A New Approach for Investigating Iron Mineral Transformations in Soils and Sediments Using 57Fe-Labeled Minerals and 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy.

Iron minerals in soils and sediments play important roles in many biogeochemical processes and therefore influence the cycling of major and trace elements and the fate of pollutants in the environment. However, the kinetics and pathways of Fe mineral recrystallization and transformation processes under environmentally relevant conditions are still elusive. Here, we present a novel approach enabling us to follow the transformations of Fe minerals added to soils or sediments in close spatial association with complex solid matrices including other minerals, organic matter, and microorganisms. Minerals enriched with the stable isotope 57Fe are mixed with soil or sediment, and changes in Fe speciation are subsequently studied by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, which exclusively detects 57Fe. In this study, 57Fe-labeled ferrihydrite was synthesized, mixed with four soils differing in chemical and physical properties, and incubated for 12+ weeks under anoxic conditions. Our results reveal that the formation of crystalline Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides such as lepidocrocite and goethite was strongly suppressed, and instead formation of a green rust-like phase was observed in all soils. These results contrast those from Fe(II)-catalyzed ferrihydrite transformation experiments, where formation of lepidocrocite, goethite, and/or magnetite often occurs. The presented approach allows control over the composition and crystallinity of the initial Fe mineral, and it can be easily adapted to other experimental setups or Fe minerals. It thus offers great potential for future investigations of Fe mineral transformations in situ under environmentally relevant conditions, in both the laboratory and the field.

The relation between endometrioma and ovarian cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between endometrioma and ovarian cancer is a topic of discussion in the field of endometriosis and to date it is still debated whether ovarian endometriosis may represent a risk factor for ovarian cancers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was carried out using Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar up to October 2020. Primary outcome of interest was ovarian cancer incidence in patients with endometriosis. Secondary outcome was ovarian cancer prognosis in patients with endometriosis compared to patient without endometriosis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Patients with ovarian endometriosis has a slight increase risk of developing ovarian cancer (merely 1.8%), being the general population risk for ovarian cancer 1.31%. In patient at postmenopausal age, long-lasting endometriosis, early-age diagnosis, infertility and/or infertility treatment the risk of developing ovarian cancer is higher. Endometriosis-related ovarian cancers are generally clear cell and endometrioid and are diagnosed at early stage compared to non-endometriosis related ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The lifetime risk for ovarian cancer is low in endometriosis patients in general and higher in subgroups of patients allowing a tailored management based on patient characteristics. Endometriosis is a chronic disease negatively affecting the quality of life, nonetheless, concerns on ovarian cancer should be avoided in order to reduce the burden of the disease on women's health.

Detection of PIK3CA E545A mutation in circulating tumor DNA of a patient affected by uterine carcinosarcoma.

Uterine carcinosarcomas are biphasic neoplasms consisting of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal elements, representing less than 5% of all uterine malignancies. Carcinosarcomas are rare, although the most common cause of uterine cancer-specific death. Few information is available on the pathogenesis, and molecular characterization is poorly investigated. Consequently, the treatment has not changed over the last years and is far too being tailored, consisting of surgery and traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Molecular characterization of liquid biopsy by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)/circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) evaluation in a patient with uterine carcinosarcoma. Here, we describe a case report of an 83-year-old woman with carcinosarcomas, stage T3aN0M0. Cancer cells did not express estrogen nor progesterone receptors, while p53 and p16 were positive. Molecular characterization of ccfDNA and of ctDNA was performed by quantitative PCR, amplification-refractory mutation system technology. The presence of phosphatidylInositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-Kinase catalytic subunit alpha p.E545A mutation was detected in plasma. This approach may suggest the use of liquid biopsy and the development of specific targeted therapy for precision personalized medicine even in rare carcinosarcomas.

Comorbidities, risk factors and maternal/perinatal outcomes in oocyte donation pregnancies.

RESEARCH QUESTION: To evaluate pre-existing comorbidities, obstetric risk factors and adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies conceived by oocyte donation, compared with naturally conceived pregnancies or by conventional IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). DESIGN: This retrospective single-centre contemporary cohort study reviewed data from singleton deliveries at the University Hospital of Careggi, Florence, from 2009 to 2017. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: The study included 25,851 pregnancies and newborns: 276 (1.1%) children were conceived after oocyte donation, 925 (3.6%) after IVF/ICSI and 24,650 (95.4%) after natural conception. Women in the oocyte donation group were significantly older compared with IVF/ICSI and natural conception groups (P < 0.0001) and had a higher prevalence of chronic hypertension compared with the natural conception group (P = 0.0090). They were administered anticoagulant medications more frequently during pregnancy. The incidence of gestational hypertension was significantly higher than in natural conception (aOR 3.6) and IVF/ICSI pregnancies (aOR 2.7). The incidence of Caesarean section in oocyte donation pregnancies was higher than in natural conception and IVF/ICSI groups (aOR 3.4 and 2.3, respectively). An 11-fold increased risk of post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) was found in oocyte donation versus natural conception and an almost four-fold increased risk was found in oocyte donation versus IVF/ICSI; prematurity and low birthweight were more frequent after oocyte donation versus natural conception (aOR 2.4 and 1.8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing oocyte donation represent a group with increased comorbidities and risk factors for adverse obstetric outcomes. Oocyte donation seems to be independently associated with gestational hypertension and PPH. Pregnancies after oocyte donation warrant clinical surveillance with proper screening and, possibly, preventive strategies.

Mutational profile in circulating tumor DNA in a patient affected by low-risk endometrial cancer: predictable tool of relapse?

Endometrial cancer is the commonest gynecological cancer, the majority is endometrioid type, diagnosed at an early stage with 69-88% 5-year survival. Low-grade endometrial cancers have low recurrence rates and often do not receive adjuvant therapy; however, a subset of these patients will have poor outcomes and would benefit from adjuvant treatment has been challenging. We evaluate the circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) in a patient with low-risk endometrial cancer in order to identify the presence of molecular markers associated with risk of recurrence. The evaluation of mutation profile was performed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in primary tumor formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). We identified a specific mutational profile in ctDNA, different from primary tumor tissue suggesting that the clone involved in the relapse may be different in comparison to the most represented in the primary tumor. These findings open new prospective and new wonderings. The molecular characterization of tissue may be useful for setting new target personalized therapy even in the treatment of endometrial cancer, moreover, endometrial cancer at low risk should be not underestimated for the incidence of relapse, and for this evaluation the molecular characterization may be useful. Moreover, these results suggest that the single analysis of primary tumors may be not sufficient for setting a specific personalized therapy targeted to avoid the relapse but may be necessary to join the molecular characterization of liquid biopsy to primary tissue.

Ultrasound findings in infertile women with endometriosis: evidence of concomitant uterine disorders.

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease characterized by pain and infertility. The diagnosis is very often made during the infertility work-up, together with other reproductive diseases and uterine disorders. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on infertile women with clinical or ultrasound suspect of endometriosis, undergoing an ultrasound (US) evaluation by a team of expert sonographers (n = 419), with the aim to evaluate the prevalence of concomitant uterine disorders. The US coexistence of endometriosis with uterine fibroids and/or adenomyosis was investigated according to three age intervals (<35years; 35 ≥ years <45; ≥45 years) and to endometriosis phenotypes: ovarian endometriosis (OMA), deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE), or both. The US diagnosis of fibroids was made in 3.1% of cases, adenomyosis was found in 21.2%, and the co-existence of both uterine disorders with endometriosis was reported in 14.6% of patients. When analyzed according to age, patients aged >35 years were more likely to be affected by uterine fibroids (p = .003), adenomyosis (p = .030) and both adenomyosis and fibroids (p < .0001). No statistically significant association was found between endometriosis phenotypes and myometrial pathologies. Uterine disorders coexistence should be considered in the assessment of women with endometriosis, in order to better define a treatment strategy for infertility, especially in women older than 35 years.

HPV genotype distribution and age correlation in a selected Italian population undergoing conization.

BACKGROUND: Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) has gained increasing importance in cervical cancer prevention and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This study aims to determine the HPV type distribution in cervical specimens obtained from women diagnosed with CIN. We evaluated in a selected Italian population the distribution of HPV genotypes. METHODS: Cervical samples were collected from women undergoing laser CO2 conization for high grade at Colposcopic Laser Surgery Unit of the Careggi University Hospital and at the Colposcopy Service of Local Health Unit Toscana Centro in Florence, Italy, between September 2014 and February 2017. HPV genotyping was performed using the LINEAR ARRAY® HPV Genotyping Test. RESULTS: Three hundred and six patients were enrolled. HPV infection was detected on 244 samples (79.7%). A different rate of mono- and poly-infections was observed, with higher poly-infection rates in younger women. Moreover, depending on different age groups (clustered in 5-years interval from 22 to 69 years old) significant different distribution of HPV was fund as genotype, phylogenetic type and cancer-related risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that some physiological conditions (i.e. menopause), could influence selection and clearance of specific HPV genotypes. The results of this study represent the basis for supporting the HPV genotyping as clinical tool providing benefits in the management of women with high CIN grade.

High grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia positive biopsy: the importance of accurate pre-operative workup.

BACKGROUND: In cervical cancer screening programs, women with abnormal cytology and confirmation by biopsy are referred for colposcopy for histological evaluation. METHODS: We characterized the presence and the genotype of HPV by Linear Array HPV genotyping assay in cytological samples collected from about 400 women undergoing conization, with reported high CIN grade after biopsy. RESULTS: The most prevalent genotype was HPV 16, with an increasing presence depending on the severity of the CIN and with the highest incidence in the 26-35 age range. In the group of younger women (<25) we found the highest percentage of CIN3 (39.3%) and the lowest of CIN1 (17.9%). An increase of CIN1 with increasing age was observed. A different distribution of HPV presence was observed depending on CIN grade (P<0.001): CIN1 HPV negative samples were 46.3%, CIN2: 5.8% and CIN3: 1.4%. Interesting, in the analyzed cohort, we observed the presence of 30% of CIN1. Moreover, within CIN1, 85% of them were associated to negative HPV detection, this observation suggested that the detection of HPV presence may be useful to identify low CIN grade that should be reconsidered for surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest implementing the protocol for the management of women with high risk precancer lesions, with a further HPV test before surgical treatment. The evaluation of HPV presence and genotype before conization might represent a useful tool in reducing or postpone the conization treatment.

Spontaneous Resolution of an Acquired Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation in an Elderly Primigravida.

BACKGROUND Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an uncommon lesion characterized by an abnormal connection between arterial and venous circulation that can be congenital or acquired. Acquired uterine AVMs are generally traumatic and follow delivery, abortion, curettage, or uterine surgery. CASE REPORT A 45-year-old female who was gravida 1 para 0 presented to our hospital with severe vaginal bleeding. Two weeks before, the patient underwent therapeutic abortion. At admission, a transvaginal ultrasound showed an unclear intrauterine lesion that spread out to the myometrium. Color Doppler evaluation demonstrated an elevated color score. Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels were measured at admission and daily repeated, with a progressive decrease of values up to a negative level. A pelvic magnetic resonance imaging described an area of tubular and tortuous structures involving the myometrium. A computed tomography angiography confirmed the presence of a lesion infiltrating the endometrium and myometrium containing arteriovenous structures with a highly enhanced effect. Despite these findings, the patient was clinically stable. A diagnosis of uterine AVM was made and, after accurate counselling with the patient, she was discharged and underwent "watch and wait" management. After 35 days, the patient had a follow-up ultrasound that showed a complete resolution of the uterine lesion. CONCLUSIONS AVM should be considered in the presence of heavy and sudden vaginal bleeding in a patient with risk factors for acquired AVM. A color Doppler ultrasound scan should be performed as the first approach and an expectant management should be taken into account especially with a patient of childbearing age and hemodynamic instability.