Case report: Transected Hickman catheter and its thrombotic occlusion in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension-can a catheter replacement be avoided?

A 25-year-old female with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), who had a Hickman catheter implanted for continuous intravenous epoprostenol infusion, was admitted to the clinic after inadvertently cutting the catheter with nail scissors during a routine dressing change. Approximately 7 cm of the external segment of the Hickman catheter remained intact, with the distal end knotted by paramedics. A decision was made to repair the damaged Hickman catheter. However, it was discovered that its lumen was completely occluded by thrombosis. Therefore, catheter patency was mechanically restored using a 0.035-inch stiff guidewire in a sterile operating theatre setting, under fluoroscopy guidance. Successful aspiration and catheter flushing were achieved. Continuity of the Hickman catheter was then restored using a repair kit (Bard Access Systems) as per the manufacturer's instructions, with no visible leakage thereafter. Epoprostenol infusion through the Hickman catheter was resumed 24 h later, and the patient was discharged in good general condition two days afterward.

Application of Novel Technologies in Cardiac Electrotherapy to Prevent Complications.

(1) Background: Cardiac electrotherapy is developing quickly, which implies that it will face a higher number of complications, with cardiac device-related infective endocarditis (CDRIE) being the most frequent, but not the only one. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective case study followed by a literature review, which presents a patient with a rare but dangerous complication of electrotherapy, which could have been prevented if modern technology had been used. (3) Results: A 34-year-old female was admitted with suspicion of CDRIE based on an unclear echocardiographic presentation. However, with no signs of infection, that diagnosis was not confirmed, though an endocardial implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead was found folded into the pulmonary trunk. The final treatment included transvenous lead extraction (TLE) and subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) implantation. (4) Conclusions: With the increasing number of implantations of cardiac electronic devices and their consequences, a high index of suspicion among clinicians is required. The entity of the clinical picture must be thoroughly considered, and various diagnostic tools should be applied. Lead dislocation into the pulmonary trunk is an extremely rare complication. Our findings align with the available literature data, where asymptomatic cases are usually effectively treated with TLE. Modern technologies, such as S-ICD, can effectively prevent lead-related problems and are indicated in young patients necessitating long-term ICD therapy.

Long COVID-19 Myocarditis and Various Heart Failure Presentations: A Case Series.

(1) Background: Emerging data indicate that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may result in long-term cardiovascular complications, among which long COVID-19 myocarditis seems to be one of the most dangerous. Clinical presentation of cardiac inflammation ranges from almost asymptomatic to life-threatening conditions, including heart failure (HF) in different stages. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective case-series study that includes three adults with different clinical presentations of heart failure on grounds of myocarditis after initial COVID-19 infection. (3) Results: All patients had new-onset symptomatic HF of various severity: from a moderately reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in one patient to significantly reduced fractions in the remaining two. Moreover, complex ventricular arrhythmias were present in one case. All patients had confirmed past myocarditis in cardiac magnetic resonance. With optimal medical treatment, cardiac function improved, and the symptoms subsided in all cases. (4) Conclusions: In COVID-19 patients, long COVID myocarditis may be one of the severe complications of this acute disease. The heterogeneity in clinical symptoms and a paucity of specific diagnostic procedures expose the patient to the significant risk of misdiagnosing and further HF development.

Exercise-Induced Atrial Remodeling in Female Amateur Marathon Runners Assessed by Three-Dimensional and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography.

Endurance athletes have an increased risk of atrial remodeling and atrial arrhythmias. However, data regarding atrial adaptation to physical exercise in non-elite athletes are limited. Even less is known about atrial performance in women. We aimed to elucidate exercise-induced changes in atrial morphology and function in female amateur marathon runners using three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography and two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). The study group consisted of 27 female (40 ± 7 years) amateur athletes. Right (RA) and left atrial (LA) measures were assessed three times: 2-3 weeks before the marathon (stage 1), immediately after the run (stage 2), and 2 weeks after the competition (stage 3). Directly after the marathon, a remarkable RA dilatation, as assessed by RA maximal volume (RAVmax, 31.3 ± 6.8 vs. 35.0 ± 7.0 ml/m2; p = 0.008), with concomitant increase in RA contractile function [RA active emptying fraction (RA active EF), 27.7 ± 8.6 vs. 35.0 ± 12.1%; p = 0.014; RA peak atrial contraction strain (RA PACS) 13.8 ± 1.8 vs. 15.6 ± 2.5%; p = 0.016] was noticed. There were no significant changes in LA volumes between stages, while LA active EF (34.3 ± 6.4 vs. 39.4 ± 8.6%; p = 0.020), along with LA PACS (12.8 ± 2.1 vs. 14.9 ± 2.7%; p = 0.002), increased post race. After the race, an increase in right ventricular (RV) dimensions (RV end-diastolic volume index, 48.8 ± 11.0 vs. 60.0 ± 11.1 ml/m2; p = 0.001) and a decrease in RV function (RV ejection fraction, 54.9 ± 6.3 vs. 49.1 ± 6.3%; p = 0.006) were observed. The magnitude of post-race RV dilatation was correlated with peak RA longitudinal strain deterioration (r = -0.56, p = 0.032). The measured parameters did not differ between stages 1 and 3. In female amateur athletes, apart from RV enlargement and dysfunction, marathon running promotes transient biatrial remodeling, with more pronounced changes in the RA. Post-race RA dilatation and increment of the active contraction force of both atria are observed. However, RA reservoir function diminishes in those with post-race RV dilation.

Electrocardiographic Changes in Male and Female Amateur Marathon Runners: A Comparison Study.

Physical training is gaining popularity among amateurs. Males and females exhibit different cardiac adaptation to exercise. The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of electrocardiographic abnormalities before and after the marathon between sexes. 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed in 40 male (39±8 years) and 27 female (40±7 years) amateur runners: 2-3 weeks before (Stage 1) and immediately after (Stage 2) the marathon. Abnormalities in the resting (Stage 1) and exercise (Stage 2) electrocardiograms were compared between sexes. At rest left atrial enlargement was more frequent in females than males (48 vs. 20%; p<0.05). The incidence of right atrial enlargement was significantly more common at Stage 2 than 1, both in men (43 vs. 0%; p<0.001) and in women (48 vs. 4%; p=0.001). Significant increase of P-wave amplitude was found in male runners after the marathon (0.12±0.05 vs. 0.21±0.09 mV; p<0.001 Stage 1 vs. 2), but was absent in females. QTc prolongation was observed in both sexes, however to a higher degree in males (p<0.05 for the interaction stage and sex). Although both male and female amateur marathon runners exhibit abnormalities in resting and exercise electrocardiograms, men present more exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes, which might indicate a higher propensity for post-marathon arrhythmias. Electrocardiographic screening in amateurs should be considered.

Post-marathon Decline in Right Ventricular Radial Motion Component Among Amateur Sportsmen.

Moderate physical activity has a positive impact on health, although extreme forms of sport such as marathon running may trigger exercise-induced cardiac fatigue. The explicit distinction between the right ventricular (RV) physiological response to training and maladaptive remodeling has not yet been determined. In this study, we aimed to analyze the impact of running a marathon on RV mechanics in amateur athletes using three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (ECHO) and the ReVISION method (RV separate wall motion quantification). A group of 34 men with a mean age of 40 ± 8 years who successfully finished a marathon underwent ECHO three times, i.e., 2 weeks before the marathon (stage I), at the marathon finish line (stage II), and 2 weeks after the marathon (stage III). The ECHO findings were then correlated with the concentrations of biomarkers related to myocardial injury and overload and also obtained at the three stages. On finishing the marathon, the amateur athletes were found to have a significant (p < 0.05) increase in end-diastolic (with a median of 51.4 vs. 57.0 ml/m2) and end-systolic (with a median of 24.9 vs. 31.5 ml/m2) RV volumes indexed to body surface area, reduced RV ejection fraction (RVEF) (with a median of 51.0% vs. 46.0%), and a decrease in RV radial shortening [i.e., radial EF (REF)] (with a mean of 23.0 ± 4.5% vs. 19.3 ± 4.2%), with other RV motion components remaining unchanged. The post-competition decrease in REF was more evident in runners with larger total volume of trainings (R 2 = 0.4776, p = 0.0002) and higher concentrations of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) during the preparation period. The decrease in REF was more prominent in the training of marathoners more than 47 km/week. At stage II, marathoners with a more marked decrease in RVEF and REF had higher galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels (r = -0.48 and r = -0.39, respectively; p < 0.05). Running a marathon significantly altered the RV performance of amateur athletes. Transient impairment in RV systolic function resulted from decreased radial shortening, which appeared in those who trained more extensively. Observed ECHO changes correlated with the concentrations of the profibrotic marker Gal-3.

Right Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction after Marathon Run.

It has been raised that marathon running may significantly impair cardiac performance. However, the post-race diastolic function has not been extensively analyzed. We aimed to assess whether the marathon run causes impairment of the cardiac diastole, which ventricle is mostly affected and whether the septal (IVS) function is altered. The study included 34 male amateur runners, in whom echocardiography was performed two weeks before, at the finish line and two weeks after the marathon. Biventricular diastolic function was assessed not only with conventional Doppler indices but also using the heart rate-adjusted isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRTc). After the run, IVRTc elongated dramatically at the right ventricular (RV) free wall, to a lesser extent at the IVS and remained unchanged at the left ventricular lateral wall. The post-run IVRTc_IVS correlated with IVRTc_RV (r = 0.38, p < 0.05), and IVRTc_RV was longer in subjects with IVS hypertrophy (88 vs. 51 ms; p < 0.05). Participants with measurable IVRT_RV at baseline (38% of runners) had longer post-race IVRTc_IVS (102 vs. 83 ms; p < 0.05). Marathon running influenced predominantly the RV diastolic function, and subjects with measurable IVRT_RV at baseline or those with IVS hypertrophy can experience greater post-race diastolic fatigue.

[Advanced programming of cardiac resynchronisation therapy under echocardiographic examination: is it feasible and efficient?].

In patients with heart failure treated with cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT), proper programming of the device can enhance the benefits of stimulation. Nowadays, adjustment of atrio-ventricular delay (AVD) is usually guided by echocardiography and performed only in resting conditions. The issue of optimal CRT programming during exercise, and the decision regarding the use of rate-adaptive pacing and rate-adaptive AVD algorithm during CRT, are largely empirical. We present a case report, and we indicate that programming of rate-adaptive pacing and rate-adaptive AVD algorithm on the basis of extended echocardiographic evaluation can further benefit the individual patient.

Right atrial appendage pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy - haemodynamic consequences of interatrial conduction delay.

The present case report describes a patient with an artificial mitral valve and dual chamber pacemaker implanted due to perioperative complete atrio-ventricular block. One year later an upgrade to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) combined with ICD function was performed due to significant progression of heart failure symptoms. Beneficial effects of CRT are demonstrated, but unfavourable haemodynamic consequences of right atrial appendage pacing are also underlined. Important interatrial conduction delay during atrial paced rhythm resulted in a significant time difference between optimal sensed and paced atrio-ventricular delay (AVD). This report provides a practical outline how to determine the interatrial delay and the sensed-paced AVD offset under echocardiography in patients treated with CRT.

Survival analysis in patients with preserved left ventricular function and standard indications for permanent cardiac pacing randomized to right ventricular apical or septal outflow tract pacing.

BACKGROUND: Optimal right ventricular (RV) pacing site in patients referred for permanent cardiac pacing remains controversial. A prospective randomized trial was done to compare long-term effect of permanent RV apex (RVA) vs RV outflow tract (RVOT) pacing on the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 122 consecutive patients (70 men, 69 +/-11 years), with standard pacing indications were randomized to RVA (66 patients) or RVOT (56 patients) ventricular lead placement. After the 10-year follow-up period the mortality data were summarized on the basis of an intention-to-treat analysis. During the long-term follow-up, 31 patients from the RVA group died vs 24 patients in the RVOT group (hazard ratio (HR), 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-1.65; P=0.89). There were 10 cardiovascular deaths in the RVA and 12 in the RVOT group (HR, 1.04; 95%CI, 0.45-2.41; P=0.93). There were no differences in the all-cause or cardiovascular mortality between the pacing sites after adjustment for age, gender, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, New York Heart Association class and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The RVOT provides no additional benefit in terms of long-term survival over RVA pacing.

Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with severe heart failure and impairment of intraventricular conduction following cardiac resynchronisation therapy.

BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic examination is essential for clinical assessment of patients after cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT). AIM: To assess the benefit of CRT in patients with end-stage heart failure at long-term follow-up. METHODS: 28 patients with end-stage heart failure, NYHA class >or= III (>or= II in patients with indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator and echocardiographic signs of ventricular mechanical systolic dyssynchrony), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%, QRS duration >120 ms and left bundle branch block morphology received a biventricular device. Standard colour Doppler echocardiography examination was performed at baseline, and then every 6 months, up to 2 years. Parameters of systolic and diastolic LV function, mitral insufficiency and right ventricular (RV) pressure were evaluated. RESULTS: Following CRT, a statistically significant improvement of LV dimensions (p<0.05), and LVEF (p<0.001) was recorded. CRT also resulted in a mitral regurgitation decrement (p<0.01). Interventricular mechanical delay was shortened (p=0.0005). After 2 years, non-significant worsening of LV dimensions was observed. At long-term follow-up CRT did not result in LV volume, left atrium, RV dimension or RV pressure reduction. CONCLUSIONS: CRT is associated with reverse remodelling of the LV at mid-term follow-up.

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure--long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with end-stage heart failure (HF). However, long-term results of CRT have not yet been validated. AIM: To assess the sustained benefit of CRT in patients with end-stage HF at long-term follow-up. In addition, predictors of response to CRT were analysed. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with end-stage HF, NYHA class >or=III (>or=II in patients with indications for ICD and echocardiographic signs of ventricular mechanical systolic dyssynchrony), left ventricular ejection fraction <35%, QRS duration >120 ms and left bundle branch block morphology received a biventricular device (BiV). In 27 patients LV pacing was achieved via the coronary sinus tributaries and in 1 patient an endocardial LV lead was introduced transseptally. Ten patients received an ICD-CRT device. The control group consisted of 29 patients fulfilling the criteria for ICD-CRT implantation in whom the CRT system was not implanted for various reasons. At baseline, 3 months after implantation, and then every 6 months the following parameters were evaluated: NYHA class, quality of life (QoL) score, QRS duration on surface ECG, and 6-minute walking distance. The need for hospitalisation assessed one year before and one year after implantation was compared. Follow-up was obtained up to 2 years. RESULTS: The NYHA class and 6-minute walking test were significantly improved in the CRT group after 3 months and continued to improve gradually until 24 months of follow-up. The QoL improvement at 6 months was sustained over 2 years. Hospitalisation rate due to worsening of HF decreased. One-year and two-year survival were significantly better in the CRT group than in the control group (94 and 87 vs. 80 and 73% respectively). The only predictor of clinical improvement after CRT implantation was baseline NYHA class. CONCLUSION: Clinical improvements with CRT are progressive and sustained over 2 years of follow-up.

Biventricular pacing demonstrates similar effects in elderly and younger patients with advanced heart failure in the mid-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Biventricular (BIV) pacing has been shown to improve haemodynamics and functional status of patients (pts) with advanced chronic heart failure (CHF). No study has determined the effects of BIV in relation to the age of pts. AIM: To compare the clinical outcome in two groups of pts: > or =65 years (yrs) and <65 yrs referred for BIV pacing in our centre with at least 6 months of follow-up. METHODS: Among 15 pts > or =65 yrs and 16 pts <65 yrs successfully implanted with a BIV pacemaker, 12 and 15 pts, respectively, completed 6-month follow-up. Evaluation included change of NYHA class, 6-minute walking distance (6-minWD), drug therapy, QRS duration and echocardiographic parameters. The need for hospitalisation due to the worsening of CHF symptoms, assessed 6 months before and 6 months after BIV pacing, was compared. During long-term follow-up survival and complications related to this therapy were analysed. RESULTS: In both groups after 6 months of BIV pacing clinical improvement was observed, as demonstrated by the reduction in NYHA class (p <0.005), average duration of hospitalisation due to CHF (p <0.05) and diuretics doses (p <0.05). The comparison of changes in these parameters between the two groups, as well as of changes in 6-minWD and echocardiographic parameters, did not show significant difference. BIV pacing enabled an increase in the dosage of beta-blockers (in 50% pts > or =65 yrs and 60% pts <65 yrs), as well as of ACEI or ARB (25% and 40% pts, respectively). Survival was 80% in 15 pts > or =65 yrs during 16+/-15 months of follow-up and 81% in 16 pts v65 yrs during 22+/-14 months. All complications occurred in the 30-day post-operative period with similar frequency in both groups, also when LV lead-related complications were compared. CONCLUSIONS: In the mid-term follow-up BIV pacing demonstrates similar improvement in clinical status and exercise tolerance in elderly pts > or =65 yrs, as compared with pts <65 yrs. In both groups BIV pacing reduced the need for hospitalisation due to worsening of CHF symptoms, and enabled beneficial changes in the pharmacological treatment. Elderly patients are not at risk of more frequent complications associated with BIV pacing.

[Electrical remodeling in a patient with biventricular pacemaker]. / Remodeling elektryczny u leczonego stymulacja dwukomorowa.

Electrical remodelling in a patient with biventricular pacemaker - a case report. A case of a 70-year-old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy is presented. The patient underwent biventricular pacemaker implantation and improved markedly. Indications for resynchronisation therapy are discussed.