Health systems strengthening to optimise scale-up in global mental health in low- and middle-income countries: lessons from the frontlines. A re-appraisal.

Against the backdrop of mounting calls for the global scaling-up of mental health services - including quality care and prevention services - there is very little guidance internationally on strategies for scaling-up such services. Drawing on lessons from scale-up attempts in six low- and middle-income countries, and using exemplars from the front-lines in South Africa, we illustrate how health reforms towards people-centred chronic disease management provide enabling policy window opportunities for embedding mental health scale-up strategies into these reforms. Rather than going down the oft-trodden road of vertical funding for scale-up of mental health services, we suggest using the policy window that stresses global policy shifts towards strengthening of comprehensive integrated primary health care systems that are responsive to multimorbid chronic conditions. This is indeed a substantial opportunity to firmly locate mental health within these horizontal health systems strengthening funding agendas. Although this approach will promote systems more enabling of scaling-up of mental health services, implications for donor funders and researchers alike is the need for increased time commitments, resources and investment in local control.

Socioeconomic position and depression in South African adults with long-term health conditions: a longitudinal study of causal pathways.

AIMS: There is convincing evidence that lower socioeconomic position is associated with increased risk of mental disorders. However, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. This study aims to elucidate the causal pathways between socioeconomic position and depression symptoms in South African adults. Two possible causal theories are examined: social causation, which suggests that poor socioeconomic conditions cause mental ill health; and social drift, which suggests that those with poor mental health are more likely to drift into poor socioeconomic circumstances. METHODS: The study used longitudinal and cross-sectional observational data on 3904 adults, from a randomised trial carried out in 38 primary health care clinics between 2011 and 2012. Structural equation models and counterfactual mediation analyses were used to examine causal pathways in two directions. First, we examined social causation pathways, with language (a proxy for racial or ethnic category) being treated as an exposure, while education, unemployment, income and depression were treated as sequential mediators and outcomes. Second, social drift was explored with depression treated as a potential influence on health-related quality of life, job loss and, finally, income. RESULTS: The results suggest that the effects of language on depression at baseline, and on changes in depression during follow-up, were mediated through education and income but not through unemployment. Adverse effects of unemployment and job loss on depression appeared to be mostly mediated through income. The effect of depression on decreasing income appeared to be mediated by job loss. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both social causation and social selection processes operate concurrently. This raises the possibility that people could get trapped in a vicious cycle in which poor socioeconomic conditions lead to depression, which, in turn, can cause further damage to their economic prospects. This study also suggests that modifiable factors such as income, employment and treatable depression are suitable targets for intervention in the short to medium term, while in the longer term reducing inequalities in education will be necessary to address the deeply entrenched inequalities in South Africa.

Socioeconomic and modifiable predictors of blood pressure control for hypertension in primary care attenders in the Western Cape, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomic status is associated with the risk of hypertension. There are few reports of the effect of socioeconomic and potentially modifiable factors on the control of hypertension in South Africa (SA). OBJECTIVES: To investigate associations between patients' socio-economic status and characteristics of primary healthcare facilities, and control and treatment of blood pressure in hypertensive patients. METHODS: We enrolled hypertensive patients attending 38 public sector primary care clinics in the Western Cape, SA, in 2011, and followed them up 14 months later as part of a randomised controlled trial. Blood pressure was measured and prescriptions for antihypertension medications were recorded at baseline and follow-up. Logistic regression models assessed associations between patients' socioeconomic status, characteristics of primary healthcare facilities, and control and treatment of blood pressure. RESULTS: Blood pressure was uncontrolled in 60% (1 917/3 220) of patients at baseline, which was less likely in patients with a higher level of education (p=0.001) and in English compared with Afrikaans respondents (p=0.033). Treatment was intensified in 48% (892/1 872) of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure at baseline, which was more likely in patients with higher blood pressure at baseline (p<0.001), concurrent diabetes (p=0.013), more education (p=0.020), and those who attended clinics offering off-site drug supply (p=0.009), with a doctor every day (p=0.004), or with more nurses (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Patient and clinic factors influence blood pressure control and treatment in primary care clinics in SA. Potential modifiable factors include ensuring effective communication of health messages, providing convenient access to medications, and addressing staff shortages in primary care clinics.

Effect on tuberculosis outcomes of educational outreach to South African clinics during two randomised trials.

SETTING: Public sector primary care clinics in Free State Province, South Africa. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of on-site in-service clinical skills training for nurse practitioners on tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes in the same clinics. DESIGN: Analysis of TB programme data from clinics taking part in two consecutive randomised trials of educational outreach aimed at improving respiratory and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome care based on the Practical Approach to Lung Health. We compared treatment outcomes between control and intervention clinics among all patients diagnosed with TB during either trial. RESULTS: During the two trials, participating clinics treated 4187 and 2333 TB patients, respectively. Neither intervention was associated with better outcomes overall. However, among retreatment patients, cure or completion rates in intervention clinics were significantly higher during the second trial (OR 1.78, 95%CI 1.13-2.76). Patients in clinics that had received both interventions had higher cure or completion rates (OR 1.99, 95%CI 1.53-2.58) and lower default rates (OR 0.25, 95%CI 0.097-0.63) than patients in clinics that had received neither intervention. CONCLUSION: Although not primarily focused on TB treatment, the interventions appeared to improve successful treatment completion rates among TB retreatment cases. Integrated care programmes support attainment of important TB programme goals.

Keeping allergy on the agenda: integrated guidelines for respiratory disease in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to improve the care of patients with asthma and allergic conditions is in some developing countries being overwhelmed by the burden of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Innovative approaches are required to ensure that these diseases are not neglected. METHODS: The Practical Approach to Lung Health in South Africa is an example of a syndromic integrated algorithm-based diagnostic and management tool for priority chronic respiratory diseases and tuberculosis. It was developed for the needs of nurse care practitioners in poorly-resourced and predominantly rural clinics and includes allergic diseases and asthma. Its diagnostic accuracy and effectiveness at improving the care offered to patients with asthma and rhinitis has been confirmed in two large studies performed in primary care clinics. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: An integrated approach to the management of allergic diseases alongside other priority lung diseases may hold the key to ensuring that the needs of patients with these diseases gain and maintain recognition, and that health resources are appropriately allocated in developing countries.