Virulence factors, antifungal susceptibility and molecular profile in Candida species isolated from the hands of health professionals before and after cleaning with 70% ethyl alcohol-based gel.

Fungal infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are mainly related to Candida species, with high mortality rates. They are predominantly of endogenous origin, however, cross-infection transmitted by healthcare professionals' hands has occurred. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species isolated from the hands of healthcare professionals in a NICU before and after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel and evaluate virulence factors DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, biofilm biomass production, and metabolic activity. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also performed. C. parapsilosis complex was the most frequent species (57.1%); all isolates presented at least one virulence factor; three isolates (Candida parapsilosis complex) were resistant to amphotericin B, two (Candida famata [currently Debaryomyces hansenii] and Candida guilliermondii [currently Meyerozyma guilliermondii]) was resistant to micafungin, and six (Candida parapsilosis complex, Candida guilliermondii [=Meyerozyma guilliermondii], Candida viswanathi, Candida catenulata [currently Diutina catenulata] and Candida lusitaniae [currently Clavispora lusitaniae]) were resistant to fluconazole. Molecular analysis by RAPD revealed two clusters of identical strains that were in the hands of distinct professionals. Candida spp. were isolated even after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel, highlighting the importance of stricter basic measures for hospital infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission.

Metals quantification in e-cigarettes liquids by Total Reflection X-ray Spectrometry.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cig) have gained popularity around the world and its health risks demands more research. This study aims at characterizing e-cig liquids (e-liquids) and its constituents by Total Reflection X-ray Spectrometry (TXRF). The internal standard method was the quantification procedure employed. The spectrometer's performance was evaluated with one certified reference material and spiked samples. It was possible to quantify K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, and Pb in the e-liquids. Concentrations above the limit for potable water were found in 10 out of 38 samples. Principal component analysis was useful for identifying toxic samples. TXRF is a promising technique for e-liquids evaluation due to its simplicity and performance.

Evaluation of respiratory complications in a cohort of preterm infants who did not receive palivizumab monoclonal antibodies.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the occurrence of respiratory complications over the first year of life in preterm infants who did not receive palivizumab monoclonal antibodies. METHODS: analytical retrospective cohort study with preterm infants born between 2012 and 2016 in Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection occurred from January to November 2018, by consulting hospital and primary healthcare medical records. Data were processed with the Poisson regression model, with p<0.05. RESULTS: of a total of 5,213 preterm births, 504 (9.7%) met the inclusion criteria. The preterm infants in this subset were assisted 2,899 times in primary care, which resulted in 1,098 (37.5%) medical diagnoses, of which 803 (78.5%) involved the respiratory tract. Preterm babies fed on formula milk at hospital discharge had more diagnoses of respiratory diseases. Maternal age (p=0.039), respiratory diagnosis at hospital discharge (p=0.028), and number of sporadic appointments (p<0.001) showed a significant association with bronchiolitis; number of sporadic appointments showed a significant association with occurrence of respiratory diseases; and breastfeeding had a protective effect against the development of bronchiolitis. CONCLUSIONS: preterm infants who did not receive palivizumab showed a high percentage of respiratory diseases, and breastfeeding helped protect them against bronchiolitis. It is recommended that these preterm babies be monitored in primary health care.

Evaluation of respiratory complications in a cohort of preterm infants who did not receive palivizumab monoclonal antibodies / Evaluación de complicaciones respiratorias en cohorte de prematuros no contemplados con el anticuerpo monoclonal palivizumab / Avaliação das intercorrências respiratórias em coorte de prematuros não contemplados com o anticorpo monoclonal palivizumabe

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the occurrence of respiratory complications over the first year of life in preterm infants who did not receive palivizumab monoclonal antibodies. Methods: analytical retrospective cohort study with preterm infants born between 2012 and 2016 in Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection occurred from January to November 2018, by consulting hospital and primary healthcare medical records. Data were processed with the Poisson regression model, with p<0.05. Results: of a total of 5,213 preterm births, 504 (9.7%) met the inclusion criteria. The preterm infants in this subset were assisted 2,899 times in primary care, which resulted in 1,098 (37.5%) medical diagnoses, of which 803 (78.5%) involved the respiratory tract. Preterm babies fed on formula milk at hospital discharge had more diagnoses of respiratory diseases. Maternal age (p=0.039), respiratory diagnosis at hospital discharge (p=0.028), and number of sporadic appointments (p<0.001) showed a significant association with bronchiolitis; number of sporadic appointments showed a significant association with occurrence of respiratory diseases; and breastfeeding had a protective effect against the development of bronchiolitis. Conclusions: preterm infants who did not receive palivizumab showed a high percentage of respiratory diseases, and breastfeeding helped protect them against bronchiolitis. It is recommended that these preterm babies be monitored in primary health care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar complicaciones respiratorias en el primer año de vida de prematuros no contemplados con anticuerpo monoclonal palivizumab. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, analítico, con prematuros nacidos entre 2012 y 2016 en Uberlândia, MG. Datos recolectados de enero a noviembre de 2018 en historias clínicas hospitalarias y de atención básica. Se utilizó modelo de regresión de Poisson, considerándose p<0,05. Resultados: de 5.513 nacimientos prematuros, 504 (9,7%) atendieron criterios; estos prematuros recibieron 2.899 consultas en atención básica; 1.098 (37,5%) con diagnóstico médico; 803 (78,5%) del tracto respiratorio. Prematuros con fórmula láctea al alta hospitalaria recibieron más diagnósticos de enfermedades respiratorias. Edad materna (p=0,039), diagnóstico respiratorio al alta (p=0,028), cantidad de consultas eventuales (p<0,001) mostraron asociación significativa con bronquiolitis. Conclusiones: prematuros sin palivizumab mostraron elevado porcentaje de enfermedades respiratorias; se observó efecto protector de la lactancia materna. Se recomienda el seguimiento de dichos prematuros en atención primaria.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar intercorrências respiratórias no primeiro ano de vida de prematuros não contemplados com anticorpo monoclonal palivizumabe. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo, analítico, com prematuros nascidos entre 2012 e 2016, em Uberlândia, MG. Coleta realizada de janeiro a novembro de 2018, em prontuários hospitalar e da atenção básica. Utilizou-se modelo de regressão de Poisson; considerou-se p<0.05. Resultados: de 5.213 nascimentos prematuros, 504 (9,7%) atenderam os critérios; esses prematuros tiveram 2.899 atendimentos na atenção básica; 1.098 (37,5%) com diagnóstico médico, 803 (78,5%) do trato respiratório. Prematuros com fórmula láctea na alta hospitalar tiveram mais diagnósticos de doenças respiratórias. Idade materna (p=0,039), diagnóstico respiratório na alta (p=0,028), número de consultas eventuais (p<0,001) apresentaram associação significativa com bronquiolite. Consultas eventuais foram significantes para doenças respiratórias; o aleitamento materno mostrou-se protetor para bronquiolite. Conclusões: prematuros sem palivizumabe apresentaram elevado percentual de doenças respiratórias; observou-se efeito protetor do aleitamento materno. Recomenda-se vigilância desses prematuros na atenção primária.

Revisão da anatomia e dos principais órgãos do Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The zebrafish or paulistinha fish as it is popularly known in Brazil, is a freshwater vertebrate originating in Asia that has been considered an ideal model for studies in numerous human diseases, such as genetics, behavior and toxicology. Due to genetic similarity with humans and low-cost maintenance, they are very useful as models for experimental research, and an alternative to the mouse model. Studies have shown that 70% of their genes are similar to those of mammals, including humans. Thus, as an experimental model it has been used in research involving various biological areas, in addition to human pathologies, such as and integumentary, skeletal, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, cardiac and sensory systems, diseases among others. This review highlights the importance of its anatomy and main systems, to future research involving this model.

O zebrafish ou peixe paulistinha como é popularmente conhecido no Brasil, é um vertebrado de água doce originário da Ásia que vem sendo considerado um modelo ideal para estudos em numerosas doenças humanas principalmente nas áreas da genética, comportamental e toxicológicos. Devido à semelhança genética com seres humanos e seu baixo custo de manutenção e criação, atualmente são os modelos animais mais utilizados para pesquisas experimentais apresentando-se como modelo alternativo. Estudos demonstraram que 70% de seus genes são semelhantes aos dos mamíferos, inclusive dos humanos. Dessa forma, esse modelo experimental também vem sendo utilizado em pesquisas envolvendo diversas áreas biológicas, além de servir como estudos em diversas patologias humanas, como doenças dos sistemas tegumentar, esquelético, gastrointestinal, respiratório, urogenital, cardíaco, sensorial entre outros. Nesta revisão foi possível demonstrar sua anatomia e seus principais sistemas de forma objetiva, podendo colaborar com futuras pesquisas.

Cryptococcus liquefaciens isolated from the hand of a healthcare professional in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Fungal infections are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in neonatal patients, especially in premature newborns. Infections in neonates caused by Cryptococcus spp. are rare, but it has occurred in an immunocompromised population. This study aims to describe the isolation of Cryptococcus liquefaciens from the hands of a health professional in a neonatal intensive care unit, and to evaluate the production of biofilm and virulence factors and susceptibility to antifungals. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute document M27-A3. Thermotolerance virulence factors and DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolytic activities were verified through phenotypic tests; biofilm was evaluated by determining the metabolic activity and biomass. The isolate did not produce any of the tested enzymes and was susceptible to all antifungals (amphotericin B, fluconazole, and micafungin). The growth at 37 °C was very weak; however, the isolate showed a strong biomass production and low metabolic activity. This is the first report of C. liquefaciens isolated from the hands of a health professional. The isolate did not express any of the studied virulence factors in vitro, except for the low growth at 37 °C in the first 48 h, and the strong production of biofilm biomass. Cryptococcus liquefaciens can remain in the environment for a long time and is a human pathogen because it tolerates temperature variations. This report draws attention to the circulation of rare species in critical locations, information that may help in a fast and correct diagnosis and, consequently, implementation of an appropriate treatment.

Impact of alcohol gel on hand bacteria in healthcare professionals / Impacto del gel de alcohol en las bacterias de las manos en los profesionales sanitarios / Impacto do álcool gel nas bactérias das mãos de profissionais de saúde

Background and objectives: Healthcare-Associated Infections are a problem reported by hospitals worldwide, increasing patient morbidity and mortality, prolonging hospitalization, and increasing health care costs. The hands of health professionals are still the main source of infections, making hand hygiene extremely important for spreading infection control. The objective of this study was to analyze the presence of bacteria on the hands of health professionals after hygiene with alcohol gel in a Neonatal Unit and describe the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials. Methods: Hand samples were collected using the modified glove-juice method on both occasions, before and after hand hygiene with alcohol gel. Bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF and susceptibility tests according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M100-E29. Results: A total of 214 samples were obtained, of which 104 (48.6%) showed bacterial growth before hand hygiene and 52 (24.3%) after hand hygiene with alcohol gel. There were 217 isolates from the cultures, of which coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequent with 41 (27.2%) and 24 (36.4%) positive cultures, respectively before and after hand hygiene. The second most frequent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae with 32 (21.2%) and 16 (24.2%), respectively before and after hand hygiene. Multidrug resistance to antimicrobials was detected in 58.1% of gram-positive bacteria and in 34.3% of gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: A decrease was observed, but not an elimination of the microbial load after hand hygiene with alcohol gel, demonstrating the need for improvements in hand hygiene.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: As Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde são um problema relatado por hospitais em todo o mundo, aumentando a morbimortalidade dos pacientes, prolongando a hospitalização e aumentando os custos dos cuidados de saúde. As mãos dos profissionais de saúde ainda são a principal fonte de infecções, tornando a higienização das mãos extremamente importante para a disseminação do controle de infecções. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de bactérias nas mãos de profissionais de saúde após higienização com álcool gel em uma Unidade Neonatal e descrever a resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos. Métodos: Amostras de mãos foram coletadas pelo método luva-suco modificado em ambas as ocasiões, antes e após a higienização das mãos com álcool gel. As bactérias foram identificadas por MALDI-TOF e testes de suscetibilidade de acordo com o documento M100-E29 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Resultados: Obteve-se um total de 214 amostras, das quais 104 (48,6%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano antes da higienização das mãos e 52 (24,3%) após a higienização das mãos com álcool gel. Foram 217 isolados das culturas, sendo Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo o mais frequente com 41 (27,2%) e 24 (36,4%) culturas positivas, respectivamente antes e após a higienização das mãos. O segundo microrganismo mais frequente foi Klebsiella pneumoniae com 32 (21,2%) e 16 (24,2%), respectivamente antes e após a higienização das mãos. A multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi detectada em 58,1% das bactérias gram-positivas e em 34,3% das bactérias gram-negativas. Conclusão: Observou-se diminuição, mas não eliminação da carga microbiana após higienização das mãos com álcool gel, demonstrando a necessidade de melhorias na higienização das mãos.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de la Salud son un problema reportado por los hospitales a nivel mundial, aumentando la morbimortalidad de los pacientes, prolongando la hospitalización y aumentando los costos de la atención médica. Las manos de los profesionales de la salud siguen siendo la principal fuente de infecciones, por lo que la higiene de manos es extremadamente importante para el control de infecciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la presencia de bacterias en las manos de los profesionales de la salud después de la higiene con alcohol en gel en una Unidad Neonatal y describir la resistencia de los microorganismos a los antimicrobianos. Métodos: Se recogieron muestras de manos mediante el método guante-jugo modificado en ambas ocasiones, antes y después de la higiene de manos con alcohol en gel. Las bacterias se identificaron mediante MALDI- -TOF y pruebas de susceptibilidad de acuerdo con el documento M100-E29 del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 214 muestras, de las cuales 104 (48,6%) presentaron crecimiento bacteriano antes de la higiene de manos y 52 (24,3%) después de la higiene de manos con alcohol en gel. Hubo 217 aislamientos de los cultivos, de los cuales el Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue el más frecuente con 41 (27,2%) y 24 (36,4%) cultivos positivos, respectivamente antes y después de la higiene de manos. El segundo microorganismo más frecuente fue Klebsiella pneumoniae con 32 (21,2%) y 16 (24,2%), respectivamente antes y después de la higiene de manos. Se detectó multirresistencia a los antimicrobianos en el 58,1% de las bacterias grampositivas y en el 34,3% de las bacterias gramnegativas. Conclusión: Se observó una disminución, pero no una eliminación de la carga microbiana después de la higiene de manos con alcohol en gel, lo que demuestra la necesidad de mejoras en la higiene de manos.(AU)

Quantification of biofilm produced by clinical, environment and hands' isolates Klebsiella species using colorimetric and classical methods.

Some species of Klebsiella, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, are important nosocomial pathogens frequently involved in outbreaks in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) and have the ability to form a biofilm. This study aims to evaluate the biofilm production of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca isolates collected from the hands of health professionals, neonates' blood and the environment of a Brazilian NICU, using three colorimetric methods and a classical method of counting the colony-forming units and compare the analysis among these techniques. The biofilm formation was carried out by the microplate technique, using three colorimetric assays: crystal violet, safranin and 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl) -5 [(phenylamino) arbonyl] - 2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT). Also, colony-forming units were determined. Twenty-eight isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from the blood, hands and environment and five of K. oxytoca from the hands and environment. All of them were strong biofilm producers, but K. pneumoniae isolates produced more biofilm than K. oxytoca when compared to the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains used as positive controls. The number of viable cells in the biofilm produced by K. pneumoniae isolated from blood was significantly higher than in the control sample. Regarding the three colorimetric tests used in the study, the violet crystal obtained a higher absorbance average. The use of crystal-violet and XTT in the evaluation of biofilm in vitro make possible a complete analysis, since that it can quantify the total biomass (including the extracellular matrix) and evaluate the metabolic activity. In conclusion, this study identified isolates of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca that produce biofilms in the NICU and the bloodstream of neonates. This fact deserves attention since these patients are immunocompromised. The best methods will be chosen to answer research questions by always adopting more than one method so that more than one parameter or component of the biofilm is analyzed.

Temporal behavior analysis of leachate contamination in a tropical landfill.

Leachate generation is one of the problems present in the landfills and dumps, needing monitoring and quantification for the environmental conservation. The objective of this paper is to evaluate temporal data of leachate contamination in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill, located in the midwest of São Paulo state, Brazil. The physical-chemical parameters and chemical compounds of the local groundwater were evaluated during 13 years (2002 to 2015). The methodology included data processing and temporal behavior analysis by Mann-Kendall test. Physical-chemical parameters demonstrated a change from acid to basic medium and decrease of BOD, COD, and TOC concentrations. Chemical compounds demonstrated high concentrations close to the administration building of the landfill, despite the decrease of certain compounds (Al, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Pb, SO42-, total PO43-, Zn) over time in the entire landfill area. The results demonstrate that the landfill is in natural attenuation process, and the structures of the surrounding landscape and the location of the MSW disposal are fundamental to understand the presence and rate of each chemical compound.

Private self-consciousness, self-reflection, insight and alcohol consumption among young people and adults / Autoconsciência privada, autorreflexão, insight e consumo de álcool entre jovens e adultos / Autoconciencia privada, autorreflexión, insight y consumo de alcohol entre jóvenes y adultos

Private self-consciousness is a relevant metacognitive capacity in the self-regulation process, with possible implications in alcohol consumption. This research verified the influence of self-reflection and insight, dimensions of private self-consciousness, on drinking behavior. A total of 523 Brazilians, aged from 20 to 39 years old, participated in a survey by answering the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale and the AUDIT test. The results showed that women have higher levels of self-reflection, whereas men have higher levels of insight. With regard to alcohol consumption, young people drink at higher risk levels than adults. Self-reflection and insight were negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. Age and gender differences in the intensity of the correlation between variables and the influence of environmental factors on the regulation of drinking behavior are discussed. (AU)

A autoconsciência privada é uma capacidade metacognitiva relevante no processo de autorregulação, com possível implicação no consumo de álcool. Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar a relação da autorreflexão e do insight, dimensões da autoconsciência privada, no comportamento de beber. Participaram 523 brasileiros, de 20 a 39 anos que responderam à Escala de Autorreflexão e Insight e ao teste AUDIT. Os resultados indicaram que mulheres apresentam níveis mais elevados de autorreflexão, enquanto homens, de insight. Quanto ao consumo de álcool, jovens bebem em níveis considerados mais arriscados do que adultos. A autorreflexão e o insight correlacionaram negativamente com o consumo de álcool. Diferenças etárias e de gênero na intensidade da correlação entre variáveis e a influência de fatores ambientais na regulação do beber são discutidas. (AU)

La autoconciencia privada es una capacidad metacognitiva relevante en el proceso de autorregulación, con posibles implicaciones en el consumo de alcohol. Esta investigación verificó la relación entre autorreflexión e Insight, dimensiones de la autoconciencia privada, en el comportamiento de beber. Participaron 523 brasileños (20 a 39 años) que respondieron la Escala de Autorreflexión e Insight y el test AUDIT. Los resultados estadísticos mostraron que las mujeres tienen mayores niveles de autorreflexión, mientras que los hombres de Insight. En cuanto a consumo de alcohol, los jóvenes beben en niveles considerados más arriesgados que los adultos. Autorreflexión e Insight se correlacionaron negativamente con el consumo de alcohol. Se discuten las diferencias de edad y género con relación a la intensidad de correlación entre las variables y la influencia de factores ambientales en la regulación de beber. (AU)

Proposal for MSW contaminant classification applied to a tropical aquifer.

Groundwater is a natural resource exploited worldwide causing danger due to the lixiviation of waste deposited, which presents high potential degradation. Internationally, regulation aims for the maintenance of the quality of this resource. But the local lithology, mainly in countries with tropical weather, was not considered. This paper has an objective to propose two methodologies of contaminant identification of municipal solid waste (MSW) considering the Brazilian regulation, the local lithology and the temporal aspect. The study site is located in the midwest of São Paulo, at the Marília Formation, Bauru Aquifer, which presents sandstone rich in calcite. At first, the historic monitoring data accumulated between 2002 and 2015 were statistically organized. Then, methodologies of classification of major constituents and contamination method were developed. After these analyses, the compounds that possibly cause anomaly in the local environment are Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, phosphatic, nitrogenous, and sulfated compounds, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, and Pb. Some of these have lithogenic genesis typical of tropical environment, and others come from the disposed waste. Despite different approaches, both methods demonstrate efficiency in identifying the pollutants presenting distinctions among themselves in conjunction with actual local regulation and the lithogenic source of certain compounds.

Interaction between municipal solid waste leachate and Bauru aquifer system: a study case in Brazil.

Leachate contamination is a chronic and urgent problem present in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. Geochemical mathematical models in this work was suitable to study the dynamics of the leachate from an MSW landfill located in the Midwest of Sao Paulo, Brazil, a region with high precipitation and temperature and rich in chalcophile compounds and lithophile compounds, despite contamination with nitrogenous compounds. After 13 years of local aquifer monitoring, some groundwater samplings in Feb. 2004, Aug. 2007, Nov. 2009, and Feb. 2014 were chosen to be simulated. The hydrolysis is the main process at the landfill, together with absorption, adsorption, complexation, dilution, cation exchange, and oxidation, besides nitrification, reoxidation, and reduction.

Erros pré-analíticos em medicina laboratorial: uma avaliação preliminar em diferentes laboratórios de análises clínicas / Pre-analytical erros in laboratory medicine: a preliminary evaluation in different clinical laboratories

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os conhecimentos sobre erros pré-analíticos em medicina laboratorial de profissionais que atuam nesta área. Métodos: O presente estudo foi realizado por meio de um questionário para avaliar a ocorrência de erros laboratoriais pré-analíticos em dez laboratórios de análises clínicas privados e de pequeno porte nas zonas norte, sul e oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: A média de idade dos entrevistados foi de 35-55 anos, que trabalham como flebotomistas, técnicos de laboratório e analistas com formação superior. Duas das nove perguntas doquestionário de erros pré-analíticos apresentaram um elevado índice de respostas incorretas, a primeira relacionada ao tempo máximo de aplicação do torniquete/garrote ea segunda sobre as fases da etapa pré-analítica, ambas com 74% de respostas incorretas. A pergunta que apresentou um percentual de 100% de acertos estava relacionada à hemólise como causa de erros pré-analíticos. Conclusão: A melhoria da fase pré-analítica permanece um desafio para muitos laboratórios clínicos, visto quetodos os laboratórios avaliados apresentaram elevada frequência de procedimentos incorretos. É provável que este fato ocorra pela dificuldade dos laboratórios em relatar e registrar os erros provenientes da fase pré-analítica, bem como pelo despreparo dos profissionais envolvidos. Portanto, é de extrema importância a implantação de um programa para capacitação dos profissionais, a fim de minimizar a ocorrência de tais erros.

Características in vitro de isolados do complexo Cryptococcus laurentii em diferentes meios de cultura / In vitro characteristics of isolates of Cryptococcus laurentii complex in different culture media

Cryptococcus laurentii é um fungo distribuído em diversos ambientes e, eventualmente, causa infecção no homem. Por ser uma espécie considerada emergente, requer, para sua identificação laboratorial, conhecimento técnico mais especializado, provas ou testes laboratoriais específicos que nem sempre estão disponíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever características fenotípicas invitro de isolados do complexo C. laurentii em meios de cultura utilizados na rotina de laboratório de microbiologia. Foram estudados isolados do complexo C. laurentii em diferentes meios de culturae condições...

Cryptococcus laurentii is a fungus distributed in different environments, where individuals comeinto contact with it, become colonized and develop infections that vary according to their immunestatus. This species is considered emerging, and for its laboratory identification specialized technical knowledge is required, as well asspecific laboratory tests that are not always available. The objective was to describe the phenotypic characteristics of in vitro C. laurentii complexes in culture mediathat are routinely used in microbiology laboratories...