Serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 deficiency induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autoinflammation of macrophages in a murine endolymphatic hydrops model.

Ménière's disease, a multifactorial disorder of the inner ear, is characterized by severe vertigo episodes and hearing loss. Although the role of immune responses in Ménière's disease has been proposed, the precise mechanisms remain undefined. Here, we show that downregulation of serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 is associated with activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vestibular-resident macrophage-like cells from Ménière's disease patients. Serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 depletion markedly enhances IL-1ß production which leads to the damage of inner ear hair cells and vestibular nerve. Mechanistically, serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 binds to the PYD domain of NLRP3 and phosphorylates it at Serine 5, thereby interfering inflammasome assembly. Sgk-/- mice show aggravated audiovestibular symptoms and enhanced inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced endolymphatic hydrops model, which is ameliorated by blocking NLRP3. Pharmacological inhibition of serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 increases the disease severity in vivo. Our studies demonstrate that serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 functions as a physiologic inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and maintains inner ear immune homeostasis, reciprocally participating in models of Ménière's disease pathogenesis.

Expression of artemin and GFRα3 in an animal model of migraine: possible role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

BACKGROUND: Neurotrophic factors have been implicated in hyperalgesia and peripheral levels of these molecules are altered in migraine pathophysiology. Artemin, a vasculature-derived neurotrophic factor, contributes to pain modulation and trigeminal primary afferent sensitization through binding its selective receptor GFRα3. The distribution of artemin and GFRα3 in the dura mater raises an anatomy supports that they may be involved in migraine. In this study we evaluated the expression of artemin and GFRα3 in an animal migraine model that may be relevant for migraine. METHODS: In this study, using a rat migraine model by administration of nitroglycerin (NTG), we investigated the expression of artemin in the dura mater and GFRα3 in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) by means of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunofluorescence labeling. RESULTS: Artemin immunoreactivity was found in the smooth muscle cells of dural vasculature and GFRα3 was present in cytoplasm of TG neurons. The mRNA levels of artemin and GFRα3 were significantly elevated after NTG treatment at 2 and 4 h respectively (P < 0.05). The expression of artemin protein was increased at 4 h and continually up to 8 h in the dura mater following NTG administration (P < 0.05). The expression of GFRα3 protein was elevated at 4 h and continually up to 10 h in the TG following NTG administration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that artemin and GFRα3 play an important role in the pathogenesis of migraine and may represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of migraine.

[Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in 3D-FLAIR MRI after intratympanic Gd-DTPA administration in Meniere's disease patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of endolymphatic visualization and the diagnosis of Meniere's disease by applying intratympanic gadolinium administration through the tympanic membrance and three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (3D-FLAIR MRI). To study the relationship between the endolymphatic hydrops visualized by MRI and audio-vestibular functional tests, such as pure tone audiometry (PTA), electrocochleography (EcoG), caloric test and vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP). METHODS: With a three Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit, 3D-FLAIR imaging was performed 24 hours after intratympanic gadolinium through the tympanic membrance in 32 patients with clinically diagnosed unilateral Meniere's Disease. We visualized the enhanced imaging of perilymphatic space in bilateral cochlea, vestibular and (or) canal, scoring scala tympani and scala vestibule of bilateral cochlear basal turn respectively and measuring the developing area of bilateral vestibule and the signal intensity ratio (SIR) between the vestibule and the brain stem subjectively. PTA, EcoG, caloric test and VEMP were performed. The relationship between the endolymphatic hydrops visualized by MRI and audio-vestibular functional tests were studied. RESULTS: The gadolinium appeared in almost all parts of the perilymph in cochlea, vestibular and (or) canals in all 32 patients' inner ears, so the endolymphatic space was clearly shown on 3D-FLAIR imaging. The scala vestibuli score value between the affected side and the healthy side were statistically significant (Z = 4.309, P < 0.05) . The developing vestibular area between the affected side and the healthy side [(6.04 ± 2.89) mm(2), (8.28 ± 3.04)mm(2)] were statistically significant (t = 3.322, P < 0.05) . Abnormal vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were significantly correlated with the developing vestibular area of the affected side (F = 11.96, P < 0.05) . Abnormal electrocochleography were significantly correlated with scala vestibuli score value of cochlear basal turn in the affected side (Z = 3.17, P < 0.05) . No significant correlation was found between the scala vestibuli score value or the developing vestibular area and caloric test or PTA findings. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-FLAIR MRI with intratympanic gadolinium injection through the tympanic membrance can discriminate the border between the perilymph and the endolymph and show endolymphatic hydrops. This method may provide radiographic reference for the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. The results of VEMP and electrocochleography might have appropriate correlation with degree of vestibular and cochlear hydrops.

[Multi-center study on the treatment for intermediate and high-frequency sudden sensorineural hearing loss].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the therapeutic effect of treatment for intermediate and high-frequency sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). METHODS: A prospective clinical multicentre research was conducted using international standardized approach of clinical research. SSNHL Cases with intermediate and high-frequency hearing loss, that accepted no medication from onset of hearing loss within two weeks duration and ages ranged between 18 and 65, were collected. All patients were treated by one of four treatments plans chosen by unified random table. RESULTS: 141 patients with intermediate and high-frequency SSNHL were recruited in the research. Twenty subjects were treated with lidocaine, 21 cases with lidocaine and hormone, 40 cases with Ginaton, and 60 cases with Ginaton and hormone. 42 out of 141 (29.79%) patients were total recovery, 24 (17.02%)achieved excellent recovery, 27 (19.15%)achieved partial recovery, and 48 (34.04%) were ineffective. The total effective rate was 65.96%. In lidocaine group, the total effective rate was 55.00%, 66.67% in lidocaine and hormone group, 67.50% in Ginaton group, and 68.33% in Ginaton and hormone group. Considering the total effective rate, there was no statistical difference between four groups (P > 0.05). However, the recovery rate in Ginaton group was significant difference comparing with that in lidocaine group (P = 0.0496). 119 had concomitant symptom of tinnitus, and the tinnitus was improved in patients of 81.51%. With regard to total effective rate of tinnitus in four treatment groups, it was 57.89% (11/19) in lidocaine group, 100.00% (18/18) in lidocaine and hormone group, 88.57% (31/35) in Ginaton group, 78.72% (37/47) in Ginaton and hormone group. There was significant ascendancy in lidocaine and hormone group versus that in lidocaine group (P = 0.002) and Ginaton and hormone group (P = 0.029). And the difference between lidocaine and Ginaton groups was statistical significance (χ(2) = 6.705, P < 0.05). In 43 patients with muffled symptom in aural region, 90.70% was partial recovery. There was no statistical difference between each groups (χ(2) = 5.97,P = 0.74). There were 17 with dizziness or vertigo improved in all cases. Another 10 patients accompanied other complaints all improved. CONCLUSIONS: for the treat of intermediate and high-frequency SSNHL, the therapeutic effect in hearing has no significantly different between single and combined drug therapies. Considering the recovery rate, there is an obvious advantage in Ginaton group compared with lidocaine group. Tinnitus is the major concomitant symptom in intermediate and high-frequency SSNHL, and lidocaine and hormone therapy should be used.

[Short-term efficacy of semicircular canal occlusion in the treatment of intractable Meniere's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of triple semicircular canal occlusion (TSCO) in the treatment of intractable Meniere's disease (MD), so as to provide an alternative surgical procedure for treating MD. METHODS: Seventeen patients, who had received standardized conservative treatment for at least one year with poor effect, underwent TSCO were retrospectively analyzed. Vertigo control and auditory function were evaluated. Pure tone audiometry, caloric test, and vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) were performed for evaluation of audiological and vestibular function. Postoperative follow-up period was 6 - 13 months, with an average of ten months. RESULTS: According to the preoperative staging of hearing, among the 17 patients, there were 2 cases in stage II (with an average hearing threshold of 25 - 40 dBHL) and 15 in stage III (41 - 70 dBHL). No vertigo was found during the follow-up period, with 100% control rate of vertigo. During the same period, we had performed endolymphatic sac decompression operation in 25 MD patients. The control rate of vertigo was 72.0%. The vertigo control rate of TSCO was significantly higher than that of endolymphatic sac decompression operation (χ(2) = 3.87, P < 0.05). Three months after surgery, 12 patients showed no significant change in comparison to primary status, 5 patients presented with an mild increase in the average hearing threshold of less than 20 dBHL, with 29.4% of hearing loss rate. Post-operatively, all patients suffered from temporary vertigo and balance disorders. Vertigo was disappeared in all patients within 3 days, while, balance disorders were disappeared in 10 patients within 1 - 2 weeks after surgery, and in another 7 patients within 2 months, with an average recovery time of 12.6 days. Three months after treatment, loss of semicircular canal function by caloric test was found in the operation side of all patients and no change in VEMP test was noted. All patients had no facial paralysis, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and other complications. CONCLUSIONS: TSCO, which can reduce vertiginous symptoms in patients with intractable MD, represents an effective and safe therapy for this disorder. TSCO is expected to be used as an alternative procedure for the treatment of MD in selected patients suffering from moderate to severe hearing loss.

[Clinical value of dynamic posturography in the evaluation and rehabilitation of vestibular function of patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical value of dynamic posturography in the evaluation and rehabilitation of vestibular function of patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). METHODS: A total of 48 patients with BPPV of posterior semicircular canal in vertigo clinic of our hospital from May 2007 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. All patients underwent the inspection of caloric test, static posturography, and dynamic posturography. The vestibular tests were performed at two different time points: at onset when patients had typical nystagmus provoked by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver before treatment with the Epley maneuver (canalith repositioning maneuver, CRM), and at one week after treatment with CRM as their nystagmus disappeared. And results at theses two time points were compared. Eight patients whose dynamic balances were still abnormal after CRM accepted vestibular rehabilitation exercise using dynamic posturography, and re-examined 3 weeks later with dynamic posturography. RESULTS: Among 48 cases of BPPV, the abnormal rates of caloric test, static posturography, and dynamic posturography before CRM were 25.0%, 33.3% and 70.8%, respectively. The abnormal rate of dynamic posturography was much higher than that of caloric test or static posturography, and the differences were statistically significant (χ² = 4.84, 7.88; P < 0.05). After CRM, the abnormal rates of caloric test, static posturography, and dynamic posturography were 14.6%, 8.3% and 16.7%, respectively. After CRM, the abnormal rate of static and dynamic posturography showed significant reduction (χ² = 24.04, 10.08; P < 0.05), however, the results of caloric test showed no significant change (χ² = 3.20, P > 0.05). Eight patients whose dynamic balances were still abnormal after CRM, accepted vestibular rehabilitation exercise lasting 3 weeks using dynamic posturography. The dynamic balances were all improved to normal after vestibular rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic posturography can quantitatively analyze postural balance, and is helpful in comprehensive evaluation of the vestibular function of BPPV patients. Impaired balance often presents in patients with BPPV. Treatment of BPPV using the canalith repositioning maneuver results in improved postural stability in static and dynamic posturography. However, not all patients have normal dynamic stability after successful CRM. The vestibular rehabilitation exercise using dynamic posturography is a helpful adjunct to the treatment for these patients.

[Revision surgery of the posterior fossa cranial nerves disease].

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical manifestations and the revision surgery principles of recurrent diseases of the posterior fossa nerves after primary surgery. METHODS: Between 2000 to 2007, fourteen patients with recurrent diseases of the posterior fossa nerves in Shandong provincial hospital were recruited in this study, all of whom were subjected to revision surgery. The clinical manifestations and surgical findings were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the five patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia primarily, two underwent microvascular decompression (MVD); the remaining three firstly received the II and III branches partial sensory rhizotomy and, subsequently, the pain reoccurred in the I branch distribution area. The remnant sensor fibre was resected in the reoperation by which the sufferings were controlled completely in four of these patients during 2 to 11 years of follow-up. In five patients with hemifacial spasm underwent re-exploration, there appeared obvious fibrosis, conglutination, and the formation of new vessels around the facial nerve, with which the result of reoperation for this disorder was unsatisfied. In four glossopharyngeal neuralgia patients, reanastomosis of the glossopharyngeal nerve were found in two patients, adhesion between the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve was found in one patient, but occurred in none of the another one. In the revision surgery, the regeneration of nerve fibre and two adjacent branches of vagus nerve fibre were resected, with no occurrence during 2 to 5 years of follow-up. The pathological changes found in revision were severe adhesion between cerebellum, meninges, terylene slim and structures around. Also, the formation of new vessels, cerebellum malacia, and bleeding could be found in the procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The cause of recurrent of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm are unclear. Recurrent glossopharyngeal neuralgia may attribute to the nerve fibers reanastomosis, adhesion or the communicating branches with vagus nerve. With respect to the treatment of the recurrence of trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia after primary surgery, the effectiveness of nerve fibre resection is definite, whereas, the result of revision surgery for hemifacial spasm is poor.

[Surgical management of jugular foramen tumors].

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, surgical approaches, managements, and outcome of jugular foramen tumors. The detailed clinical information of this extremely rare tumor was presented, with special emphasis on certain key issues, e. g, the preoperative estimation, perioperative management, surgical skill and experience, which exerted an influence on the significance of total tumor resection and preventing complications. METHODS: From 1985 to 2007, 42 patients with jugular foramen tumor (30 cases of jugular paragangliomas and 11 cases of tumor with particular pathological types) were enrolled in this study. Prior to surgical procedures, all patients were subjected to systematic imaging examinations on temporal bone, such as CT, HRCT, CTA, and MRI, and some patients were further examined by angiography or embolization according to the individual situations. The infratemporal type A and combined translabrinthin and/or transchecholea approaches were selected for the treatment of 30 cases of jugular paragangliomas; while, the modalities of infratemporal type A, enlarged mastoidectomy, or mastoid-neck approach were employed for the remaining 11 specific cases. RESULTS: Forty-two patients in this report were categorized into beyond C types based on FISCH classification in which all had invaded to posterior fossa. In the 31 cases, the major initial clinical symptoms were tinnitus, hearing loss, and facial palsy; while, in the 11 specific cases, the main symptoms did not possess any unique trait for the diagnosis and 5 of which were found via CT or MRI examination by chance. Facial nerve management included permanent anterior transposition (19 cases), facial nerve bridge technology (16 cases), interposition graft (4 cases), VII-XI jump graft (2 cases), and VII-XII anastomosis (1 case). CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative estimation of tumor in nature was of great importance in the determination of proper surgical approaches and the infratemporal type A could fully meet the requirement for resection of tumors in jugular foramen. Facial nerve anterior rerouting could provide a clear visual field during the procedure, especially for the lesions in anterior tympanic cavity. In most cases, the facial nerve bridge technology could also fulfill the needs for complete tumor resection as well as the better preservation of facial function. In case of considering the sacrifice of internal carotid artery, balloon test occlusion was indispensable for preoperative estimation. The CT or MRI characteristics of tumors with particular pathological types were different from those of jugular paragangliomas. The preoperative management, surgical skills, and experience played a pivotal role in complete tumor resection.

[Prevention of facial nerve paralysis induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in mouse and establishment of a relapse model induced by reactivation of latent HSV-1].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an animal model of Bell's palsy induced by the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and observe the effect of interferon and IgG on the facial nerve paralysis induced by HSV-1 infection. METHODS Totally 64 four-week-old female Balb/c mice weighted 16-18 gram were selected. Using scratching the surface of bilateral auricles by a 26-gauge needle, 25 microl HSV-1 with a titer of 6.7 x 10(8) PFU/ml was inoculated into the left auricle and the same volume of PBS was placed in the right in order to develop a mouse model of latent HSV-1. In this study, interferon and IgG administration were performed before and after facial nerve paralysis and continued for 3 days. Controls were given normal sodium instead of interferon and IgG, and the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis were compared in the groups interferon and IgG and control. Ciclosporin was given to the mice eight weeks after recovery from facial nerve paralysis caused by inoculation with HSV-1. The HSV-1 DNA in bilateral facial nerve and bilateral trigeminal ganglion after the treatment were examined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. RESULTS There were 10 mice of facial nerve paralysis in the first group. The incidence of facial nerve paralysis was 50% and the duration of facial nerve paralysis was (7.2 +/- 2.2) days. There were 6 mice of facial nerve paralysis in the second group. The incidence of facial nerve paralysis was 30% and the duration of facial nerve paralysis was (4.5 +/- 1.8) days. There were 16 mice of facial nerve paralysis in the control group. The incidence of facial nerve paralysis was 67% and the duration of facial nerve paralysis was (8.9 +/-2.6) days. IgG didn't reduce the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis by statistics analysis (P > 0.05), but interferon reduced the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis (P < 0.05). After administration of ciclosporin, 3/28 of mice developed facial nerve paralysis. The HSV-1 DNA was detected from facial nerve of all the mice of facial palsy. No facial palsy was observed in mice in which no HSV-1 DNA was detected from facial nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Facial nerve paralysis might be caused by reactivation of latent HSV-1, and the reactivation might be related with immunosuppression. Administration of interferon reduces the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis. Administration of IgG can't reduced the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis.

[Recurrent laryngeal nerve decompression].

OBJECTIVE: To study the result of recurrent laryngeal nerve decompression in the treatment of functional disturbance of recurrent laryngeal nerve caused by thyroid surgery or thyroid benign tumors. METHODS: From October 2002 to June 2005, 9 cases of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and 4 cases of glottic insufficiency were treated with recurrent laryngeal nerve decompression. Seven cases of the nerve paralysis were caused by the surgery of benign thyroid tumors resection which were done by general surgeons. The paralysis nerve were found ligated in 6 of the 7 cases, and nerve-scar adhesion was found in the other case. Beside nerve decompression, type I thyroplasty have been undertaken in the same time to 2 of the 7 cases with severe hoarseness. One case of thyroid adenoma and 1 case of nodular goiter with unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis were treated with tumor resection and nerve decompression respectively. Four cases of glottic insufficiency, 3 cases of nodular goiter were treated with tumor resection and nerve decompression, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the other case was treated with partial lobe resection and nerve decompression. The recovery of function of recurrent laryngeal nerve were detected to the recovery of vocal cord mobility through electrolaryngoscope postoperatively. RESULTS: For the 7 cases of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after thyroid surgery, the motion of the paralysed vocal cord restored within 3 months in 6 cases with the interval of 1 week to 3 months between the two operations, no restoration was found in the other patient with an interval above 4 months between the two operations after 1 year follow-up. For the thyroid adenoma and nodular goiter with unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, the motion of paralysed vocal cord restored within 3 months respectively after decompression. The glottic closure recovered within 1 week after decompression in the 4 cases of the glottic insufficiency patient. CONCLUSIONS: Exploration and decompression as soon as possible to the paralysed recurrent laryngeal nerve because of thyroid surgery are very important for the restoration of the function of the nerve. For the patient with serve hoarseness, nerve decompression and type I thyroplasty at the same time is recommended in an effort to relieve hoarseness as soon as possible. For the functional disturbance of recurrent laryngeal nerve with thyroid neoplasm patient, early exploration and decompression of the nerve is imperative.

[Treatment and long term follow-up of trigeminal neuralgia by retrogasserian combing].

OBJECTIVE: To research and appraise the method and long-term effects of trigeminal neuralgia by the operation of retrogasserian combing. METHODS: From 1994 to 2000, fifty cases of trigeminal neuralgia were treated through posterior fossa microsurgery, 30 of which received both microvascular decompression and retrogasserian combing while 20 only by retrogasserian combing. RESULTS: Of the 50 cases, forty of trigeminal nerves were found to be compressed by arteries, while 28 of them were the superior cerebellar artery, and 12 the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. All the cases were cured through the operations. Fifty patients were followed up for 4 to 8 years, and then 2 recurrent patients were found and other 48 patients had no recurrence. Nine out of fifty patients have facial insensitivity, others facial sense perceptions are right. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the operation of retrogasserian combing is sure. This operation was applicable to any case of trigeminal neuralgia, especially to the cases that no vascular compression was found in the operations.

[Experimental study of the facial nerve paralysis induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an animal model of Bell palsy induced by type I herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and to assess the role and site of HSV-1 in the pathogenesis of facial paralysis. METHODS: Fifty-three female Balb/c mice four-week-old weighted 16-18 g were studied. After scratching the surface of bilateral auricles with a 26-gauge needle, 25 microL HSV-1 with a titer of 6. 7 x 10(7) PFU/ml was inoculated into the right auricle, and the same volume of PBS was placed in the left. As a control, PBS was placed on the bilateral auricles of 4 mice. The HSV-1 DNA in bilateral facial nerve, bilateral brainstem, bilateral trigeminal carrier ganglion, bilateral brain, and blood at different stage was examined with polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-seven animals (75.51%) appeared different degree facial paralysis among the 49 inoculated animals. Fourteen facial paralysis (37.84%) were on the right, 3 (8.11%) on the left, and 20 (54.05%) on the bilateral side. Six animals with facial palsy were recovered during 3-13 days, the average recovery time was 7.83 days. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of HSV-1 in the brainstem and the cerebral cortex is significant for facial paralysis.

[Serious complications of the microvascular decompression in cerebellopontine angle].

OBJECTIVE: To report the serious complications of microvascular decompression and (or) selective neurectomy in cerebellopontine angle. METHODS: To review 322 cases of microvascular decompression and (or) facial nerve splitting, selective neurectomy for hemifacial spasm, trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia respectively. Among 322 cases, hemifacial spasm 164, which 96 underwent facial nerve splitting, 68 underwent microvascular decompression and facial nerve splitting. The selective neurectomy and neurectomy were performed in 128 cases of trigeminal neuralgia and 30 cases for glossopharyngeal neuralgia respectively. RESULTS: Of the serious complications 2 died (0.6%), The mild to severe hearing impairment occurred in 21 cases (6.5%), in which 3 cases presented total hearing loss (0. 9%); Postoperative cerebellospinal leakage in 20 (6. 2%). CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that, even though the microvascular decompression and /or neurectomy was a safe procedure for posterior neuropathy, mortal and serious complications might occur. It was essential to pay great attention to the entire decompression procedure in avoiding cerebellar injury. Using of intraoperative ABR and avoiding of impairment of the acoustic nerve might contribute to the prevention of the postoperative hearing loss.

[CT multiplan reconstruction images of disorder of stapes].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical application of multi-planar reformation (MPR) for the stapes with multi-slice spinal thin-section CT in the patients with disorder of stapes before prosthetic ossicular reconstruction and their impact on surgical decision. METHODS: Axial CT scanning of temporal bone was undergone in 50 volunteers. Multiplan reformatted images included coronal, sagittal and oblique MPR, were made. All the MPR images were compared with each other in order to show which one could reveal the whole structures of stapes better. The height of stapes was measured with the oblique MPR. CT findings were evaluated in 102 cases with disorder of stapes. Prosthetic ossicular reconstruction was made in 65 cases. RESULTS: The full stapes cannot be shown in axial, coronal and sagittal MPR images, however, it was shown in oblique MPR in all the cases. The highness of stapes was (3.3 +/- 0.4) mm in the abnormal group. There was chronic otitis media in 69 cases (90 ears) and congenital abnormalities of the stapes in 33 cases (47 ears) which included the dispart of incudostapedial joint in 5 cases (7 ears), defect of head and crus of stapes in 9 cases (13 ears), defect of one side of crus in 3 cases (4 ears) and absence of the oval window in 16 cases (23 ears). CONCLUSIONS: Coronal and oblique MPR images from Axial Spiral CT Data are essential for the pre-operative planning of prosthetic ossicular reconstruction. The ship, structure or defect of stapes can be shown in the oblique MPR images. It is important for the patient to choose the type of operation.