Postnatal outcome of fetal cortical malformations: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Parental counseling for fetal malformations of cortical development (MCD) is based on data from studies in children and adults undergoing imaging investigation for abnormal neurodevelopment. However, such postnatal findings may not be applicable to prenatally diagnosed cases. The aim of this study was to review the existing data on postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome for fetuses diagnosed with MCD. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE for articles published between 2013 and 2023, using standardized keywords to describe fetal cortical malformations. Full-text articles were accessed for the retrieved citations and data on participant characteristics, imaging findings, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were extracted. Fetal MCD was defined as either complex or isolated, according to the presence or absence, respectively, of additional brain or extracranial defects. RESULTS: Overall, 30 articles including 371 cases of fetal MCD were reviewed. The cases were classified as complex (n = 324), isolated (n = 21) or unknown (n = 26). There were 144 terminations and four stillbirths, with pregnancy outcome unreported in 149 cases. A total of 108 cases had postnatal magnetic resonance imaging or postmortem examination data available. In nine of these cases, a diagnosis of complex fetal MCD was changed to isolated MCD after birth, and one case was found not to have MCD. There were 74 live births, for which postnatal neurodevelopment data were available in only 30 cases. Normal neurodevelopmental outcome was reported in seven (23.3% (95% CI, 9.9-42.2%)) infants, with the remaining 23 exhibiting various levels of neurodevelopmental delay (three mild, seven moderate and 13 severe) from 6 months to 7 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Most reviewed cases of fetal MCD were complex in nature and underwent termination of pregnancy. There is a paucity of data on postnatal neurological development in fetuses diagnosed with MCD. The available data suggest antenatal overdiagnosis of case severity in about 5% of cases with known outcome, and either normal neurodevelopment or mild neurodevelopmental delay in approximately one-third of liveborn cases with neurological follow-up. © 2024 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Management and outcome of fetal abdominal cysts in first trimester: systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The finding of an abdominal cyst during pregnancy has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1000 pregnancies, mostly in second and third trimester. The detection of a fetal abdominal cyst during the first trimester scan is a rare event, whose natural history and prognosis are often unknown and unpredictable as these anomalies can be related to various underlying conditions and originate from different structures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of fetal abdominal cysts detected in the first trimester in order to understand their possible clinical significance and to offer the proper management according to the available data. METHODS: We present a case report of a first trimester fetal abdominal cyst detected with subsequent diagnosis of congenital multiple arthrogryposis and we performed a systematic review of the literature to identify the incidence and the outcomes of similar cases. The systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement 25 and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023491729). RESULTS: A total of 60 cases of first trimester abdominal cysts were included. Of these, 35% were associated with concurrent or late onset structural anomalies, as in our case report, and 65% were isolated. In pregnancies with isolated fetal abdominal cysts, 56% had a completely normal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of an abdominal cyst during the first trimester of pregnancy is in most cases an isolated event with a moderate to good prognosis but it could also be an early sign of other associated abnormalities, including arthrogryposis. Increased ultrasound surveillance and additional genetic testing to rule out possible associated anomalies are pivotal to assess the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and to provide appropriate counselling to the patient. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Antenatal corticosteroids and perinatal outcome in late fetal growth restriction: analysis of prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of antenatal administration of corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation on the short-term perinatal outcome of pregnancy complicated by late fetal growth restriction (FGR). METHODS: This cohort study was a secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective observational study, the TRUFFLE-2 feasibility study, conducted between 2017 and 2018 in 33 European perinatal centers. The study included women with a singleton pregnancy from 32 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks of gestation with a fetus considered at risk for FGR, defined as estimated fetal weight (EFW) and/or fetal abdominal circumference < 10th percentile, or umbilicocerebral ratio (UCR) ≥ 95th percentile or a drop of more than 40 percentile points in abdominal circumference measurement from the 20-week scan. For the purposes of the current study, we identified women who received a single course of steroids to improve fetal lung maturation before delivery. Each exposed pregnancy was matched with one that did not receive antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) (control), based on gestational age at delivery and birth weight. The primary adverse outcome was a composite of abnormal condition at birth, major neonatal morbidity or perinatal death. RESULTS: A total of 86 pregnancies that received ACS were matched to 86 controls. The two groups were similar with respect to gestational age (33.1 vs 33.3 weeks), EFW (1673 vs 1634 g) and UCR (0.68 vs 0.62) at inclusion, and gestational age at delivery (35.5 vs 35.9 weeks) and birth weight (1925 vs 1948 g). No significant differences were observed between the exposed and non-exposed groups in the incidence of composite adverse outcome (28% vs 24%; P = 0.73) or any of its elements. CONCLUSION: The present data do not show a beneficial effect of steroids on short-term outcome of fetuses with late FGR. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and normal ultrasound at diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and normal ultrasound at the time of diagnosis, and to evaluate the rate of an additional anomaly detected only on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting on the outcome of fetuses with congenital CMV infection. Inclusion criteria were fetuses with confirmed CMV infection and normal ultrasound assessment at the time of the initial evaluation. The outcomes observed were an anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan, an anomaly detected on prenatal MRI but missed on ultrasound, an anomaly detected on postnatal assessment but missed prenatally, perinatal mortality, symptomatic infection at birth, neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing and visual deficits. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed only in cases of isolated CMV infection confirmed at birth. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the trimester in which maternal infection occurred. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included, comprising 2603 fetuses with congenital CMV infection, of which 1178 (45.3%) had normal ultrasound at the time of diagnosis and were included in the analysis. The overall rate of an associated central nervous system (CNS) anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan was 4.4% (95% CI, 1.4-8.8%) (32/523; 15 studies), while the rates of those detected exclusively on prenatal MRI or on postnatal imaging were 5.8% (95% CI, 1.9-11.5%) (19/357; 11 studies) and 3.2% (95% CI, 0.3-9.0%) (50/660; 17 studies), respectively. The rate of an associated extra-CNS anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan was 2.9% (95% CI, 0.8-6.3%) (19/523; 15 studies), while the rates of those detected exclusively on MRI or on postnatal imaging were 0% (95% CI, 0.0-1.7%) (0/357; 11 studies) and 0.9% (95% CI, 0.3-1.8%) (4/660; 17 studies), respectively. Intrauterine death and perinatal death each occurred in 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3-1.4%) (2/824; 23 studies) of cases. In cases without an associated anomaly detected pre- or postnatally, symptomatic infection was found in 1.5% (95% CI, 0.7-2.7%) (6/548; 19 studies) of infants, the overall rate of a neurodevelopmental anomaly was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.6-5.1%) (16/550; 19 studies), and hearing problems affected 6.5% (95% CI, 3.8-10.0%) (36/550; 19 studies) of children. Subanalyses according to the trimester in which maternal infection occurred were affected by the very small number of included cases and lack of comparison of the observed outcomes in the original studies. Compared with fetuses infected in the second or third trimester, those infected in the first trimester had a relatively higher risk of having an additional anomaly detected on follow-up ultrasound or MRI, abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing problems. CONCLUSIONS: In fetuses with congenital CMV infection in which no anomalies are detected on prenatal ultrasound or MRI, the risk of adverse postnatal outcome is lower than that reported previously in the published literature when not considering the role of antenatal imaging assessment. The results from this review also highlight the potential role of MRI, even in fetuses with no anomalies detected on ultrasound, as an anomaly can be detected exclusively on MRI in about 6% of cases. The findings from this study could enhance prenatal counseling of pregnancies with congenital CMV infection with normal prenatal imaging. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Outcome of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the outcome of monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancies affected by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies reporting the outcome of MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS. The primary outcome was intrauterine death (IUD); secondary outcomes were miscarriage, single IUD, double IUD, neonatal death (NND), perinatal death (PND), survival of at least one twin, survival of both twins and preterm birth (PTB) before 32 weeks' gestation. Outcomes were assessed in MCMA twins affected by TTTS not undergoing intervention and in those treated with amniodrainage, laser therapy or cord occlusion. Subgroup analysis was performed including cases diagnosed before 24 weeks. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Fifteen cohort studies, including 888 MCMA twin pregnancies, of which 44 were affected by TTTS, were included in the review. There was no randomized trial comparing the different management options in MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS. In cases not undergoing intervention, miscarriage occurred in 11.0% of fetuses, while the incidence of IUD, NND and PND was 25.2%, 12.2% and 31.2%, respectively. PTB complicated 50.5% of these pregnancies. In cases treated by laser surgery, the incidence of miscarriage, IUD, NND and PND was 19.6%, 27.4%, 7.4% and 35.9%, respectively, and the incidence of PTB before 32 weeks' gestation was 64.9%. In cases treated with amniodrainage, the incidence of IUD, NND and PND was 31.3%, 13.5% and 45.7% respectively, and PTB complicated 76.2% of these pregnancies. Analysis of cases undergoing cord occlusion was affected by the very small number of included cases. Miscarriage occurred in 19.2%, while there was no case of IUD or NND of the surviving twin. PTB before 32 weeks occurred in 50.0% of these cases. CONCLUSIONS: MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS are at high risk of perinatal mortality and PTB. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the optimal type of prenatal treatment in these pregnancies. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Outcome of fetuses with congenital parvovirus B19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the outcome of fetuses affected by congenital parvovirus B19 (PB19) infection, with or without signs of hydrops on ultrasound. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting on prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal PB19 infection. The outcomes explored were miscarriage, perinatal death (PND), intrauterine death, neonatal death, spontaneous resolution of hydrops or fetal anemia, need for intrauterine transfusion (IUT), resolution of hydrops or anemia after transfusion, fetal loss following transfusion, abnormal brain scan after birth and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome. Outcomes were reported according to the presence or absence of signs of hydrops on ultrasound. A subgroup analysis was performed including hydropic and non-hydropic fetuses diagnosed at < 20 weeks and ≥ 20 weeks of gestation. Meta-analyses of proportions and meta-analyses using individual-data random-effects logistic regression were performed to analyze the data. RESULTS: Thirty-five observational studies were included, involving 611 fetuses affected by PB19 infection. The risks of miscarriage (odds ratio (OR), 11.5; 95% CI, 2.7-49.7) and PND (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.6-11.0) were higher in fetuses with PB19 infection presenting, compared with those not presenting, signs of hydrops on ultrasound. In fetuses affected by hydrops, spontaneous resolution of the infection, defined as disappearance of hydrops without need for IUT, occurred in 5.2% (95% CI, 2.5-8.8%) of cases whereas, in the group of fetuses not affected by hydrops, infection resolved in 49.6% (95% CI, 20.7-78.6%) of cases. IUT was performed in 78.7% (95% CI, 66.4-88.8%) of hydropic and in 29.6% (95% CI, 6.0-61.6%) of non-hydropic fetuses affected by congenital PB19 infection and resolution of the infection after IUT occurred in 55.1% (95% CI, 34.0-75.3%) and in 100% (95% CI, 57.3-100%) of cases, respectively. The risk of fetal loss after IUT was higher in fetuses affected compared with those not affected by hydrops (OR, 9.8; 95% CI, 2.8-34.6). The prevalence of abnormal brain imaging was 9.8% (95% CI, 2.5-21.0%) in fetuses affected and 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0-7.0%) in those not affected by hydrops, whilst the corresponding figures for abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome were 9.5% (95% CI, 2.6-20.2) and 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0-7.5), respectively; however, statistical power to assess these outcomes was inadequate due to the small number of included cases. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrops is the main determinant of mortality and adverse perinatal outcome in fetuses with PB19 infection. Perinatal outcome in non-hydropic fetuses is generally favorable. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Influence of prenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta on maternal outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the impact of prenatal diagnosis on surgical outcome of women affected by abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched. Observed outcomes included: gestational age at birth (weeks), amount of blood loss (L), units of red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfused, length of stay in hospital and the intensive care unit (ICU) (days), urinary tract injury and infection. Only studies reporting the occurrence of any of the explored outcomes in women with a prenatal compared with an intrapartum diagnosis of AIP were considered eligible for inclusion. Random-effect head-to-head meta-analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included. Women with a prenatal diagnosis of AIP had less blood loss during surgery (mean difference (MD), -0.87; 95% CI, -1.5 to -0.23), had fewer units of RBC (MD, -1.45; 95% CI, -2.9 to -0.04) and FFP (MD, -1.73; 95% CI, -3.3 to -0.2) transfused, and delivered earlier (MD, 1.33 weeks; 95% CI, -2.23 to -0.43) compared with those with an intrapartum diagnosis. The risk of admission to an ICU and length of in-hospital and in-ICU stay were not different between the groups. Prenatal diagnosis of AIP was associated with a higher risk of urinary-tract injury (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.6), mainly due to the higher prevalence of placenta percreta in the group with AIP diagnosed prenatally. CONCLUSION: Prenatal diagnosis of AIP is associated with reduced hemorrhagic morbidity compared with cases in which such anomalies are detected at delivery. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Outcome of Cesarean scar pregnancy managed expectantly: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the outcome in women managed expectantly following the diagnosis of Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). METHODS: An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed utilizing combinations of relevant medical subject headings for 'Cesarean scar pregnancy' and 'outcome'. Reference lists of relevant articles and reviews were hand-searched for additional reports. Observed outcomes included: severe first-trimester vaginal bleeding; clinical symptoms (abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding) requiring treatment; uncomplicated miscarriage; complicated miscarriage requiring intervention; first- or second-trimester uterine rupture or hysterectomy; third-trimester bleeding, uterine rupture or hysterectomy; maternal death; incidence of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP); prevalence of placenta percreta; ultrasound signs suggestive of AIP; and live birth. Meta-analyses of proportions using a random-effects model were used to combine data. Cases were stratified based on the presence or absence of embryonic/fetal heart activity at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies (69 cases of CSP managed expectantly, 52 with and 17 without embryonic/fetal heart beat) were included. In women with CSP and embryonic/fetal heart activity, 13.0% (95% CI, 3.8-26.7%) experienced an uncomplicated miscarriage, while 20.0% (95% CI, 7.1-37.4%) required medical intervention. Uterine rupture during the first or second trimester of pregnancy occurred in 9.9% (95% CI, 2.9-20.4%) of cases, while hysterectomy was required in 15.2% (95% CI, 3.6-32.8%) of all cases. Forty (76.9% (95% CI, 65.4-86.5%)) women progressed to the third trimester of pregnancy, of whom 39.2% (95% CI, 15.4-66.2%) experienced severe bleeding. Finally, 74.8% (95% CI, 52.0-92.1%) had a surgical or pathological diagnosis of AIP at delivery and around two-thirds (69.7% (95% CI, 42.8-90.1%)) of them had placenta percreta. In women with CSP but no embryonic/fetal cardiac activity, an uncomplicated miscarriage occurred in 69.1% (95% CI, 47.4-87.1%) of cases, while surgical or medical intervention during or immediately after miscarriage was required in 30.9% (95% CI, 12.9-52.6%). Uterine rupture during the first trimester of pregnancy occurred in 13.4% (95% CI, 2.7-30.3%) of cases, but hysterectomy was not required in any case. CONCLUSIONS: CSP with positive embryonic/fetal heart activity managed expectantly is associated with a high burden of maternal morbidity including severe hemorrhage, early uterine rupture, hysterectomy and severe AIP. Despite this, a significant proportion of pregnancies complicated by CSP may progress to, or close to, term, thus questioning whether termination of pregnancy should be the only therapeutic option offered to these women. Expectant management of CSP with no cardiac activity may be a reasonable option in view of the low likelihood of maternal complications requiring intervention, although close surveillance is advisable to avoid adverse maternal outcome. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Outcome of prenatally diagnosed fetal heterotaxy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence and type of associated anomalies in fetuses with heterotaxy diagnosed prenatally on ultrasound; the perinatal outcome of these fetuses was also studied. METHODS: An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was performed. Only studies reporting the prenatal diagnosis of isomerism were included. Outcomes observed included associated cardiac and extracardiac anomalies, fetal arrhythmia, abnormal karyotype, type of surgical repair and perinatal mortality. The analysis was stratified according to the type of heterotaxy syndrome (left (LAI) or right (RAI) atrial isomerism). Meta-analyses of proportions were used to combine data. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. RESULTS: Sixteen studies (647 fetuses) were included in the analysis. Atrioventricular septal defect was the most common associated major cardiac anomaly found both in fetuses with LAI (pooled proportion (PP), 59.3% (95% CI, 44.0-73.7%)), with obstructive lesions of the right outflow tract occurring in 35.5% of these cases, and in fetuses with RAI (PP, 72.9% (95% CI, 60.4-83.7%)). Fetal arrhythmias occurred in 36.7% (95% CI, 26.9-47.2%) of cases with LAI and were mainly represented by complete atrioventricular block, while this finding was uncommon in cases with RAI (PP, 1.3% (95% CI, 0.2-3.2%)). Abnormal stomach and liver position were found, respectively, in 59.4% (95% CI, 38.1-79.0%) and 32.5% (95% CI, 11.9-57.6%) of cases with LAI, and in 54.5% (95% CI, 38.5-70.1%) and 45.9% (95% CI, 11.3-83.0%) of cases with RAI, while intestinal malrotation was detected in 14.2% (95% CI, 2.5-33.1%) of LAI and 27.1% (95% CI, 7.9-52.0%) of RAI cases. Hydrops developed in 11.8% (95% CI, 2.9-25.6%) of fetuses diagnosed prenatally with LAI. Biventricular repair was accomplished in 78.2% (95% CI, 64.3-89.4%) of cases with LAI, while univentricular repair or palliation was needed in 17.0% (95% CI, 9.7-25.9%); death during or after surgery occurred in 26.8% (95% CI, 4.6-58.7%) of LAI cases. Most children with RAI had univentricular repair and 27.8% (95% CI, 15.5-42.1%) died during or after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal heterotaxy is associated with a high prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac anomalies. Approximately one quarter of fetuses with heterotaxy died during or after surgery. Abnormal heart rhythm, especially heart block, is common in fetuses with LAI, while this finding is uncommon in RAI. Biventricular repair was common in LAI while univentricular repair was required in the majority of children affected by RAI. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

First-trimester prediction of surgical outcome in abnormally invasive placenta using the cross-over sign.

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound assessment of the relationship between the ectopic gestational sac and the endometrial line (cross-over sign; COS) in Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) has been shown to be useful in predicting the evolution of CSP towards different types of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the COS can be used to predict surgical outcome in women with AIP. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of early first-trimester (6-8 weeks' gestation) ultrasound images of women with AIP managed in the third trimester of pregnancy. We hypothesized that assessment of COS may identify cases of AIP at higher risk of intra- or postsurgical morbidity. Outcomes explored were estimated blood loss during surgery, need for and amount of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma units required either during or after surgery, operative time, intrasurgical complications, gestational age at birth, delivery < 34 weeks of gestation, length of hospital stay and admission to intensive care unit. Differences in the explored outcomes were assessed among women with different types of COS variant (COS-1, COS-2+ or COS-2-) as observed on first-trimester ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Sixty-eight pregnancies were included in the study. Mean estimated blood loss was higher in AIP pregnancies with COS-1 than in those with COS-2+ (P = 0.039) or COS-2- (P = 0.01). Mean number of packed red blood cell units required during or after the operation was higher in women with COS-1 compared with those with COS-2+ (P = 0.001) and COS-2- (P = 0.029), while there was no difference between pregnancies with COS-2+ and those with COS-2- (P = 0.797). Mean operative time was longer in AIP pregnancies with COS-1 than in those with COS-2+ (P = 0.039) or COS-2- (P = 0.017). Finally, pregnancies with COS-1 were delivered earlier than those with COS-2+ (P = 0.0001) or COS-2- (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: First-trimester ultrasound assessment of the relationship between the ectopic gestational sac and the endometrial line (COS) may identify women with AIP who are at higher risk of intra- or postsurgical morbidity. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Perinatal and long-term outcomes in fetuses diagnosed with isolated unilateral ventriculomegaly: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The majority of studies on fetal ventriculomegaly have focused on the perinatal and long-term outcomes in fetuses with an antenatal diagnosis of bilateral ventriculomegaly. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the perinatal and long-term outcomes in fetuses diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy with isolated unilateral ventriculomegaly. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library were searched electronically. Outcomes investigated included incidence of aneuploidy, congenital infection, progression of ventriculomegaly, associated brain and extracerebral abnormalities in the apparently isolated cases and neurodevelopmental delay in both apparently and truly isolated cases. Sensitivity analysis was performed according to whether the ventriculomegaly was mild/moderate (atrial width < 15 mm) or severe (atrial width ≥ 15 mm). Reference lists within relevant articles and reviews were hand-searched for additional reports. Cohort and case-control studies were included. Meta-analysis of proportions was used, and between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. RESULTS: The search yielded 2053 citations. The full text was retrieved for 202, and 11 studies were included in the systematic review. In fetuses with apparently isolated unilateral ventriculomegaly, no chromosomal abnormalities were identified and the pooled prevalence of congenital infection was 8.2% (95% CI, 3.6-14.5%). The pooled prevalence of additional brain abnormalities detected prenatally and postnatally by magnetic resonance imaging was 5.1% (95% CI, 0.2-16.1%) and 6.4% (95% CI, 0.3-19.4%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of abnormal neurodevelopment was 5.9% (95% CI, 2.2-11.2%) in apparently isolated cases with an atrial width of < 15 mm, and it was 7.0% (95% CI, 3.2-12.2%) in fetuses with truly isolated unilateral ventriculomegaly. Most cases with apparently isolated ventriculomegaly were classified as mild/moderate (93.5%) and therefore the outcomes in this group were similar to those in the whole cohort of apparently isolated ventriculomegaly. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of aneuploidy, congenital infection and neurodevelopmental delay in fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated unilateral ventriculomegaly is likely to be low. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancy with selective intrauterine growth restriction according to umbilical artery Doppler flow pattern of smaller twin: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancies affected by selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) according to the umbilical artery Doppler pattern of the smaller twin. METHODS: An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and ClinicalTrials.gov databases (2000-2016) was performed. sIUGR was defined as the presence of one twin with an estimated fetal weight and/or abdominal circumference < 10th or < 5th percentile and classified according to the umbilical artery Doppler flow pattern of the smaller twin (Type I: persistently positive; Type II: persistently absent/reversed; Type III: intermittently absent/reversed). Primary outcomes were perinatal mortality, intrauterine death, neonatal death and double fetal loss. Secondary outcomes were neonatal morbidity, including abnormal postnatal brain imaging, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, admission to neonatal intensive care unit and respiratory distress syndrome, deterioration of fetal status, gestational age at delivery and degree of birth-weight discordance. A composite adverse outcome, defined as the presence of any mortality or abnormal brain findings, was also assessed. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to compute the summary odds ratios (ORs), mean differences (MD) and proportions for the different outcomes. RESULTS: Thirteen studies (610 pregnancies) were included. The risk of perinatal mortality was higher in twins affected by Type II compared with Type I sIUGR (OR, 4.1 (95% CI, 1.6-10.3)), whereas there was no difference among the other variants of growth restriction. Risk of abnormal postnatal brain imaging was significantly higher in twins affected by either Type II (OR, 4.9 (95% CI, 1.9-12.9)) or Type III (OR, 8.2 (95% CI, 2.0-33.1)) sIUGR compared with Type I sIUGR. The risk for neonatal intensive care unit admission was higher in Type II compared with Type I sIUGR (OR, 18.3 (95% CI, 1.0-339.7)). Twin pregnancies affected by Type I sIUGR were delivered at a significantly later gestational age compared with Type II (MD, 2.8 (95% CI, 1.83-3.86) weeks) and Type III (MD, 2.1 (95% CI, 0.97-3.19) weeks). The degree of birth-weight discordance was higher in Type II compared with Type I (MD, 21.6% (95% CI, 9.9-33.2%)) and Type III (MD, 9.3% (95% CI, 3.8-14.9%)) sIUGR. CONCLUSION: Monochorionic twin pregnancies affected by Type II sIUGR are at a higher risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity compared with Type I. The likelihood of an abnormal outcome is usually not significantly different between sIUGR Types II and III, although the latter has an unpredictable clinical course. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in predicting birth-weight discordance in twin pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in predicting birth-weight (BW) discordance in twin pregnancy. METHODS: Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched using combinations of MeSH terms 'birth weight', 'discordance', 'twins' and 'ultrasound'. Summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratios for the predictive accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal-weight (EFW) discordance and abdominal-circumference (AC) discordance in predicting BW discordance were computed using hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristics curves. RESULTS: Twenty studies (including 5826 twin pregnancies) were included. EFW discordance ≥ 20% had a sensitivity of 65.4% and specificity of 90.8% in predicting BW discordance ≥ 20%. The predictive performance of ultrasound performed within 1 month, 2 weeks and 3 days before birth was 61.4%, 72.3% and 78.9%, respectively. EFW discordance ≥ 25% had a sensitivity of 57.7% and specificity of 95.2% in predicting BW discordance ≥ 25%. The sensitivity of EFW discordance ≥ 25% detected within 1 month, 2 weeks and 3 days before birth was 60.0%, 75.0% and 60.3%, respectively, while the corresponding values for specificity were 97.7%, 96.2% and 87.3%, respectively. In view of the different cut-offs reported among studies, it was not possible to perform comprehensive data synthesis for each AC discordance cut-off. The optimal diagnostic performance of AC discordance was for prediction of BW discordance ≥ 25%, with a sensitivity of 70.8% and specificity of 86.4%. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound EFW discordance has an overall moderate accuracy in predicting BW discordance in twin pregnancy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

[Screen dermatitis and visual display units]. / Screen dermatitis e videoterminali.

Over the last fifteen years, the increasing prevalence of screens and electromagnetic devices used in a number of activities has determined the occurrence of new emerging clinical problems. Hence the need to evaluate the ergonomic aspects of the professions using such equipment to study the effects of electromagnetic fields on human health. The objective difficulties to standardize the studies on this field makes controversial the debate on the evidences in support of these nosographical entities and on the possible causative factors. One interesting area is that of dermatological diseases. The authors present the results of a study on the incidence of dermatological diseases of the face and of the neck in a population of screen workers. To achieve this goal subjects underwent dermatological counselling during the periodic of monitoring visits. Subjects were then identified in two groups: screen workers and as a control group, subjects not exposed to electronic equipments. Members of the first group when compared with those of the second, suffered more frequently from skin diseases, although there was just a statistical trend. However skin diseases were distributed with different frequency in the two groups and seborrheic dermatitis was much more represented among screen workers.

A technique for exposure of the glycoproteic matrix (zona pellucida and mucus) for scanning electron microscopy.

The fine structure of the zona pellucida (ZP) covering the oocyte and of the mucus covering the surface of the intestinal villi was investigated by using a new method employing ruthenium red (RR), saponin, and osmium-thiocarbohydrazide impregnation. The glycoproteic matrices both appeared constituted by thin filaments (ranging from 22 to 50 nm in thickness) anastomosed to form a very fine network. RR prevented the dissolution and/or alteration of glycoproteins and polyanionic carbohydrates induced by acqueous fixatives. Saponin was a detergent of the soluble proteins. Osmium-thiocarbohydrazide preserved the glycoproteic matrix filaments from the mechanical stress induced by dehydration and critical point drying and reduced filaments packing and shrinkage. The technical improvement was demonstrated by the following results: 1) a regular arrangement of the filaments network; 2) a thickness of mucus filaments smaller than that obtained with other methods of preparation; 3) a homogeneous thickness of ZP filaments. This method allowed a very detailed study of the fine structural organization of the ZP and intestinal mucus. Therefore, this technique can be useful for a better evaluation of the morphodynamic of these and other glycoproteic matrices.

Effects of dihydrotestosterone treatment on adrenal gland function and morphology in adult female guinea-pigs.

The effect of chronic treatment of female guinea-pigs with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on growth and function of the adrenal gland and, in particular, on the reticular zone is described. Two groups of 6 young adult, female guinea-pigs were treated with DHT (1 mg/kg dissolved in peanut oil and injected s.c.) for 30 and 60 days. Two other groups of animals, treated only with oil, were used as controls. At the end of treatment, animals were killed and adrenal glands were quickly removed. Plasma levels of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and its sulfate (DHA-S), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, 11-deoxycortisol, androstenedione, DHT and 3 alpha-androstanediol were determined by R.I.A. following celite microcolumn chromatography. Animals treated for 30 days showed only elevated DHT and 3 alpha-androstanediol plasma levels, whereas animals treated for 60 days also showed increased values of pregnenolone (251 +/- 62 vs 193 +/- 51 ng/dl; P less than 0.05), DHA-S (12,046 +/- 4110 vs 2780 +/- 888 ng/dl; P less than 0.001) and slightly increased values of DHA (110 +/- 31 vs 86.5 +/- 55.4). In the 30-day-treated animals no histological changes were observed, but in the 60-day-treated group the total size as well as cell volumes of the zona reticularis were significantly increased. Normal estrous cycles were observed in the 30-day-treated animals whereas the 60-day-treated animals showed a progressive acyclicity during the second month of treatment. These results indicate that in guinea-pigs, prolonged treatment with DHT induces a growth of the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland associated with increased levels of 5-ene steroids, particularly DHA-S. The mechanisms inducing these modifications are probably mediated by a DHT effect at the hypothalamic-pituitary level. A direct effect of DHT on the zona reticularis, however, cannot be excluded.