Causal relationships between CD25 on immune cells and hip osteoarthritis.

Objectives: Previous research has indicated a potential association between immune factors and osteoarthritis (OA), but the causal relationship between CD25 expression on immune cells and hip OA remains enigmatic. To shed light on this relationship, this study utilized the two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) method. Methods: Leveraging genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data from the UK Biobank and arcOGEN, the investigation encompasses a substantial European cohort comprising 15,704 hip OA cases and 378,169 controls. Genetic insights into CD25 stem from a subgroup of 3,757 individuals with European ancestry, encompassing 77 CD25-related traits. Several MR methods were applied, and robustness was assessed through heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis. Results: Among the 77 traits examined, 66 shared the same single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with hip OA. Of these, 7 CD25-related traits were found to be causally associated with hip OA (adjusted P><0.05), with F-statistics ranging from 33 to 122. These traits are specifically related to CD4+CD25+ T cells, exhibiting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) less than 1. Notably, no causal link was discerned with the CD8+CD25+ T cell subset. Within absolute count (AC) and relative count (RC) trait types, a significant causal relationship was observed solely between CD4+CD25+ T cells and hip OA, without subtype localization. A more intricate examination of CD25 expression levels within the CD4+CD25+ T cell subset revealed a correlation with the CD39+ regulatory T (Treg) subset and hip OA, particularly within the CD39+ activated Treg subset. Furthermore, a notable causal relationship emerged between CD25 expression levels in the CD45RA- not Treg subset and hip OA. However, no significant causal link was established with any subsets of B cells. Conclusion: The genetic prediction suggests that CD25, particularly within the realm of CD4+CD25+ T cells, may exert a protective influence against the development of hip OA. These findings provide a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of hip OA.

Causal associations of brain structure with bone mineral density: a large-scale genetic correlation study.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the causal associations of brain structure with bone mineral density (BMD). Based on the genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of 1 325 brain imaging-derived phenotypes (BIDPs) of brain structure from the UK Biobank and GWAS summary datasets of 5 BMD locations, including the total body, femoral neck, lumbar spine, forearm, and heel from the GEFOS Consortium, linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was conducted to determine the genetic correlations, and Mendelian randomization (MR) was then performed to explore the causal relationship between the BIDPs and BMD. Several sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the strength and stability of the present MR outcomes. To increase confidence in our findings, we also performed confirmatory MR between BIDPs and osteoporosis. LDSC revealed that 1.93% of BIDPs, with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01, were genetically correlated with BMD. Additionally, we observed that 1.31% of BIDPs exhibited a significant causal relationship with BMD (FDR < 0.01) through MR. Both the LDSC and MR results demonstrated that the BIDPs "Volume of normalized brain," "Volume of gray matter in Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis," "Volume of Estimated Total Intra Cranial" and "Volume-ratio of brain segmentation/estimated total intracranial" had strong associations with BMD. Interestingly, our results showed that more left BIDPs were causally associated with BMD, especially within and around the left frontal region. In conclusion, a part of the brain structure causally influences BMD, which may provide important perspectives for the prevention of osteoporosis and offer valuable insights for further research on the brain-bone axis.

Associations of polysocial risk score with incident rosacea: a prospective cohort study of government employees in China.

Background: The associations between single risk factors and incident rosacea have been reported, but the effects of social risk factors from multiple domains coupled remain less studied. Objectives: To quantify the influence of social determinants on rosacea comprehensively and investigate associations between the polysocial risk score (PsRS) with the risks of incident rosacea. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of government employees undertaken from January 2018 to December 2021 among participants aged >20 from five cities in Hunan province of China. At baseline, information was collected by a questionnaire and participants were involved in an examination of the skin. Dermatologists with certification confirmed the diagnosis of rosacea. The skin health status of participants was reassessed every year since the enrolment of study during the follow-up period. The PsRS was determined using the nine social determinants of health from three social risk domains (namely socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors, and living environment). Incident rosacea was estimated using binary logistic regression models adjusted for possible confounding variables. Results: Among the 3,773 participants who completed at least two consecutive skin examinations, there were 2,993 participants included in the primary analyses. With 7,457 person-years of total follow-up, we detected 69 incident rosacea cases. After adjustment for major confounders, participants in the group with high social risk had significantly raised risks of incident rosacea with the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) being 2.42 (95% CI 1.06, 5.55), compared to those in low social risk group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a higher PsRS was associated with an elevated risk of incident rosacea in our study population.

Causal association of the brain structure with the susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity of COVID-19: A large-scale genetic correlation study.

Brain structure is related to its ability to resist external pathogens. Furthermore, there are several abnormal anatomical brain events and central system symptoms associated with COVID-19. This study, which was conducted based on genetic variables, aimed to identify the causal association between brain structure and COVID-19 phenotypes. We performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis using genetic variables obtained from large genome-wide association studies as instruments to identify the potential causal effects of various brain imaging-derived phenotypes (BIDPs) traits on susceptibility, hospitalisation, and severity of COVID-19. We explored the genetic correlations of 1325 BIDPs with the susceptibility, hospitalisation, and severity of COVID-19 using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression. We observed a causal relationship between increased cortical thickness of the left inferior temporal area and an increased risk of increased COVID-19 infection (p = 4.29 × 10-4) and hospitalisation (p = 3.67 × 10-3). Moreover, the larger total surface area of the whole brain was negatively correlated with the risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19. Furthermore, there was a significant causal association between increased cerebrospinal fluid volume and decreased severity of COVID-19 (p = 3.74 × 10-3). In a conclusion, we provide new insights into the causal association between BIDPs and COVID-19 phenotypes, which may help elucidate the aetiology of COVID-19.

Associations of adherence to Mediterranean-like diet pattern with incident rosacea: A prospective cohort study of government employees in China.

Background: Despite of growing evidence on gastrointestinal comorbidities of rosacea, there was a lack of literatures regarding the role of diet on rosacea. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet pattern and the risk of incident rosacea. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of government employees aged >20 years conducted between January 2018 and December 2021 from five cities of Hunan province of China. At baseline, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire and participated in a skin examination. Presence of rosacea was determined by certified dermatologists. Subsequent skin examinations during follow-up were performed every one-year interval since the entry of the study. The Mediterranean diet score (MDS) was generated based on seven food groups (whole grains, red meats, fish, raw vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts). Binary logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate risks for incident rosacea. Results: Of the 3,773 participants who completed at least two consecutive skin examinations, 3,496 were eligible for primary analyses. With a total follow-up of 8,668 person-years, we identified 83 incident rosacea cases. After full adjustments for covariates, the MDS was associated a decreased risk of incident rosacea (aOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.99; P trend = 0.037 for 1-point increment of MDS). In subgroup analyses by body mass index (BMI), this inverse association was consistently observed in the lowest and medium tertiles of BMI (<24.5 kg/m2), but not in the highest tertile of BMI (≥24.5 kg/m2), with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggested that adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet pattern might reduce the risk of incident rosacea among non-overweight individuals.

Small peptide glutathione-induced bioflocculation for enhancing the food application potential of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Existing flocculants are used to enhance the harvesting efficiency of microalgae; however, harvesting biomass containing residues is unsuitable for food applications. In this study, a small peptide-induced bioflocculation technique was developed for harvesting microalgae, and the biomass was free of impurities. After seven days of cultivation with glutathione, 72 % flocculation efficiency of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was achieved after settling for 1 h. The nutrient composition of flocs depicted a higher protein (68.94 mg/L) and lipid (48.97 mg/L) content than those of the control (65.91 and 41.44 mg/L). The amino acid profiles of flocs showed the presence of more essential amino acids than in untreated cells. More omega polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as ω-3 and ω-9, accumulate in flocs. Extracellular polymeric substances, which induced bioflocculation, appeared markedly in flocs (150.02 mg/L) compared to the control (32.30 mg/L). This study provides novel insights into the residue-free algal harvesting method and obtained nutrition-enriched biomass.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in androgen sensitive phenotypes - A study on associated factors for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and its adverse effects among androgenetic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia patients.

Background: Androgen sensitivity, which was established as the leading etiology of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccination is essential for AGA and BPH patients in view of the high risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purpose: We aimed to investigate the associated factors for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and its side effects in populations with AGA and BPH. Method: We collected the data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and adverse reactions of male AGA and BPH patients visited the outpatient of Xiangya hospital by telephone and web-based questionnaires. Vaccination rate and adverse reactions were compared by different vaccine types and use of anti-androgen therapy. Result: A total of 457 AGA patients and 397 BPH patients were recruited in this study. Among which, 92.8% AGA patients and 61.0% BPH patients had at least the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (p < 0.001). Having comorbidities and use of anti-androgen therapy increased the risk of un-vaccination among AGA by 2.875 and 3.729 times, respectively (p < 0.001). Around 31.1% AGA patients and 9.5% BPH patients presented adverse reactions, which were mostly mild. Anti-androgen therapy increased the inclination of injection site pain after vaccination (18.7% vs 11.9%; OR: 1.708, 95% CI: 1.088-2.683, p = 0.019). Conclusion: Co-existence of other systemic diseases and anti-androgen therapy were the limiting factors for SARS-CoV-2 unvaccination, especially in AGA patients. The importance of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines should be strengthened and popularized in androgen sensitive phenotypes.

Comparing two-dimensional ultrasonography with three-dimensional ultrasonography and MRI for the levator ani defects grading.

Levator ani defect (LAD) closely correlates with pelvic floor disorders (PFD). In general, LAD was graded by three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) and MRI, which could be used hardly in some developing area. Our objective was to determine whether two-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US), a method that is almost universally accessible, could be used to diagnose the LAD. 129 Chinese women with PFD were recruited for the LAD grading by 2D-US and 3D-US and MRI. LAD was classified into intact, partial and complete avulsions. The puborectalis attachment width (PAW) was measured by 2D-US and with the software on the three-dimensional MRI-based LAD models. The results were compared and analyzed using the weighted kappa and the Pearson's coefficient. Of the 119 patients, 64 were diagnosed with LAD by 2D-US, 70 were identified by 3D-US while 68 were confirmed by MRI. The LAD grading of 2D-US showed good agreement with MRI (kappa = 0.78, 95% CI 0.71-0.86) and 3D-US (kappa = 0.77, 95% CI 0.70-0.84). In regard to the consensus of partial or complete avulsions, 2D-US showed excellent good agreement with MRI (kappa = 0.86, 95% CI 0.73-0.97), superior than 3D-US with MRI (kappa = 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.71). Additionally, iliococcygeus avulsions detected by MRI (n = 7) were accompanied by complete puborectalis avulsions. The averaged PAW was 10.42 ± 5.57 mm measured by 2D-US, which correlated well with the results measured by MRI (Pearson's coefficient = 0.90). 2D-US, 3D-US and MRI showed the good agreement on LAD diagnosis. Compared with MRI and 3D-US, 2D-US was comparable in grading LAD, especially complete avulsions.

DNA methylation in pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary fibrosis is an age-related, progressive, and fatal disease with a median survival of 3-5 years after diagnosis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type. It is characterized by fibroblast proliferation and accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix. Patients with IPF are at increased risk for lung cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in lung fibrosis and cancer, and DNA methylation is critical in disease pathogenesis and progression. Therefore, studies of DNA methylation contribute to better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these two respiratory diseases, and can offer novel diagnostic and treatment options. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the latest advances in our understanding of epigenetic factors related to DNA methylation that impact development of lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis, discusses the role of DNA methylation in promoting or inhibiting these diseases, and proposes its potential clinical significance in disease diagnosis and treatment. EXPERT OPINION: DNA methylation plays a critical role in lung cancer and fibrosis pathogenesis. DNA methylation offers a new biomarker for disease diagnosis or monitoring, and provides a new therapeutic target for treatment.

In-utero co-exposure to toxic metals and micronutrients on childhood risk of overweight or obesity: new insight on micronutrients counteracting toxic metals.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low-level, in-utero exposure to toxic metals such as lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) is widespread in the US and worldwide; and, individually, was found to be obesogenic in children. To address the literature gaps on the health effects of co-exposure to low-level toxic metals and the lack of intervention strategy, we aimed to investigate the association between in-utero co-exposure to Hg, Pb, cadmium (Cd) and childhood overweight or obesity (OWO) and whether adequate maternal micronutrients (selenium (Se) and folate) can be protective. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 1442 mother-child pairs from the Boston Birth Cohort, a predominantly urban, low-income, Black, and Hispanic population, who were enrolled at birth and followed prospectively up to age 15 years. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was applied to estimate individual and joint effects of exposures to metals and micronutrients on childhood OWO while adjusting for pertinent covariables. Stratified analyses by maternal OWO and micronutrient status were performed to identify sensitive subgroups. RESULTS: In this sample of understudied US children, low-level in-utero co-exposure to Hg, Pb, and Cd was widespread. Besides individual positive associations of maternal Hg and Pb exposure with offspring OWO, BKMR clearly indicated a positive dose-response association between in-utero co-exposure to the three toxic metals and childhood OWO. Notably, the metal mixture-OWO association was more pronounced in children born to mothers with OWO; and in such a setting, the association was greatly attenuated if mothers had higher Se and folate levels. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective cohort of US children at high-risk of toxic metal exposure and OWO, we demonstrated that among children born to mothers with OWO, low-level in-utero co-exposure to Hg, Pb, and Cd increased the risk of childhood OWO; and that adequate maternal Se and folate levels mitigated the risk of childhood OWO. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE WHERE IT WAS OBTAINED: NCT03228875.

Mechanism of differential expression of ß-glucosidase genes in functional microbial communities in response to carbon catabolite repression.

BACKGROUND: ß-Glucosidase is the rate-limiting enzyme of cellulose degradation. It has been stipulated and established that ß-glucosidase-producing microbial communities differentially regulate the expression of glucose/non-glucose tolerant ß-glucosidase genes. However, it is still unknown if this differential expression of functional microbial community happens accidentally or as a general regulatory mechanism, and of what biological significance it has. To investigate the composition and function of microbial communities and how they respond to different carbon metabolism pressures and the transcriptional regulation of functional genes, the different carbon metabolism pressure was constructed by setting up the static chamber during composting. RESULTS: The composition and function of functional microbial communities demonstrated different behaviors under the carbon metabolism pressure. Functional microbial community up-regulated glucose tolerant ß-glucosidase genes expression to maintain the carbon metabolism rate by enhancing the transglycosylation activity of ß-glucosidase to compensate for the decrease of hydrolysis activity under carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Micrococcales play a vital role in the resistance of functional microbial community under CCR. The transcription regulation of GH1 family ß-glucosidase genes from Proteobacteria showed more obvious inhibition than other phyla under CCR. CONCLUSION: Microbial functional communities differentially regulate the expression of glucose/non-glucose tolerant ß-glucosidase genes under CCR, which is a general regulatory mechanism, not accidental. Furthermore, the differentially expressed ß-glucosidase gene exhibited species characteristics at the phylogenetic level.

Ferroptosis: A New Strategy for Cancer Therapy.

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of iron-dependent cell death, which is different from other death forms. The main characteristics of ferroptosis are: (1) Amino acid metabolism. (2) Iron metabolism; (3) Lipid metabolism and Reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferroptosis is related to the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers, especially in the drug resistance. This article reviews the research progress of iron death in tumors, and provides a theoretical reference for its further research and clinical application.

Longitudinal trajectories and determinants of plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels from birth to early childhood and metabolomic associations: A pilot study in the Boston Birth Cohort.

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a major public health concern worldwide due to their ubiquitous exposures, environmental persistence, maternal-to-fetal transfer, and multi-organ toxicity. This pilot study aimed to generate preliminary data to inform future studies to address data gaps in the field, including early life PFAS exposure levels, longitudinal changes, determinants, and associated metabolomic alterations in understudied Black and Hispanic children in the United States (U.S.). Methods: This study leveraged existing biosamples and data in the Boston Birth Cohort and measured 12 legacy and emerging PFAS, including Me-PFOSA-AcOH, PFDA, PFDoA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, PFUnA, GenX, ADONA, 9Cl-PF3ONS, and PFHpS, in paired cord and early childhood plasma samples. Summary statistics and graphic plots were used to depict PFAS levels at the two time points and their longitudinal changes. Linear regression models were used to identify the early-life factors associated with cord and early childhood PFAS levels. Associations of cord PFAS with cord metabolites were explored using a metabolome-wide association approach and a targeted approach. Results: This study included 39 children, of whom 25 (64%) were Black, 14 (36%) were Hispanic, and 15 (38%) were female. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHpS were detectable in all cord and early childhood plasma samples, while GenX and ADONA were not detectable in any sample. Cord PFAS levels were weakly-to-moderately correlated with early childhood PFAS levels (r = -0.03 to 0.40). Several maternal and child factors, including gestational age, year at blood collection, and race/ethnicity, were associated with cord and early childhood PFAS levels. The metabolome-wide association study and the targeted study identified several cord metabolites that may have been affected by in utero PFAS exposure. Conclusions: This pilot study found ubiquitous exposure to multiple PFAS in cord plasma (reflects in utero exposure) and in early childhood plasma (reflects both prenatal and postnatal exposure) among U.S. Black and Hispanic children. Metabolomic analysis suggests that in utero PFAS exposures may alter fetal metabolism. Future large-scale studies are needed to replicate the findings and further examine the associations of fetal PFAS exposure with long-term health outcomes and underlying metabolic pathways.

Integration Analysis of m6A Related Genes in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma and the Biological Function Research of the SPRR1B.

Melanoma has gradually entered the public view because of its high morbidity and rising prevalence rate, which is a serious threat to human life and health. Recently, N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification has been increasingly confirmed as a potential role in the development of tumogenesis. The purpose of this study is to explore the role and function of m6a-related regulators in the development of melanoma disease at the molecular, cellular and clinical levels through bioinformatics and traditional experiments. We screened and validated differential expression genes (DEGs) in m6A regulators via the GEO, GTEx, TCGA database. The biological processes and signaling pathway involved by DEGs were improved by constructing bioinformational methods such as PPI, GO enrichment, KEGG enrichment, GSEA enrichment, and immune infiltration analysis. And then, we explored the biological function of the key gene, SPRR1B, through cell invasion, migration, infiltration, and tissue chips. The gene IGF2BP3 which was differentially expressed in m6A regulatory factor gene was screened. The results of the enrichment analysis are significantly enriched in the biological processes and pathways of the skin barrier, epidermal differentiation, cytoskeleton, lymphocyte migration and other pathways, pointing to the direction of tumor immunity and tumor metastasis. Tumor immune-related genes YTHDC1, YTHDC2 and ALKBH5 were found. Knock SPRR1B reduction group had a significantly lower invasive ability, the ability to migrate. Nomogram prediction model shows that SPRR1B increased, expressing a worse prognosis. For this purpose, the relationship between m6A regulatory factor and melanoma progression was explored. At the same time, it was found that the abnormal up-regulated expression of SPRR1B before metastasis would lead to poor prognosis of melanoma. SPRR1B promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of human melanoma cells.

Maternal prenatal selenium levels and child risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: A prospective birth cohort study.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element involved in various biological processes, including neurodevelopment. Available literature indicates that both Se deficiency and excess may be detrimental to health. It is also known that Se can cross the placenta from maternal to fetal circulation. To date, the role of maternal Se status in child long-term neurodevelopment is largely unexplored. This study investigated the temporal and dose-response associations between maternal Se status and child risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It consisted of 1550 mother-infant dyads from the Boston Birth Cohort. Maternal red blood cell (RBC) Se levels were measured in samples collected within 72 h of delivery (biomarker of third trimester Se status). Pediatric neurodevelopmental diagnoses were obtained from electronic medical records. Data analyses showed that maternal RBC Se levels were positively associated with child risk of developing ASD, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.49 for ASD (95% CI: 1.09, 2.02) per IQR increase in Se. There was also a positive association between maternal Se and ADHD (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.56, per IQR increase in Se). These associations remained robust even after adjusting for pertinent covariables; and there was no significant interaction between Se and these covariables. Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to high maternal Se levels may adversely affect child neurodevelopment. Our findings warrant further investigation; if confirmed, optimizing maternal prenatal Se levels may be necessary to maximize its health benefits while preventing undue risk. LAY SUMMARY: Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for the health of the pregnant mother and her baby. While Se can readily cross the placenta from maternal to fetal circulation, little is known about maternal Se status on her child's neurodevelopmental outcomes. We studied over 1500 mother-child dyads from birth to school age of the child. We found that babies born from mothers with high blood Se levels may be at increased risk of developing autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Given this is the first study of the kind, more study is needed to confirm our findings.

Circular RNAs in stem cell differentiation: a sponge-like role for miRNAs.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel endogenous non-coding RNAs that play a critical role during cellular signal transduction, gene transcription and translation. With the rapid advancement of bioinformatics analysis tools and high-throughput RNA sequencing, numerous circRNAs with important biological features have been identified. They function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) of microRNAs and as such exhibit the potential to act as biomarkers for stem cell differentiation. In the recent past, several studies have shown the involvement of circRNAs in stem cells differentiation. The present review summarizes the molecular characteristics, biogenesis and mechanisms of newly identified circRNAs in the differentiation of stem cells. In conclusion, circRNAs regulate the stem cells differentiation via their ambient binding efficacy to modulate miRNA expression, as well as related gene translation. We believe that this review will provide reference guidance for future studies on stem cell differentiation.

Biomonitoring: A tool to assess PFNA body burdens and evaluate the effectiveness of drinking water intervention for communities in New Jersey.

Elevated perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) levels, one of many manmade per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), were detected in public water systems/private wells in New Jersey communities. Interventions to end exposure through drinking water were carried out from 2014 to 2016. To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, a community biomonitoring study was conducted for the communities between 2017 and 2020. A convenience sampling design was used with 120 participants in Year 1 between ages of 20-74 who consumed PFNA-contaminated water. Three blood samples, one year apart, were drawn from each participant and completed for 99 participants. Separated serum samples were measured for 12 PFAS including PFNA. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demographics and potential sources. Drinking water and house dust collected at the first visit were analyzed for 14 PFAS including PFNA. The PFNA sera levels (Year 1) found 84 out of 120 (70%) participants were higher than the 95th percentile of a nationally representative sample of US adults (NHANES2015-16). Current drinking water and house dust were not significant contributing sources for the study participants. On average, PFNA sera levels were 12 ± 16% (Year 2) and 27 ± 16% (Year 3) lower than the level measured in Year 1 (p < 0.01). The PFNA half-life was estimated around 3.52 years, using a mixed model from 68 high-exposed participants (>95th percentile of NHANES2015-16) with controlling for physiological covariates. The decline in adult serum PFNA levels seen in the years following a community drinking water intervention suggests the intervention effectively reduced PFNA exposure via drinking water.

Comparison of translabial three-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the grading of levator ani defects.

ABSTRACT: Levator ani defect (LAD) closely correlates with pelvic organ prolapse. This study aimed to compare the LAD grading between 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and investigate the reasons for the difference using 3-dimensional pelvic models.Seventy-two Chinese women who were to undergo repair surgery were assessed by the prolapse staging, 3D-US and MRI. LAD was graded according to the grading systems described with regard to 3D-US (Dietz et al.) and MRI (Delancey et al.) The puborectalis attachment width and the puborectalis thickness were measured on the reconstructed pelvic models offline within the software. The results were analyzed using the weighted kappa and the ANOVA test.The grading systems used for 3D-US and MRI showed the good agreement (κ = 0.75), whereas the consensus of the extent (ie, partial or complete) of tears showed the moderate agreement (κ = 0.56). Additionally, iliococcygeus tears detected by MRI (n = 3) accompanied with complete puborectalis tears on the same side. The averaged width of intact puborectalis attachment was 13.75 ±â€Š3.43 mm. The width of intact puborectalis attachment was remarkably higher than that of the injured attachment (P = .005). The averaged puborectalis thickness was 9.85 ±â€Š2.13 mm.Comparison of 3D-US and MRI showed the good agreement on LAD grading. The moderate agreement in assessing partial or complete tears resulted from the grading criteria of 3D-US. The morphological characteristics of puborectalis assisted in identifying complete tears.

Phase Change Metasurfaces by Continuous or Quasi-Continuous Atoms for Active Optoelectronic Integration.

In recent decades, metasurfaces have emerged as an exotic and appealing group of nanophotonic devices for versatile wave regulation with deep subwavelength thickness facilitating compact integration. However, the ability to dynamically control the wave-matter interaction with external stimulus is highly desirable especially in such scenarios as integrated photonics and optoelectronics, since their performance in amplitude and phase control settle down once manufactured. Currently, available routes to construct active photonic devices include micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), semiconductors, liquid crystal, and phase change materials (PCMs)-integrated hybrid devices, etc. For the sake of compact integration and good compatibility with the mainstream complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process for nanofabrication and device integration, the PCMs-based scheme stands out as a viable and promising candidate. Therefore, this review focuses on recent progresses on phase change metasurfaces with dynamic wave control (amplitude and phase or wavefront), and especially outlines those with continuous or quasi-continuous atoms in favor of optoelectronic integration.