guide therapeutic decision. Indeed, molecularly distinct subtypes of sinonasal carcinomas, including SMARCB1-INI1 or SMARCA4 deficient sinonasal carcinoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant SNUC, ARID1A mutant PDSNCs, and NUT carcinomas, have recently been proposed as separate entities. Identification of aberrant DNA methylation levels associated with these specific epigenetic driver genes could be useful for prognostic and therapeutic purpose. METHODS: Histopathological review and immunohistochemical study was performed on 53 PDSNCs. Molecular analysis included mutational profile by NGS, Sanger sequencing, and MLPA analyses, and global DNA methylation profile using LINE-1 bisulfite-PCR and pyrosequencing analysis. RESULTS: Nine SWI/SNF complex defective cases and five IDH2 p.Arg172x cases were identified. A significant correlation between INI-1 or IDH2 defects and LINE-1 hypermethylation was observed (p = 0.002 and p = 0.032, respectively), which were associated with a worse prognosis (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic and epigenetic characterization of PDSNCs should be performed to identify distinct prognostic entities, which deserved a tailored clinical treatment.

Gene Expression Profiling of Olfactory Neuroblastoma Helps Identify Prognostic Pathways and Define Potentially Therapeutic Targets.

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare sinonasal neoplasm with a peculiar behavior, for which limited prognostic factors are available. Herein, we investigate the transcriptional pathways altered in ONB and correlate them with pathological features and clinical outcomes. We analyze 32 ONB patients treated with curative intent at two independent institutions from 2001 to 2019 for whom there is available pathologic and clinical data. We perform gene expression profiling on primary ONB samples and carry out functional enrichment analysis to investigate the key pathways associated with disease-free survival (DFS). The median age is 53.5 years; all patients undergo surgery and a pure endoscopic approach is adopted in the majority of cases (81.2%). Most patients have advanced disease (stages III-IV, 81.2%) and 84.4% undergo adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy. The median follow-up is 35 months; 11 (26.8%) patients relapse. Clinical characteristics (gender, stage and Hyams' grade) are not associated with the outcomes. In contrast, TGF-beta binding, EMT, IFN-alpha response, angiogenesis, IL2-STAT5 and IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling pathways are enriched in patients experiencing recurrence, and significantly associated with shorter DFS. Clustering of transcriptional profiles according to pathological features indicates two distinct molecular groups, defined by either cytokeratin-positive or -negative immunostaining. Definition of the characterizing ONB transcriptomic pathways may pave the way towards tailored treatment approaches.

Association of Clinicopathological Features With Outcome in Chondrosarcomas of the Head and Neck.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the association between clinical and radiological features as well as of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1,2) mutations with outcome in head and neck chondrosarcomas. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. METHODS: Clinical, histological, and molecular data of patients with head and neck chondrosarcomas treated by surgery were collected. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 17-78). The tumor originated from the skull base (52.2%), facial bones (28.2%), or laryngotracheal area (19.6%). At last follow-up (median 52.5 months), 38 patients were alive, 30 of which were disease free, whereas 8 had died, 4 of disease progression and 4 of other causes. Fourteen (30.4%) had local recurrence and 2 (4.3%) had lung metastasis. All cases were negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, brachyury, and IDH1 at immunohistochemistry, while Sanger sequencing identified IDH1/2 point mutations, typically IDH1 R132C, in 9 (37.5%) tumors arising from the skull base. Margin infiltration on the surgical specimen negatively affected the outcome, whereas no correlation was identified with IDH mutation status. CONCLUSIONS: An adequate margin positively affects survival. IDH mutation status does not affect patient outcome.

Exploring the role of nasal cytology in chronic rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: Characterising the eosinophilic profile represents the main step in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) endotyping. The aim of the study is to verify the correlation between different methods for tissue eosinophilia quantification. METHODS: 33 CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery and 30 controls undergoing non-CRS surgeries were enrolled. Blood venous sampling, nasal biopsy on uncinate process (UP), nasal cytology on inferior turbinate (IT) and middle meatus (MM) were performed. RESULTS: Differences in eosinophil count in blood (P=0.0001), UP (P#x003C;0.0001), IT (P = 0.01) and MM (P = 0.0006) were significant between CRS cases and controls. A weak correlation was found between UP and blood eosinophil count (r = 0.34, P = 0.006) and between UP and IT eosinophil count (r = 0.30, P = 0.017). Moderate correlation between UP and MM (r = 0.51, P #x003C; 0.0001) was shown. ROC analysis predicted eosinophilic CRS with an overall low sensitivity. Once allergic patients were excluded from the analysis, the sensitivity decreased for sampling on IT and increased for MM sampling. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that MM cytology gives more accurate information on the degree of tissue eosinophilia. Replication in wide and unbiased cohorts is necessary to verify these results and define accurate thresholds.

Locally advanced epithelial sinonasal tumors: The impact of multimodal approach.

OBJECTIVE: Outcomes of locally advanced epithelial sinonasal cancers remain unsatisfactory; moreover, only limited and heterogeneous data exist on prognostic factors. METHODS: We reviewed all consecutive patients with American Joint Committee Cancer stage III to IV epithelial sinonasal cancers treated with platinum-based induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by locoregional treatment between 1996 and 2015. RESULTS: We identified 69 patients treated with a multimodal approach (IC, surgery, radiotherapy). Overall, 44 patients recurred (64%). Of those, 19 patients received salvage surgery, but only four remained disease-free. Median overall survival (OS) was 62.5 months. Sinonasal neuroendocrine and small cell histotypes (P = 0.0085), neuroendocrine differentiation (P = 0.006), and lack of response to IC (P = 0.03) were associated with worse OS. In patients who recurred, median OS was 13 months since recurrence. Survival was longer in patients submitted to salvage surgery (44%) than in those receiving chemotherapy alone at recurrence (29.5 vs. 4.6 months). Patients with a clinical benefit after palliative chemotherapy had a longer median OS than those with disease progression (29.2 vs. 4.4 months; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Globally, the prognosis of locally advanced epithelial sinonasal cancers is dismal, with worse outcomes for neuroendocrine lesions. In the recurrent setting, feasibility of salvage surgery and clinical benefit from palliative chemotherapy are associated with longer OS. A multimodal treatment strategy with IC seems to offer improved OS when compared with other retrospective series not employing such a therapeutic tool. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:857-865, 2020.

A functional gene expression analysis in epithelial sinonasal cancer: Biology and clinical relevance behind three histological subtypes.

Epithelial sinonasal cancers (SNCs) are rare diseases with overlapping morphological features and a dismal prognosis. We aimed to investigate the expression differences among the histological subtypes for discerning their molecular characteristics. We selected 47 SNCs: (i) 21 nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (NKSCCs), (ii) 13 sinonasal neuroendocrine cancers (SNECs), and (iii) 13 sinonasal undifferentiated cancers (SNUCs). Gene expression profiling was performed by DASL (cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation) microarray analysis with internal validation by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Relevant molecular patterns were uncovered by sparse partial-least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA), microenvironment cell type (xCell), CIBERSORT, and gene set enrichment (GSEA) analyses. The first two sPLS-DA components stratified samples by histological subtypes. xCell highlighted increased expression of immune components (CD8+ effector memory cells, in SNUC) and "other cells": keratinocytes and neurons in NKSCC and SNEC, respectively. Pathway enrichment was observed in NKSCC (six gene sets, proliferation related), SNEC (one gene set, pancreatic ß-cells), and SNUC (twenty gene sets, some of them immune-system related). Major neuroendocrine involvement was observed in all the SNEC samples. Our high-throughput analysis revealed a good diagnostic ability to differentiate NKSCC, SNEC, and SNUC, but indicated that the neuroendocrine pathway, typical and pathognomonic of SNEC is also present at lower expression levels in the other two histological subtypes. The different and specific profiles may be exploited for elucidating their biology and could help to identify prognostic and therapeutic opportunities.

Comprehensive analysis of HPV infection, EGFR exon 20 mutations and LINE1 hypomethylation as risk factors for malignant transformation of sinonasal-inverted papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma.

Different risk factors are suspected to be involved in malignant transformation of sinonasal papillomas and include HPV infection, tobacco smoking, occupational exposure, EGFR/KRAS mutations and DNA methylation alterations. In our study, 25 inverted sinonasal papillomas (ISPs), 5 oncocytic sinonasal papillomas (OSP) and 35 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from 54 patients were genotyped for 10 genes involved in EGFR signalling. HPV-DNA detection was performed by in-situ hybridisation and LINE-1 methylation was quantitatively determined by bisulphite-pyrosequencing. High-risk HPV was observed only in 13% of ISP-associated SCC and in 8% of de novo-SCC patients. EGFR mutations occurred in 72% of ISPs, 30% of ISP-associated SCCs and 17% of de novo-SCCs. At 5-year follow-up, SCC arose in only 30% (6/20) of patients with EGFR-mutated ISPs compared to 76% (13/17) of patients with EGFR-wild-type ISP (p = 0.0044). LINE-1 hypomethylation significantly increased from papilloma/early stage SCC to advanced stage SCC (p = 0.03) and was associated with occupational exposure (p = 0.01) and worse prognosis (p = 0.09). In conclusion, our results suggest that a small subset of these tumours could be related to HPV infection; EGFR mutations characterise those ISPs with a lower risk of developing into SCC; LINE-1 hypomethylation is associated with occupational exposure and could identify more aggressive nasal SCC.

Primary Ectopic Ethmoidal Craniopharyngioma.

Craniopharyngiomas are benign but aggressive epithelial tumors usually originating in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland from squamous remnants of an incompletely involuted craniopharingeal duct developing from the Rathke pouch. To the authors' knowledge only 1 patient of a primary isolated ethmoidal craniopharyngioma has been reported in the literature.The authors report the case of a 17-year-old boy with a primary extracranial ethmoidal craniopharyngioma. An endoscopic endonasal approach was employed to resect the tumor. After 2 years of clinical and radiological follow-up no recurrence of disease was observed.Primary ethmoidal craniopharyngiomas are rare entities and biopsy is necessary for diagnosis. However, a preoperative assessment by means of nasal endoscopy, computed tomography scan, and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is mandatory to better evaluate the extension and characteristics of the tumor. The endoscopic endonasal technique is a safe and effective approach for the treatment of these lesions.

Endoscopic Treatment of Ewing Sarcoma of the Sinonasal Tract.

The extra-skeletal form is an unusual type of Ewing sarcoma (ES) arising from soft tissue and in the literature there are reports of less than 50 patients describing the tumor in the paranasal sinuses and skull base. The histological diagnosis is crucial to plan the correct treatment and the molecular confirmation is mandatory in equivocal patients. A multimodality treatment with chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy improved the outcomes of these diseases during the last decades and a free-margin resection with the endoscopic transnasal technique is one of the most recent ways to manage these pathologies in selected patients, reducing the morbidities of the external approaches and preserving the quality of life of the patient.Here, the authors present the first patient of primary sinonasal ES free from disease after 5 years of follow-up and treated with an endoscopic endonasal approach and a second patient of sinonasal metastases of ES treated with and endoscopic transnasal approach.

Role of endoscopic surgery in the management of sinonasal and skull base schwannomas.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to report our experience with the endoscopic management of sinonasal schwannomas, analyzing the advantages, limitations, and outcomes of the technique. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 11 patients treated endoscopically between 2000 and 2014 at a single institution. RESULTS: Eight patients underwent an exclusive endoscopic endonasal approach, whereas, in 3 patients, an osteoplastic flap was combined because of massive or lateral frontal sinus involvement. The tumor extended into the orbit in 5 cases, and involved the skull base in 5 patients who required a concomitant endoscopic duraplasty. No evidence of disease was observed in 10 patients after a mean follow-up of 90.1 months (range, 14-189 months). One patient was alive with persistence of disease, although asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic endonasal approach is a valid alternative for the vast majority of sinonasal schwannomas with minimal morbidity for the patient. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2074-E2082, 2016.

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: A 12-year experience of 58 cases.

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal mucosal melanoma is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. METHODS: Patients with sinonasal malignant melanoma who underwent surgery by different approaches were included in this study. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival were calculated, and statistically significant variables by univariate analysis were entered in a multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS: Pathological staging was pT3, pT4a, and pT4b in 30 cases (51.7%), 17 cases (29.3%), and 11 cases (19.0%). At 3 and 5 years, OS was 43.5% and 29% and event-free survival was 23.6% and 12.4%, respectively. At univariate analysis, OS was significantly influenced by male sex, advanced pT classification, positive margins, and surgical approach; event-free survival was affected by positive margins. At multivariate analysis, the risk of death was independently associated with male sex (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.27; p = .04) and positive margins (HR = 2.32; p = .03). CONCLUSION: Male sex and positive margins were negative prognostic factors. Endoscopic resection did not show an increased risk of death compared with more extensive surgical approaches. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1737-E1745, 2016.

Treatment strategies for primary early-stage sinonasal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective bi-institutional case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate different treatment strategies for primary early-stage (pT1-T2) sinonasal adenocarcinomas. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. From 2000 to 2011, 61 cases were radically resected using an endoscopic endonasal approach. Surgery as a single treatment modality was adopted for 33 patients (study group) while it was followed by postoperative radiotherapy (poRT) in 28 patients (control group). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 61 and 67 months for the study and control group respectively. Patients were stratified according to the pT classification and no statistically significant differences were found in terms of Overall (OS) and Recurrence-free (RFS) survival. When analyzing the high-grade tumors (47 cases), statistically significant differences were observed between the control and study groups both in terms of OS (90.5% ± 6.5% versus 57.6% ± 15.4%, P = 0.03) and RFS (92.3% ± 7.39% versus 80.2% ± 8.88%, P = 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, OS was independently determined by poRT (Hazard Ratio = 0.16; P = 0.03) thus confirming its protective role for high-grade adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results suggest that endoscopic endonasal surgery could be used as a single treatment modality for primary early-stage low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinoma, resected with negative margins. Surgery followed by poRT offers the best treatment strategy not only for advanced-stage lesions but also for high-grade adenocarcinomas, regardless of the stage of disease at presentation.

Endoscopic resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy for sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinoma: Retrospective analysis of 30 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (ITAC) is a rare and locally aggressive occupation-related tumor. Currently, endoscopic-assisted resection and advances in irradiation modalities (3D conformal radiotherapy/intensity-modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]) are emerging as an alternative to traditional open surgery and conventional radiotherapy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 30 consecutive patients affected with sinonasal ITAC, primarily treated by an endoscopic approach followed by 3D conformal radiotherapy/IMRT at a single institution, from 2003 to 2010. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 72.7% ± 9.6%, 78% ± 9.5%, 67.9% ± 10.7%, and 69.2% ± 9.4%, respectively (mean follow-up, 48 months). No major complications or serious toxicities were observed. Prognostic factors were stage of disease at diagnosis, development of recurrences, status of surgical margins, grading, tumoral pattern of growth, and proliferative index (Ki-67). CONCLUSION: The low morbidity of endoscopic approaches, the acceptable toxicity of modern irradiation modalities, and these promising survival rates, indicate that this treatment strategy might be considered a safe, minimally invasive, and maximally effective option for treating selected sinonasal ITAC.