Spectroscopy along Flerovium Decay Chains: Discovery of

A nuclear spectroscopy experiment was conducted to study α-decay chains stemming from isotopes of flerovium (element Z=114). An upgraded TASISpec decay station was placed behind the gas-filled separator TASCA at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. The fusion-evaporation reactions ^{48}Ca+^{242}Pu and ^{48}Ca+^{244}Pu provided a total of 32 flerovium-candidate decay chains, of which two and eleven were firmly assigned to ^{286}Fl and ^{288}Fl, respectively. A prompt coincidence between a 9.60(1)-MeV α particle event and a 0.36(1)-MeV conversion electron marked the first observation of an excited state in an even-even isotope of the heaviest man-made elements, namely ^{282}Cn. Spectroscopy of ^{288}Fl decay chains fixed Q_{α}=10.06(1) MeV. In one case, a Q_{α}=9.46(1)-MeV decay from ^{284}Cn into ^{280}Ds was observed, with ^{280}Ds fissioning after only 518 µs. The impact of these findings, aggregated with existing data on decay chains of ^{286,288}Fl, on the size of an anticipated shell gap at proton number Z=114 is discussed in light of predictions from two beyond-mean-field calculations, which take into account triaxial deformation.

Competition between Allowed and First-Forbidden ß Decay: The Case of

The ß decay of ^{208}Hg into the one-proton hole, one neutron-particle _{81}^{208}Tl_{127} nucleus was investigated at CERN-ISOLDE. Shell-model calculations describe well the level scheme deduced, validating the proton-neutron interactions used, with implications for the whole of the N>126, Z<82 quadrant of neutron-rich nuclei. While both negative and positive parity states with spin 0 and 1 are expected within the Q_{ß} window, only three negative parity states are populated directly in the ß decay. The data provide a unique test of the competition between allowed Gamow-Teller and Fermi, and first-forbidden ß decays, essential for the understanding of the nucleosynthesis of heavy nuclei in the rapid neutron capture process. Furthermore, the observation of the parity changing 0^{+}→0^{-}ß decay where the daughter state is core excited is unique, and can provide information on mesonic corrections of effective operators.

48Ca+249Bk fusion reaction leading to element Z = 117: long-lived α-decaying 270Db and discovery of 266Lr.

The superheavy element with atomic number Z=117 was produced as an evaporation residue in the (48)Ca+(249)Bk fusion reaction at the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA at GSI Darmstadt, Germany. The radioactive decay of evaporation residues and their α-decay products was studied using a detection setup that allowed measuring decays of single atomic nuclei with half-lives between sub-µs and a few days. Two decay chains comprising seven α decays and a spontaneous fission each were identified and are assigned to the isotope (294)117 and its decay products. A hitherto unknown α-decay branch in (270)Db (Z = 105) was observed, which populated the new isotope (266)Lr (Z = 103). The identification of the long-lived (T(1/2) = 1.0(-0.4)(+1.9) h) α-emitter (270)Db marks an important step towards the observation of even more long-lived nuclei of superheavy elements located on an "island of stability."

The prevalence and distribution of food sensitization in European adults.

BACKGROUND: Complaints of 'food allergy' are increasing. Standardized surveys of IgE sensitization to foods are still uncommon and multicountry surveys are rare. We have assessed IgE sensitization to food-associated allergens in different regions of Europe using a common protocol. METHODS: Participants from general populations aged 20-54 years in eight European centres (Zurich, Madrid, Utrecht, Lodz, Sophia, Athens, Reykjavik and Vilnius) were asked whether they had allergic symptoms associated with specific foods. Weighted samples of those with and without allergic symptoms then completed a longer questionnaire and donated serum for IgE analysis by ImmunoCAP for 24 foods, 6 aeroallergens and, by allergen microarray, for 48 individual food proteins. RESULTS: The prevalence of IgE sensitization to foods ranged from 23.6% to 6.6%. The least common IgE sensitizations were to fish (0.2%), milk (0.8%) and egg (0.9%), and the most common were to hazelnut (9.3%), peach (7.9%) and apple (6.5%). The order of prevalence of IgE sensitization against different foods was similar in each centre and correlated with the prevalence of the pollen-associated allergens Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 (r = 0.86). IgE sensitization to plant allergen components unrelated to pollen allergens was more evenly distributed and independent of pollen IgE sensitization (r = -0.10). The most common foods containing allergens not cross-reacting with pollens were sesame, shrimp and hazelnut. DISCUSSION: IgE sensitization to foods is common, but varies widely and is predominantly related to IgE sensitization to pollen allergens. IgE sensitization to food allergens not cross-reacting with pollens is rare and more evenly distributed.

Spectroscopy of element 115 decay chains.

A high-resolution α, x-ray, and γ-ray coincidence spectroscopy experiment was conducted at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung. Thirty correlated α-decay chains were detected following the fusion-evaporation reaction 48Ca + 243Am. The observations are consistent with previous assignments of similar decay chains to originate from element Z=115. For the first time, precise spectroscopy allows the derivation of excitation schemes of isotopes along the decay chains starting with elements Z>112. Comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations accompany the data analysis. Nuclear structure models provide a first level interpretation.

0(gs)+ -->2(1)+ transition strengths in 106Sn and 108Sn.

The reduced transition probabilities, B(E2; 0(gs)+ -->2(1)+), have been measured in the radioactive isotopes (108,106)Sn using subbarrier Coulomb excitation at the REX-ISOLDE facility at CERN. Deexcitation gamma rays were detected by the highly segmented MINIBALL Ge-detector array. The results, B(E2;0(gs)+ -->2(1)+)=0.222(19)e2b2 for 108Sn and B(E2; 0(gs)+-->2(1)+)=0.195(39)e2b2 for 106Sn were determined relative to a stable 58Ni target. The resulting B(E2) values are approximately 30% larger than shell-model predictions and deviate from the generalized seniority model. This experimental result may point towards a weakening of the N=Z=50 shell closure.

58Ni: an unpaired band crossing at new heights of angular momentum for rotating nuclei.

High-spin states in 58Ni have been investigated by means of the fusion-evaporation reaction 28Si(32S, 2p)58Ni at 130 MeV beam energy. Discrete-energy levels are observed in 58Ni at record-breaking 42 MeV excitation energy and angular momenta in excess of 30h. The states form regular rotational bands with unprecedented high rotational frequencies. A comparison with configuration dependent cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations reveals an exceptional two-band crossing scenario, the interaction strength of which is strongly shape dependent.

Effective charges in the fp shell.

Following the heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reaction 32S+24Mg at 95 MeV beam energy the lifetimes of analogue states in the T(z)=+/-1/2 A=51 mirror nuclei 51Fe and 51Mn have been measured using the Cologne plunger device coupled to the GASP gamma-ray spectrometer. The deduced B(E2;27/2(-)-->23/2(-)) values afford a unique opportunity to probe isoscalar and isovector polarization charges and to derive effective proton and neutron charges, epsilon(p) and epsilon(n), in the fp shell. A comparison between the experimental results and several different large-scale shell-model calculations yields epsilon(p) approximately 1.15e and epsilon(n) approximately 0.80e.

Unusual isospin-breaking and isospin-mixing effects in the A=35 mirror nuclei.

Excited states have been studied in 35Ar following the 16O(24Mg,1alpha1n)35Ar fusion-evaporation reaction at 60 MeV using the Ge-detector array GASP. A comparison with the mirror nucleus 35Cl shows two remarkable features: (i) A surprisingly large energy difference for the 13/2(-) states, in which the hitherto overlooked electromagnetic spin-orbit term is shown to play a major role, and (ii) a very different decay pattern for the 7/2(-) states, which provides direct evidence of isospin mixing.

Doorway states in the gamma decay-out of the yrast superdeformed band in 59Cu.

The decay-out process of the yrast superdeformed band in 59Cu has been investigated. The firm determination of spin, parity, excitation energy, and configuration of the states involved in this process constitutes a unique situation for a detailed understanding of the decay-out mechanism. A theoretical model is introduced that includes a residual interaction and tunneling matrix element between bands, calculated in the configuration-dependent cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky model. This interaction causes the decay to occur via a small number of observed doorway states.

Prompt proton decay scheme of (59)Cu.

Five prompt proton decay lines have been identified between deformed states in (59)Cu and three spherical states in (58)Ni by means of high-resolution in-beam particle-gamma gamma coincidence spectroscopy. The GAMMASPHERE array coupled to dedicated ancillary detectors including four Delta E-E silicon strip detectors was used to study high-spin states in (59)Cu. The multiple discrete proton lines are found to probe the wave functions of states in the decay-out regime of well- and superdeformed states.