Aibika Flower Flavonoid Extract Exhibits Antiulcer Activity in a Murine Model of Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Injury.

Aibika (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic) is a garden vegetable whose flower has been shown to have various bioactivities. This study investigated the protective effect of aibika flower flavonoid extract (AFF) on ethanol-induced gastric injury in mice. The experimental results showed that pre-feeding 125 and 250 mg AFF/kg BW for 1 week significantly reduced the gastric injury area in the negative control group from 19.2% to 6.7% and 0.6%, respectively. The results of the pathological sections staining also showed that AFF had a protective ability against alcohol-induced injury of gastric tissue and liver tissue. When the mice were exposed to high concentrations of ethanol, AFF pretreatment significantly upregulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The pretreatment also promoted the production of the intracellular antioxidant, reduced glutathione, in both gastric tissue and serum. On the contrary, AFF delayed the lipid peroxidation process, which, in turn, reduced the damage to the gastric mucosa. When acute inflammation was induced by ethanol stimulation, AFF significantly downregulated the proinflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS. Furthermore, AFF pretreatment greatly promoted the production of healing factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9, in the gastric tissue. In addition, AFF significantly reduced gastric cell apoptosis induced by ethanol stimulation. These results demonstrate that AFF has a good protective effect on alcohol-induced gastric ulcer and has the potential to be used in gastrointestinal health care.

Licochalcone D ameliorates lipid metabolism in hepatocytes by modulating lipogenesis and autophagy.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is a metabolic disease caused by abnormal lipid accumulation in the liver. Excessive lipid accumulation results in liver inflammation and fibrosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the chalcone licochalcone D, which is isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal, has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study explored whether licochalcone D can regulate lipid accumulation in fatty liver cells. FL83B hepatocytes were incubated with oleic acid to establish a fatty liver cell model, and then treated with licochalcone D to evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid metabolism. In addition, male C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine/choline-deficient diet to induce an animal model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and given 5 mg/kg licochalcone D by intraperitoneal injection. In cell experiments, licochalcone D significantly reduced lipid accumulation in fatty liver cells and reduced sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c expression, blocking fatty acid synthase production. Licochalcone D increased adipose triglyceride lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 expression, enhancing lipolysis and fatty acid ß-oxidation, respectively. Licochalcone D also significantly increased SIRT-1 and AMPK phosphorylation, reducing acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation and inhibiting fatty acid synthesis. Licochalcone D also increased the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes to promote autophagy, reducing oil droplet accumulation in fatty liver cells. In the animal experiments, licochalcone D effectively reduced the number of lipid vacuoles and degree of fibrosis in liver tissue and inhibited liver inflammation. Thus, licochalcone D can improve MASH by reducing lipid accumulation, inhibiting inflammation, and increasing autophagy.

Corrigendum to "Potential pre-COPD indicators in association with COPD development and COPD prediction models in Chinese: a prospective cohort study" [The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 44 (2024) 100984].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100984.].

An advanced machine learning method for simultaneous breast cancer risk prediction and risk ranking in Chinese population: A prospective cohort and modeling study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) risk-stratification tools for Asian women that are highly accurate and can provide improved interpretation ability are lacking. We aimed to develop risk-stratification models to predict long- and short-term BC risk among Chinese women and to simultaneously rank potential non-experimental risk factors. METHODS: The Breast Cancer Cohort Study in Chinese Women, a large ongoing prospective dynamic cohort study, includes 122,058 women aged 25-70 years from the eastern part of China. We developed multiple machine-learning risk prediction models using parametric models (penalized logistic regression, bootstrap, and ensemble learning), which were the short-term ensemble penalized logistic regression (EPLR) risk prediction model and the ensemble penalized long-term (EPLT) risk prediction model to estimate BC risk. The models were assessed based on calibration and discrimination, and following this assessment, they were externally validated in new study participants from 2017 to 2020. RESULTS: The AUC values of the short-term EPLR risk prediction model were 0.800 for the internal validation and 0.751 for the external validation set. For the long-term EPLT risk prediction model, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.692 and 0.760 in internal and external validations, respectively. The net reclassification improvement index of the EPLT relative to the Gail and the Han Chinese Breast Cancer Prediction Model (HCBCP) models for external validation was 0.193 and 0.233, respectively, indicating that the EPLT model has higher classification accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: We developed the EPLR and EPLT models to screen populations with a high risk of developing BC. These can serve as useful tools to aid in risk-stratified screening and BC prevention.

Potential pre-COPD indicators in association with COPD development and COPD prediction models in Chinese: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Lung injury might take place before chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occurs. A clearer definition of "pre-COPD" based on the effects of potential indicators on increasing risk of COPD development and a prediction model involving them are lacking. Methods: A total of 3526 Chinese residents without COPD aged 40 years or older derived from the national cross-sectional survey of COPD surveillance in 2014-2015 were followed up for a mean of 3.59 years. We examined the associations of chronic bronchitis, preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm), low peak expiratory flow (PEF), spirometric small airway dysfunction (sSAD), low maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), low forced expiratory flow 50% of pulmonary volume (FEF50), and low FEF75 with subsequent COPD and constructed a prediction model with LASSO-Cox regression. Findings: 235 subjects in the cohort developed COPD during the follow-up. Subjects with PRISm, low PEF, sSAD, low MMEF, low FEF50, and low FEF75 had an increased risk of developing COPD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] ranging from 1.57 to 3.01). Only chronic bronchitis (HR 2.84 [95% CI 1.38-5.84] and 2.94 [1.43-6.04]) and sSAD/low MMEF (HR 2.74 [2.07-3.61] and 2.38 [1.65-3.43]) showed effects independent of the other indicators and their concurrence had the strongest effect (HR 5.89 and 4.80). The prediction model including age, sex, low MMEF, low FEF50, and indoor exposure to biomass had good performance both internally and temporally. The corrected C-index was 0.77 (0.72-0.81) for discrimination in internal validation. For temporal validation, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.73 (0.63-0.83). Good calibration was indicated in plot for internal validation and by Hosmer-Lemeshow test for temporal validation. Interpretation: Individuals with concurrent chronic bronchitis and sSAD/low MMEF indicating pre-COPD optimally require more high attention from physicians. Our prediction model could serve as a multi-dimension tool to predict COPD comprehensively. Funding: The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Assessing interventions to encourage primary care health workers to recommend influenza vaccination and the impact on vaccination uptake for persons with Non-Communicable diseases in China.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination coverage is low among persons with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in China. Chinese health workers (HWs) do not routinely recommend influenza vaccination despite evidence that recommendations increase vaccine uptake. This study aims to assess whether interventions increased primary care HWs' recommendation for influenza vaccination and measure their impact on influenza vaccine uptake in persons with NCDs. METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized controlled study in public primary healthcare clinics in Hubei from November 2018 through April 2019. In the intervention clinics, primary care HWs received training on the benefits of influenza vaccination and were asked to recommend influenza vaccine in routine primary healthcare for persons with NCDs. In the control clinics, primary care HWs did not receive training and provided standard services. We conducted questionnaire surveys before and after the intervention to collect information about recommendations made and receipt of influenza vaccines. RESULTS: A total of 896 primary care HWs and 4552 persons with NCDs were included. After intervention, a higher percentage of HWs recommended influenza vaccines in intervention clinics compared to control clinics. Vaccinated primary care HWs were more likely to recommend vaccination. Persons with NCDs reported higher influenza vaccination coverage in intervention than control clinics, and primary care HWs' recommendation increased vaccination uptake among persons with NCDs. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccinated primary care HWs were more likely to recommend influenza vaccination than unvaccinated HWs. Promoting primary care HWs' vaccination and encouraging them to recommend influenza vaccination during routine primary healthcare could increase influenza vaccine receipt among persons with NCDs. Registration number ChiCTR2200067140.

A Peptoid-like Approach Led to Lactam-Lactam Dimer Formation in 2-Hydroxy-N-alkyl-N-phenyl-nicotinamides and Their Polymorphism and Solvatomorphism.

Four 2-hydroxy-N-alkyl-N-phenyl-nicotinamides (1-4) were synthesized, and their crystal structures were analyzed to investigate the effect of substitution on their crystal packing of N-phenyl-2-hydroxynicotinanilides. In these compounds, substituents were introduced on the amide N, leading to a peptoid-like structure. One solvent-free form and two hydrates were harvested for compound 1, and one anhydrous form and one hydrate were obtained for compound 2. Polymorphism was observed in compounds 3 and 4. The molecules were found to be in the keto form rather than the enol tautomer. Because of steric effects, the molecules took on an E configuration, leading to a hairpin-like geometry. A lactam-lactam dimer synthon was formed in all solvent-free structures, and a tetramer motif was observed for the first time. Dehydration of the two hydrates of 1 and the hydrate of 2 led to their respective solvent-free form. Phase transition between the polymorphs was revealed in compound 3. Theoretical calculations, including conformational energy evaluation, hydrate forming propensity assessment, and lattice energy appraisal, were performed to provide a reasonable explanation for the keto tautomer and the formation of the hydrates of compound 1.

Mulberroside F improves airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in asthmatic mice.

Mulberroside F is isolated from the leaves and roots of Morus alba L. Here, we investigated whether mulberroside F could alleviate airway inflammation and eosinophil infiltration in the lungs of asthmatic mice. We also examined whether mulberroside F attenuated inflammatory responses in human tracheal epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and administered different doses of mulberroside F via intraperitoneal injection. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells were treated with various doses of mulberroside F, followed by detection of the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The results demonstrated that mulberroside F mitigated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and CCL11, in inflammatory BEAS-2B cells. Mulberroside F also suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells, which effectively suppressed monocyte cell adherence. In an animal model of asthma, mulberroside F treatment attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil infiltration, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Mulberroside F treatment also decreased lung fibrosis and airway inflammation in OVA-sensitized mice. Moreover, mulberroside F significantly reduced expressions of Th2-associated cytokines (including interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to OVA-sensitized mice. Our results confirmed that mulberroside F is a novel bioactive compound that can effectively reduce airway inflammation and eosinophil infiltration in asthmatic mice via inhibition of Th2-cell activation.

Solvatomorphism and first-time observation of acid-acid catemer in 4-phenylamino-benzoic acids.

To investigate the polymorphism in 4-phenylamino-benzoic acids (4-PABAs) in general, and the effect on the polymorphism of these compounds exerted by substitution in particular, a series of 4-PABAs (1-8) varying in the substitution position and pattern were synthesized, and their polymorphic behavior was investigated for the first time. A relatively comprehensive polymorph screening led to the discovery of two forms, one solvent-free and the other solvate, for compounds 1, 3 and 8, and one form for the other compounds. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal XRD. All the 4-PABAs in the crystal structures are highly twisted, and all the solvent-free crystals are based on the conventional acid-acid dimer motif, except for 2, which has a rarely observed acid-acid catemer motif. Two of the solvates (1-S and 8-S) have pyridine in the lattice while the other (3-S) has dichloromethane. The observation indicates that neither conformational flexibility or substitution alone nor the combination of both leads to polymorphism in these compounds, which is in dramatic contrast to the polymorphism of fenamic acids. The thermal properties of each system were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and desolvation of the solvates was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Hirshfeld surface analysis and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to study the mechanism of polymorphism and the intermolecular interactions contributing to the formation and stability of each crystal form.

Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Duration as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer - China, 2020.

What is already known about this topic?: Psychological and lifestyle factors are known to potentially play a significant role in the development of breast cancer. However, current evidence-based studies present controversial findings on the associations between depression, sleep duration, and breast cancer risk. What is added by this report?: This study investigated the potential risk factors of depressive symptoms and short sleep duration for breast cancer within the Breast Cancer Cohort Study in Chinese Women. The findings revealed that women experiencing depressive symptoms and short sleep duration exhibited a heightened risk of developing breast cancer, particularly among the older population. What are the implications for public health practice?: Public policy ought to prioritize early health education interventions targeting psychological factors in order to facilitate the prevention of breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Awareness and Association with Frequency of Screening Among Women - China, 2020.

What is already known about this topic?: Breast cancer awareness plays a crucial role in promoting screening attendance, enabling early detection, and improving survival rates associated with breast cancer. Nevertheless, a persistent issue is the low public awareness of breast cancer warning signs and risk factors. What is added by this report?: Breast cancer awareness rate was 10.2%, with particularly low rates among never-screened and inadequately screened women. Factors associated with low awareness levels included low income, agricultural occupation, limited educational attainment, smoking, and the absence of professional recommendations. What are the implications for public health practice?: Consideration should be given to effective health education and delivery strategies aimed at women who have never been screened or have received inadequate screening.

Effect of Polymer Additives on the Crystal Habit of Metformin HCl.

The crystal habit can have a profound influence on the physical properties of crystalline materials, and thus controlling the crystal morphology is of great practical relevance across many industries. Herein, this work investigates the effect of polymer additives on the crystal habit of metformin HCl with both experiments and computational methods with the aim of developing a combined screening approach for crystal morphology engineering. Crystallization experiments of metformin HCl are conducted in methanol and in an isopropanol-water mixture (8:2 V/V). Polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween80, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose polymer additives are used in low concentrations (1-2% w/w) in the experiments to study the effect they have on modifying the crystal habit. Additionally, this work has developed computational methods to characterize the morphology "landscape" and quantifies the overall effect of solvent and additives on the predicted crystal habits. Further analysis of the molecular dynamics simulations is used to rationalize the effect of additives on specific crystal faces. This work demonstrates that the effects of additives on the crystal habit are a result of their absorption and interactions with the slow growing {100} and {020} faces.

HPV-negative high-grade cervical precancerous lesions or invasive cancer in China: A post hoc analysis of a multicentric clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HPV-negative cervical high-grade precancerous lesions or cancer in China. METHODS: Histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) were searched in a multicentric clinical study. All patients underwent cobas HPV testing, liquid-based cytology, DNA ploidy analysis, and colposcopy-guided biopsy. According to clinical practice, patients underwent p16ink4a staining and cone biopsy. Comparisons were made between HPV-negative and -positive patients for clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study found 61 cases of cobas HPV-negative CIN2+ among 797 cases of histologically confirmed CIN2+, including 38 CIN2, 20 CIN3, and 3 invasive cancers. The prevalence of HPV-negative CIN2+ and CIN3+ was 7.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.8-9.5) and 5.7% (95% CI 3.5-8.0), respectively. Among 24 cases with p16 staining, 20 showed p16 positivity. The proportions of normal or minor abnormalities in terms of colposcopy, cytology, and DNA ploidy were higher in HPV-negative cases than in HPV-positive cases. When adding cytology to the screening of symptomatic or previously HPV-positive women, the prevalence of HPV-negative CIN2+ or CIN3 would decrease by approximately 50%. CONCLUSION: Less than one-tenth of CIN2+ are missed by HPV-only screening, and they have smaller lesions than HPV-positive cases. Colposcopy should be considered for symptomatic or previously HPV-positive women with HPV-negative results.

How Can a High-Performance Screening Strategy Be Determined for Cervical Cancer Prevention? Evidence From a Hierarchical Clustering Analysis of a Multicentric Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the cluster patterns of cervical cancer screening strategies for detecting high-grade precancerous lesions in terms of benefits, costs, and efficiency. METHODS: A total of 2,065 referral women aged 25-64 years were recruited and underwent human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, liquid-based cytology with manual reading, and cytology with artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted reading. All women were assessed by colposcopy and histological examination. We formed 14 screening strategies based on primary cytology screening, primary HPV screening incorporating HPV-16/18 genotyping triage, cytology triage, or both, and co-testing. The primary outcomes were cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) and grade 3 or worse (CIN3+). The hierarchical clustering method was applied to multifaceted indicators, and then, the resulting clusters were described in terms of benefits, costs, efficiency, and their interaction. This study was registered (No. ChiCTR2000034131). RESULTS: The relative sensitivity of HPV-based strategies compared with cytology alone with the threshold of LSIL+ ranged from 0.68 to 1.19 for CIN2+ detection and from 0.72 to 1.11 for CIN3+ detection, whereas the relative specificity ranged from 0.55 to 1.43 for CIN2+ detection and from 0.51 to 1.51 for CIN3+ detection. Five significant clusters according to the trade-off among benefits, costs, and efficiency were identified. The cluster including four primary HPV screening strategies showed the optimal balance. HPV testing with HPV-16/18 genotyping and AI-based cytology triage presented the optimal trade-off for CIN3+ detection relative to cytology alone in terms of relative sensitivity (1.06), relative specificity (0.72), colposcopies for 1 CIN3+ (3.7 vs. 3.1), a load of follow-up for women with HPV-positive and normal cytology (7.0% vs. 22.3%), and the work of manual cytology reading (35.1% vs. 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided clinical and methodological evidence on the choice of HPV-based screening strategies. The cluster including primary HPV screening with genotyping and cytology triage showed an optimal balance among benefit, cost, and efficiency.

Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in the Pre-Vaccine Era - China, 2017-2018.

What is already known about this topic?: Human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific strategies play a key role in the prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but evidence on the HPV type-specific prevalence in CIN is limited. What is added by this report?: This multicentric study estimates the prevalence of high-risk HPV types in CIN cases and the associations of HPV infection patterns with high-grade CIN in China in 2017-2018. What are the implications for public health practice?: Population-based prevention strategies should give preference to HPV-16 and 18, and strategies for non-16/18 high-risk HPV are essential for the elimination of cervical cancer.

Phenotype and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in general population in China: a nationally cross-sectional study.

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the phenotype and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in the general population in China. We analyzed spirometry-confirmed COPD patients who were identified from a population-based, nationally representative sample in China. All participants were measured with airflow limitation severity based on post-bronchodilator FEV1 percent predicted, bronchodilator responsiveness, exacerbation history, and respiratory symptoms. Among a total of 9134 COPD patients, 90.3% were non-exacerbators, 2.9% were frequent exacerbators without chronic bronchitis, 2.0% were frequent exacerbators with chronic bronchitis, and 4.8% were asthma-COPD overlap. Less than 5% of non-exacerbators ever had pulmonary function testing performed. The utilization rate of inhaled medication in non-exacerbators, exacerbators without chronic bronchitis, exacerbators with chronic bronchitis, and asthma-COPD overlap was 1.4, 23.5, 29.5, and 19.4%, respectively. A comprehensive strategy for the management of COPD patients based on phenotype in primary care is urgently needed.

[Burden of nutritional deficiencies of children under 5 years old in China, 1990-2015].

OBJECTIVE: To quantify and describe the distribution and trends of burden of nutritional deficiencies among children under 5 years old in China from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: Subnational data of China on children under 5 years old in 33 provinces and autonomous regions, which including 31 mainland regions, Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, were extracted from the result of Global Burden of Disease Study 2015(GBD 2015). Based on the method of descriptive epidemiology, we analyzed the prevalence, mortality as well as disability adjusted life year(DALY) rate of nutritional deficiencies among children under 5 years old by sex, time and locations in China, as well as its temporal trend since 1990. RESULTS: In 2015, the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies among children under 5 years old was 17. 26%, and the DALY rate was 776. 26 person-years per 100000. Compared to 1990, the DALY rate of nutritional deficiencies declined by 71. 42%. The DALY rate of nutritional deficiencies decreased in the past 25 years in Eastern, Central and Western China. Meanwhile, the gap in disease burden between boys and girls declined. Among diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies, burden of protein-energy malnutrition and iron deficiency anemia among children under 5 years old were relatively higher. Compared to 1990, the DALY rate of iron deficiency anemia among children under 5 years old declined by 15. 68%, which was lower than other nutritional deficiencies among children in 2015. CONCLUSION: From 1990 to 2015, the disease burden caused by nutritional deficiencies among Chinese children under 5 years old showed downtrend. There were still differences of disease burden distributions between regions and common nutritional deficiencies.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COPD screening programs in primary care for high-risk patients in China.

We built a decision-analytic model to compare the cost-effectiveness of using portable spirometer and questionnaire to screen chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) with no screening (i.e. usual care) among chronic bronchitis patient in China. A lifetime horizon and a payer perspective were adopted. Cost data of health services including spirometry screening and treatment costs covered both maintenance and exacerbation. The result indicated that portable spirometer screening was cost-saving compared with questionnaire screening and no screening, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of -5026 and -1766 per QALY, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. In summary, portable spirometer screening is likely the optimal option for COPD screening among chronic bronchitis patients China.

A nationally quasi-experimental study to assess the impact of partial organized breast and cervical cancer screening programme on participation and inequalities.

BACKGROUND: Organized breast and cervical cancer screening programme could only provide services at no cost for a fraction of socioeconomic-deprived women in China and other low-resource countries, however, little evidence exists for whether such a programme effectively affect the participation and inequalities at the population level. METHODS: We used individual-level data from a nationally cross-sectional survey in 2014-2015 for breast and cervical cancer screening participation. Data for intervention and comparison grouping were from 2009 to 2014 national breast and cervical cancer screening programme, and counties covered by the programme were divided into intervention group. We assessed the impact of the intervention on the participation rates and the magnitude of inequalities with two approaches: multivariable multilevel logistic regressions adjusting for individual- and region-level covariates; and a difference analysis combined with propensity score matching that estimated the average intervention effect. RESULTS: Of 69,875 included women aged 35-64 years, 21,620 were classified into the intervention group and 43,669 into the comparison group for breast cancer screening; and 31,794 into the intervention group, and 33,682 into the comparison group for cervical cancer screening. Participation rate was higher in intervention group than comparison group for breast cancer screening (25.3, 95% confidential interval [CI], 22.8-27.7%, vs 19.1, 17.4-20.7%), and cervical cancer screening (25.7, 23.8-27.7%, vs 21.5, 19.6-23.5%), respectively. Intervention significantly increased the likelihood of participation for both breast cancer and cervical cancer screening in overall women, rural women and urban women, whereas the effect was significantly higher in rural women than urban women. The average intervention effect on the participation rate was an increase of 7.5% (6.7-8.2%) for breast cancer screening, and 6.8% (6.1-7.5%) for cervical cancer screening, respectively. The inequalities were significantly decreased by 37-41% (P < 0.001) between rural and urban, however, were slightly decreased or even increased in terms of age, education status, and household income. CONCLUSIONS: Organized breast and cervical cancer screening programme targeting for a fraction of women could increase the participation rates at population level, however, it could not significantly affect socioeconomic-introduced inequalities. Further studies are need to conduct time-series analyses and strengthen the causal correlation.