Using chitosan nanoparticles and N-acetyl thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid for olive trees efficiency raising, improving fruits properties and oil quality.

Recently exposure of olive trees to many stresses particularly oil varieties led to decline in the olive yield. The target of the study is to improve vegetative growth and increase olive fruits quality as well as the fruit oil % and oil quality by applying chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) and N-acetyl thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (N-ATCA) under the conditions of Egypt. The experiment was carried out in the seasons of 2021 and 2022 on Arbosana olive trees 8 years old and 4×6 m apart the trees sprayed three times on 15th Sept., 1st Oct. and 15th Oct. with (CHNPs at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm), (N-ATCA at 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and a combination between them and evaluate the vegetative growth of trees, fruit physiochemical characteristics, and oil properties during both study seasons. The application of CHNPs and N-ATCA and a combination of them led to increasing leaf area, total chlorophyll and proline content also increment fruit weight, flesh weight, oil color and oil % moreover improving the quality of produced oil. The improvement in growth, fruit quality, oil % and oil quality, were associated with increasing concentrations of CHNPs, N-ATCA and a combination of them especially (CHNPs at 1500 ppm + N-ATCA at 100 ppm and CHNPs at 1500 ppm + N-ATCA at 150 ppm). Spraying (CHNPs at 1500 ppm + N-ATCA at 150 ppm) is recommended to improve the tree growth, fruit quality, oil % and quality of Arbosana olive.

Using chitosan nanoparticles and N-acetyl thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid for olive trees efficiency raising, improving fruits properties and oil quality / Uso de nanopartículas de quitosana e ácido N-acetil tiazolidina 4-carboxílico para aumentar a eficiência das oliveiras, melhorando as propriedades dos frutos e a qualidade do óleo

Abstract Recently exposure of olive trees to many stresses particularly oil varieties led to decline in the olive yield. The target of the study is to improve vegetative growth and increase olive fruits quality as well as the fruit oil % and oil quality by applying chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) and N-acetyl thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (N-ATCA) under the conditions of Egypt. The experiment was carried out in the seasons of 2021 and 2022 on Arbosana olive trees 8 years old and 4×6 m apart the trees sprayed three times on 15th Sept., 1st Oct. and 15th Oct. with (CHNPs at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm), (N-ATCA at 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and a combination between them and evaluate the vegetative growth of trees, fruit physiochemical characteristics, and oil properties during both study seasons. The application of CHNPs and N-ATCA and a combination of them led to increasing leaf area, total chlorophyll and proline content also increment fruit weight, flesh weight, oil color and oil % moreover improving the quality of produced oil. The improvement in growth, fruit quality, oil % and oil quality, were associated with increasing concentrations of CHNPs, N-ATCA and a combination of them especially (CHNPs at 1500 ppm + N-ATCA at 100 ppm and CHNPs at 1500 ppm + N-ATCA at 150 ppm). Spraying (CHNPs at 1500 ppm + N-ATCA at 150 ppm) is recommended to improve the tree growth, fruit quality, oil % and quality of Arbosana olive.

Resumo Recentemente, a exposição das oliveiras a muitos estresses, particularmente as variedades de azeite, levou ao declínio no rendimento da azeitona. O objetivo do estudo é melhorar o crescimento vegetativo e aumentar a qualidade dos frutos de oliveira, bem como a % de óleo do fruto e a qualidade do óleo, aplicando nanopartículas de quitosana (CHNPs) e ácido N-acetil tiazolidina 4-carboxílico (N-ATCA) nas condições do Egito. O experimento foi realizado nas temporadas de 2021 e 2022 em oliveiras Arbosana de 8 anos e 4×6 m de distância das árvores pulverizadas três vezes em 15 de setembro, 1º de outubro e 15 de outubro com (CHNPs a 500, 1000 e 1500 ppm), (N-ATCA a 50, 100 e 150 ppm) e uma combinação entre eles e avaliar o crescimento vegetativo das árvores, características físico-químicas dos frutos e propriedades do óleo durante as duas épocas de estudo. A aplicação de CHNPs e N-ATCA e uma combinação deles levou ao aumento da área foliar, teor de clorofila total e prolina, além de incrementar o peso do fruto, peso da polpa, cor do óleo e % de óleo, e melhorou a qualidade do óleo produzido. A melhora no crescimento vegetativo, qualidade da fruta, % de óleo e qualidade do óleo foram associados com concentrações crescentes de CHNPs e N-ATCA e uma combinação deles em especial (CHNPs a 1500 ppm + N-ATCA a 100 ppm e CHNPs a 1500 ppm + N-ATCA a 150 ppm). A pulverização (CHNPs a 1500 ppm + N-ATCA a 150 ppm) é recomendada para melhorar o crescimento das árvores, qualidade dos frutos, % de óleo e qualidade da azeitona Arbosana.

Visualization of coronary artery fistula with transesophageal echocardiography.

Coronary artery fistulas are relatively uncommon and are usually initially suspected on auscultation of a continuous murmur. Long-term complications include congestive heart failure, endocarditis, ischemia, and atrial arrhythmias. The role of echocardiography in visualization and diagnosis of these fistulas is expanding. We report two cases in which transesophageal echocardiography was used to visualize and better define proximal coronary arteries and coronary artery fistulas.