Investigation of PD-1 gene variants in patients with endometrial cancer: A case-control study.

Objective: To assess the possible association of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), PD-1.3 (+7146G/A) and PD-1.5 (+7785C/T), with endometrial cancer (EC) susceptibility. In addition, the correlations between these SNPs and available clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with EC were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 147 women with pathologically confirmed EC and 258 age- and ethnically matched healthy women were enrolled between June 2019 and May 2022. Genomic DNA was extracted, and genotyping of PD-1.3 (+7146G/A) and PD-1.5 (+7785C/T) SNPs was performed. Haplotype analysis was also performed. Pearson's chi-square test with Yates correction was used to evaluate differences in allele and genotype distributions. The 95% confidence interval and odds ratio were determined using an unconditional logistic regression model. Results: There were no remarkable differences in the allele and genotype distributions of PD-1.3 (rs11568821) and PD-1.5 (rs2227981) between healthy controls and EC patients. However, there was a remarkable difference in the AC haplotype between the control and EC groups. No association was found between the investigated SNPs and the clinicopathologic features of EC. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the aforementioned SNPs were not related to the risk of EC in the southern Iranian population.

Knowledge on Human Papillomavirus Infections, Cancer Biology, Immune Interactions, Vaccination Coverage and Common Treatments: A Comprehensive Review.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a circular, double-stranded DNA virus and recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infectious agent worldwide. The HPV life cycle encompasses three primary stages. First, the virus infiltrates the basal cells of the stratified epidermis. Second, there is a low-level expression of viral genes and preservation of the viral genome in the basal layer. Lastly, productive replication of HPV occurs in differentiated cells. An effective immune response, involving various immune cells, including innate immunity, keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer T cells, is instrumental in clearing HPV infection and thwarting the development of HPV-associated tumors. Vaccines have demonstrated their efficacy in preventing genital warts, high-grade precancerous lesions, and cancers in females. In males, the vaccines can also aid in preventing genital warts, anal precancerous lesions, and cancer. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough and detailed exploration of HPV infections, delving into its genetic characteristics, life cycle, pathogenesis, and the role of high-risk and low-risk HPV strains. In addition, this review seeks to elucidate the intricate immune interactions that govern HPV infections, spanning from innate immunity to adaptive immune responses, as well as examining the evasion mechanisms used by the virus. Furthermore, the article discusses the current landscape of HPV vaccines and common treatments, contributing to a holistic understanding of HPV and its associated diseases.

Exogenous melatonin prolongs raspberry postharvest life quality by increasing some antioxidant and enzyme activity and phytochemical contents.

There is a growing trend towards enhancing the post-harvest shelf life and maintaining the nutritional quality of horticultural products using eco-friendly methods. Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds, which are key contributors to their health-promoting properties. However, raspberries are prone to a relatively short post-harvest lifespan. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous melatonin (MEL; 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) on decay control and shelf-life extension. The results demonstrated that MEL treatment significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P ≤ 0.01). Based on the findings, MEL treatment significantly increased titratable acidity (TA), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC). Furthermore, the MEL-treated samples showed increased levels of rutin and quercetin content, as well as antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP). Additionally, the samples exhibited higher levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes compared to the control samples. Moreover, the levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and IC50 were decreased in the MEL-treated samples (P ≤ 0.01). The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained. Considering the lack of significant differences in the effects of melatonin concentrations and the low dose of 0.001 mM, this concentration is recommended for further research. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) divided the treatments into three groups based on their characteristics. Based on the Pearson correlation between TPC, TFC, TAC, and TAA, a positive correlation was observed with antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and enzyme (PAL and CAT) activities. The results of this study have identified melatonin as an eco-friendly compound that enhances the shelf life of raspberry fruits by improving phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant and enzyme activities.

Thyroid diseases in children and adults with celiac disease: A cross-sectional study.

Background: There are few reports evaluating different factors, including the severity of duodenal histopathological findings and serological levels of celiac disease (CD), in increasing the probability of thyroid diseases (TD) in adults and children with CD, so, we designed this research. Methods: CD was defined as Marsh type 2 or higher in duodenal histopathology and serological levels of anti-transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) equal to or greater than 18 IU/ml. To assess the likelihood of TD in CD patients, logistic regression analysis was employed. Results: 538 patients were included in this study. Of these, 354 (65.8%) were females and 184 (34.2%) were males. 370 (68.8%) patients were children. Overall, 57 (10.6%) patients had TD, of which 49 (9.1%) had hypothyroidism and 8 (1.5%) had hyperthyroidism. Adults had a significantly higher probability of developing TD than children (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.4; P = 0.03). The odds of developing TD were also significantly higher in patients with family marriage in parents (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.7; P = 0.03). Other variables such as gastrointestinal symptoms, anti-tTG levels, and severity of Marsh classification did not exhibit a substantial rise in the likelihood of TD development. Conclusion: The study findings indicated that the likelihood of developing TD in CD patients can be linked to advancing age and having family marriage in parents, while there was no significant association observed with anti-tTG levels, severity of histological damage, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Effectiveness of polypill for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial (PolyPars).

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of fixed-dose combination therapy (polypill) for primary and secondary prevention of major cardiovascular diseases in a typical rural setting. METHODS: The PolyPars Study is a two-arm pragmatic cluster-randomised trial nested within the PARS cohort study, including all residents aged over 50 years in the entire district in southern Iran. The 91 villages underwent random allocation into two arms: the control arm, encompassing 45 clusters, was subjected to non-pharmacological intervention (educational training on healthy lifestyle), whereas the intervention arm, comprising 46 clusters, received the non-pharmacological interventions in conjunction with a once-daily polypill tablet. This tablet comprised two antihypertensive agents, a statin and aspirin. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of major cardiovascular events defined as a composite of hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome (non-fatal myocardial infarction and unstable angina), fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal and fatal stroke, sudden death and heart failure. The Cox regression model, with shared frailty, was used to account for clustering effect. RESULTS: During December 2015-December 2016, a total of 4415 participants aged 50-75 years were recruited (2200 participants in the intervention arm and 2215 participants in the control arm). The overall median of follow-up duration was 4.6 years (interquartile interval 4.4-4.9). The achieved adherence rate to polypill in intervention arm was 86%. In the control group, 176 (8.0%) of 2215 participants developed primary outcome, compared with 88 (4.0%) of 2200 participants in the polypill group. We found substantial reduction in risk of primary outcome both in relative and absolute scales (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.65; absolute risk reduction 4.0%, 95% CI 2.5% to 5.3%). No difference in serious adverse events was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The fixed-dose combination therapy using polypill can safely halve the risk of major cardiovascular diseases at the population level. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03459560.

Essential oil composition, morphological characterization, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Iranian populations of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. (Lamiaceae).

The study focused on the morphological and chemical characteristics of 200 Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. genotypes found in natural habitats of eight regions in west of Iran. The primary objective of the study was to assess the morphological and phytochemical variability within populations grown in their natural habitats, with the aim of identifying their potential for domestication and utilization in pre-breeding programs. The plant height (PH) ranged from 50.32 to 69.65 cm, with the highest observed in population P8. The internode distances ranged from 4.7 to 6.47 cm, with the maximum distance found in P4. Flower lengths varied from 1.95 to 2.45 cm, with the minimum and maximum values observed in P4 and P3, respectively. The highest leaf length (5.20 cm) and width (3.87 cm) were recorded in P2. The aerial parts of the plant were utilized to extraction and determine the essential oil (EO) content and composition, which ranged from 0.40 to 0.78% (v/w). The analysis of EO by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified 26 compounds, constituting 99-99.5% of the EOs. The main compounds in the EO and their percentage range (v/w DW) were tau-cadinol (0.62-55.56), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.10-94.70), elemol (0.21-19.11), ß-spathulenol (0.08-14.39), 4-terpineol (0.23-10.19), and ß-eudesmol (0.21-9.94). The main chemical groups found in EOs included oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.12-68.43), and phthalates (9.73-94.72). Cluster analysis revealed three distinct chemotypes: chemotype I (populations 1 and 2) with major components of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tau-cadinol, and α-elemol; chemotype II (population 5) rich in mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; and chemotype III (populations 3, 4, 6-8) containing tau-cadinol, ß-eudesmol, and 4-terpineol. The study also evaluated total phenolic, total flavonoid, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) in leaf and flower samples of the genotypes, along with estimating total anthocyanin content in the flower samples. The total phenolic content (TPC) in leaf and flower samples ranged from 7.89 to 107.18 mg GAE/g DW and 39.98 to 86.62 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. Total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 81.04 to 143.46 mg QUE/g DW in leaf samples and from 94.82 to 133.26 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g DW in flower samples. DPPHsc IC50 (µg/mL) ranged from 0.65 to 78.74 in leaf samples and from 4.38 to 7.71 in flower samples. Anthocyanin content ranged from 1.89 to 3.75 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/g DW among populations. Canonical correspondence analysis and simple correlation demonstrated a strong association and correlations among the studied attributes. The negative correlations between leaf DPPH (DPPH L) IC50 and TFC (- 0.73), TPC (- 0.63), Elemol (- 0.90), and EO (- 0.85) indicate that these compounds have a significant impact on the antioxidant activity of the leaves. Furthermore, Fruit DPPH (DPPH F) IC50 showed a negative correlation with TPC (- 0.79) and TFC (- 0.78), but a positive correlation with flower anthocyanins (0.51), (Z)-ß-Farnesene (0.66), and 4-Terpineol (0.57). Circular cluster analysis categorized the genotypes of all individuals in the eight studied populations into three main categories based on all the studied traits, indicating significant variation in phytochemical and morphological traits among populations, surpassing the within-populations variation.

Optimization of induction and hairy root culture establishment in two mullein species, Verbascum erianthum and Verbascum stachydiforme.

The genus Verbascum, belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, has a significant center of diversity in Iran. Two of its species, V. erianthum and V. stachydiforme, originate in the Iranian-Turanian region, but no studies have been conducted on the induction of their hairy roots. This genus is a valuable source of biologically active compounds such as iridoid glycosides and flavonoids. Hairy root culture is a suitable technique for the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Three different studies were conducted to optimize the induction and establishment of hairy roots. In the first experiment, the influence of explant type (leaf and hypocotyl), six infection methods, and co-culture time (48 and 72 h) on the efficiency of hairy root induction was investigated. The results showed that the highest hairy root induction (68.18%) was observed in the leaf explants inoculated by direct infection with three wounds within 72 h co-culture time. In the second experiment, the effect of four Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC 15834, A4, A7, and A13) and leaf age (14, 21, and 28 days) on transformation efficiency and some morphological traits examined in both species were studied. The high transformation efficiency of hairy root (80.55%) was detected in the 21-day-old leaf explant of V. erianthum species that was inoculated with the A13 strain. The transformed hairy root colons were confirmed by PCR using rolB gene-specific primers. To optimize hairy root growth and avoid tissue browning, hairy roots were cultured in various media containing different antioxidants and improver agents (including ascorbic acid, citric acid, and NAA). The results showed that the highest fresh growth index (20.42) and the lowest tissue browning (9%) as well as total phenol (8.51 mg GA/g DW), and total flavonoid content (4.42 mg QUE/g DW) were obtained in medium B5 with 1.5 mg/l NAA.

Evaluation of the genetic diversity of KIR genes in patients with endometrial cancer.

Endometrial cancer (EC) constitutes more than half of all genital cancers in women, with an increasing incidence in different countries. Natural killer cells (NK cells) are kinds of innate immune cells that are controlled by sets of receptors, such as killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs), which can inhibit or activate NK cells. In this study, we evaluated the diversity and genetic association of KIRs in confirmed cases of endometrial cancer compared to healthy controls. A total of 151 women with EC and 167 age/race-matched healthy controls were analyzed for KIR genes. Demographic and histopathologic data were gathered in questionnaires, and 16 KIR genes along with two variants of KIR2DS4 (KIR2DS4fl and KIR2DS4del), were genotyped by usingsequence specific primers-polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) method. A comparison between cases and controls revealed that although there were not any significant differences in A haplotype associated genes and also the variants of KIR2DS4 (p >0.05), B haplotype associated genes such as KIR2DS2 and KIR2DL2 decreased significantly in EC patients in comparison with healthy controls (p=0.03 and p=0.01, respectively). Furthermore, we found that EC mostly developed in cases with the AA genotype; however, the carriers of Bx and C4T4 genotypes were less frequent in patients with EC. Our results revealed that KIR2DS2 and KIR2DL2, along with Bx and C4T4 genotypes, have a protective impact against developing endometrial cancer in Iranians.

Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic through Data-Driven Resource Sharing.

COVID-19 outbreaks in local communities can result in a drastic surge in demand for scarce resources such as mechanical ventilators. To deal with such demand surges, many hospitals (1) purchased large quantities of mechanical ventilators, and (2) canceled/postponed elective procedures to preserve care capacity for COVID-19 patients. These measures resulted in a substantial financial burden to the hospitals and poor outcomes for non-COVID-19 patients. Given that COVID-19 transmits at different rates across various regions, there is an opportunity to share portable healthcare resources to mitigate capacity shortages triggered by local outbreaks with fewer total resources. This paper develops a novel data-driven adaptive robust simulation-based optimization (DARSO) methodology for optimal allocation and relocation of mechanical ventilators over different states and regions. Our main methodological contributions lie in a new policy-guided approach and an efficient algorithmic framework that mitigates critical limitations of current robust and stochastic models and make resource-sharing decisions implementable in real-time. In collaboration with epidemiologists and infectious disease doctors, we give proof of concept for the DARSO methodology through a case study of sharing ventilators among regions in Ohio and Michigan. The results suggest that our optimal policy could satisfy ventilator demand during the first pandemic's peak in Ohio and Michigan with 14% (limited sharing) to 63% (full sharing) fewer ventilators compared to a no sharing strategy (status quo), thereby allowing hospitals to preserve more elective procedures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sharing unused ventilators (rather than purchasing new machines) can result in 5% (limited sharing) to 44% (full sharing) lower expenditure, compared to no sharing, considering the transshipment and new ventilator costs.

Outcomes of Different Donor and Recipient Vessel and Ureteral Anastomoses in En Bloc Kidney Transplant From Pediatric Deceased Donors: A Retrospective Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the possible role of different donor and recipient vessel and ureteral anastomoses on survival and functional outcomes in en bloc kidney transplants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort included 99 en bloc kidney transplants performed from December 2005 to March 2022. Recipients were grouped based on donor's vessel (distal [n = 84] or proximal [n = 15] abdominal aorta), recipient's vessel (abdominal aorta [n = 3], external [n = 21], internal [n = 50], or common [n = 25] iliac artery), and ureteral anastomosis (separate [n = 32] or common [n = 67]). Patient and graft survival, complication rates, and estimated glomerular filtration rate trends were compared between groups. RESULTS: Pediatric brain dead donors had a mean age and weight of 37 ± 22 months and 14 ± 4 kg, respectively. Donor and recipient vessel and ureteral anastomoses did not affect overall survival (P = .306, .296, and .225), graft survival (P = .720, .172, and .124), and vascular (P = .347, .689, and .264) and urinary (P = .587, .172, and .385) complication rates. Lymphoceles requiring intervention were significantly more prevalent in the recipient external iliac artery group (P = .008) but were independent of donor vessel and ureteral anastomosis (P = .587 and 1.00). Estimated glomerular filtration rate trend was independentofdonor(P=.921) andrecipient vessel(P=.878 and .536). CONCLUSIONS: We found that different arterial and ureteral anastomoses appear to have comparable outcomes in en bloc kidney transplant with the exception of recipient external iliac artery, which may be slightly inferior because of the relatively higher rate of lymphoceles requiring intervention.

Laparoscopic gastric plication: A long-term follow-up and comparison of outcomes in severe vs. non-severe obesity.

BACKGROUND: LGGCP is a non-gastrectomy, restrictive bariatric technique. This study aims to assess its long-term efficacy. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study on LGGCP patients (2010-2019) from a single tertiary center, followed for up to 60 months. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients with obesity were included in the study. The mean five-year postoperative BMI was 32.00. Excess weight loss (EWL): 30%-50% and EWL<30% occurred in 16 and 9 cases, respectively. The mean EWL was higher at 3-, 6-, and 12- months post-operation in patients with a BMI<40. Weight regain was 46.3% at the five-year follow-up. Eighty-seven patients had associated comorbidity, and 76 had improved in at least one of their comorbidities. Sixteen patients (17.0%) experienced complications. CONCLUSION: LGGCP is safe and effective, with benefits in patients with BMI<40. Thus, we suggest the usage of LGGCP, especially in this group of patients, due to its less-invasive nature and acceptable cost-benefit. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required for validation.

Evaluation of cell adhesion molecules (LFA-1 and L-selectin) in ankylosing spondylitis patients after treatment with ß-D-mannuronic acid (M2000).

Background & objectives: To examine ß-D-mannuronic acid (M2000) effects on L-selectin shedding and leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) expression as mechanisms of action of this drug in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: To investigate the molecular consequences of ß-D-mannuronic acid on L-selectin shedding, flow cytometry method was used. Furthermore, the effect of it on LFA-1 gene expression was analyzed by using quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR technique. Results: The LFA-1 expression in patients with AS was higher than controls (P=0.046). The LFA-1 expression after 12 wk therapy with ß-D-mannuronic acid was meaningfully decreased (P=0.01). After 12 wk treatment with ß-D-mannuronic acid, the frequency of CD62L-expressing CD4+ T cells in patients with AS, was not considerably altered, compared to the patients before therapy (P=0.5). Furthermore, after 12 wk therapy with ß-D-mannuronic acid, L-selectin expression levels on CD4+ T-cells in patients with AS, were not remarkably changed, compared to the expression levels of these in patients before treatment (P=0.2). Interpretation & conclusions: The results of this study for the first time showed that ß-D-mannuronic acid can affect events of adhesion cascade in patients with AS. Moreover, ß-D-mannuronic acid presented as an acceptable benefit to AS patients and could aid in the process of disease management.

Liver fibrosis in pars cohort study: A large-scale study on the prevalence and correlated factors.

BACKGROUNDS AND STUDY AIMS: The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) is a non-invasive scoring system for estimating liver fibrosis severity as a biomarker of chronic liver disease. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and severity of chronic liver disease at the community level using FIB-4. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Pars Cohort database collected in Valashar, Fars province, Iran. Participants were divided into three groups based on their FIB-4 scores: low risk of liver fibrosis (FIB < 1.45), intermediate cases (1.45 ≤ FIB-4 ≤ 3.25), and high risk of liver fibrosis (FIB-4 > 3.25). RESULTS: In total, 9269 individuals with a mean age of 52.65 years were enrolled in the study, of which 4278 (46.2 %) were male. Among all participants, 7853 (84.7 %) were in the low-risk, and 65 (0.7 %) were in the high-risk groups. In the final ordinal regression model, male gender, being a farmer or rancher, living in rural areas, history of opioid use, history of jaundice, no history of diabetes, history of depression, and positive HBs Ag were independently associated with higher FIB-4 scores. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that males, individuals residing in rural areas, and those engaged in farming and ranching occupations face a heightened risk of liver fibrosis. These findings emphasize the need for future programs for early detection and effective management of liver fibrosis in these at-risk populations.

Intraoperative use of electrical impedance spectroscopy for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Electrical Impedimetric Tumor Detection System is a novel and promising tool for fast intraoperative tumor delineation and accurate safe margin detection in orbital tumors. Abstract: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor of epithelial origin, typically arising from the salivary and lacrimal glands. ACC is notorious for recurrence and a high rate of morbidity and mortality despite therapy. We presented a 48-year-old male patient with lacrimal gland ACC of the right orbit who underwent radical tumor resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. We applied a new diagnostic method, the Electrical Impedimetric Tumor Detection System, during surgery and tested its performance to enhance the precision of tumor resection. Two months after surgery, he underwent external radiation of 58 Gy in 29 fractions. He showed no tumor recurrence or metastasis in the 1-year follow-up visits. ITDS showed a precision of tumor and margin detection consistent with histopathology results. This novel ITDS may be a reliable system for fast intraoperative tumor delineation and accurate, safe margin detection in orbital tumors.

Allelic and Genotypic Analysis of LncRNA ANRIL rs4977574 A/G Mutations in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: Insights into Tumor Characteristics and Genotypic Correlations.

Aim: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) ANRIL and its genetic polymorphisms are shown to be associated with the risk of several cancers. However, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of lncRNA ANRIL are not thoroughly assessed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) which is the most prevalent cancer in the head and neck area. Thus, this study aimed to assess the association of SNP of lncRNA ANRIL rs4977574 in patients with OSCC. Methods and Materials: 106 blood samples from the patients with OSCC were obtained with a gender- and age-matched control group to evaluate the SNP of rs4977574 of lncRNA ANRIL. The DNA was extracted using the salt-out technique and DNA genotyping was undertaken using specific primer pairs in the tetra-primer ARMS-PCR technique. Eventually, the frequency of wild-type (A) and the mutated allele (G), as well as the genotypes were estimated between the groups of patients with OSCC and healthy individuals. Results: The results of our study indicated no statistically significant difference in the frequency of rs4977574 A/G of lncRNA ANRIL among the patients with OSCC and healthy individuals (p > 0.05). Likewise, no significant difference was found in the genotypes' frequencies (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the marked association of GG with smaller tumor size and the high level of differentiation of OSCC cells in the presence of AA or AG genotypes were interesting outcomes of this study (p < 0.05). Similarly, all the genotypes AA, AG, and GG were correlated with the site of the occurrence of OSCC. Furthermore, the association of the genotypes with the lymph node metastasis and the tumors stage was not found to be significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that rs4977574 A/G and its genotypes do not have any direct correlation with the presence of OSCC; however, its association with the smaller tumor size and the level of the cancer cells differentiation could imply its possible indirect role.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global epidemiology of pediatric traumatic spinal cord injuries.

Despite being relatively rare, pediatric traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a debilitating event with high morbidity and long-term damage and dependency. This study aims to provide insight on the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric TSCI worldwide. The studies were included if they provided data for the pediatric population with the diagnosis of TSCI. Information sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. All databases were searched from 1990 to April 2023. The quality of included studies was evaluated by Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. The results of the meta-analysis were presented as forest plots. PROSPERO Registration code: CRD42020189757. We identified 87 studies from 18 developed and 11 developing countries. Of the 87 studies evaluated, 52 studies were considered medium quality, 27 studies were considered high quality, and 8 studies were considered low quality. In developed countries, the proportion of TSCIs occurring in patients aged 0-15 years was 3% (95% CI: 2.2%; 3.9%), while in developing countries, it was 4.5% (95% CI: 2.8%; 6.4%). In developed countries, the pooled incidence of pediatric TSCI was 4.3/millions of children aged 0-15/year (95% CI: 3.1; 6.0/millions children aged 0-15/year) and boys comprised 67% (95% CI: 63%; 70%) of cases. The most prevalent level of injury was cervical (50% [95% CI: 41%; 58%]). The frequency of SCI Without Obvious Radiological Abnormality (SCIWORA) was 35% (95% CI: 18%; 54%) among children 0-17 years. The most common etiology in developed countries was transport injuries (50% [95% CI: 42%; 57%]), while in developing countries falls were the leading cause (31% [95% CI: 20%; 42%]). The most important limitation of our study was the heterogeneity of studies in reporting age subgroups that hindered us from age-specific analyses.   Conclusion: Our study provided accurate estimates for the epidemiology of pediatric TSCI. We observed a higher proportion of pediatric TSCI cases in developing countries compared to developed countries. Furthermore, we identified distinct epidemiological characteristics of pediatric TSCI when compared to adult cases and variations between developing and developed countries. Recognizing these unique features allows for the implementation of cost-effective preventive strategies aimed at reducing the incidence and burden of TSCI in children. What is Known: • Pediatric Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) can have profound physical and social consequences for affected children, their families, and society as a whole. • Epidemiological insights are vital for they provide the data and understanding needed to the identification of vulnerable populations, aiding in the development of targeted prevention strategies and effective resource allocation. What is New: • The estimated incidence of pediatric TSCI in developed countries is 4.3 cases per million children aged 0-15. The proportion of pediatric TSCI cases in relation to all-age TSCI cases is 3% in developed countries and 4.5% in developing countries. • The etiology of TSCI in pediatric cases differs between developing and developed countries. In developed countries, transport injuries are the most prevalent cause of pediatric TSCI, while falls are the least common cause. Conversely, in developing countries, falls are the leading cause of pediatric TSCI.

Dandelion flower-fabricated Ag nanoparticles versus synthetic ones with characterization and determination of photocatalytic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.

In the present work, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated through the dandelion flower hydroalcoholic extract, and their properties were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV visible, SEM, and EDX. The results demonstrated that the average diameter of the green fabricated AgNPs is 45-55 nm (G-AgNPs). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic properties of G-AgNPs were compared with two commercially available different diameter sizes (20 and 80-100 nm) of AgNPs (C-AgNPs1- and C-AgNPs2, respectively). The sample's capacity for antioxidants was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging method. The consequences showed that G-AgNPs have higher radical scavenging activity (47.8%) than C-AgNPs2 (39.49%) and C-AgNPs1 (33.91%). To investigate the photocatalytic property, methylene blue dye was used. The results displayed that G-AgNPs is an effective photo-catalyst compared to C-AgNPs2 and C-AgNPs1, which respectively have an inhibition potential of 75.22, 51.94, and 56.65%. Also, the antimicrobial capacity of nanoparticles was assayed against, the gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results indicated that G-AgNPs could effectively inhibit the growth of both bacteria, compared to C-AgNPs1 and C-AgNPs2. Finally, G-AgNPs exhibited a considerable α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory effect (88.37%) in comparison with C-AgNPs1 (61.7%) and C-AgNPs2 (50.5%).

Investigation of the Seroprevalence of Antimeasles Immunoglobulin G Antibody in Students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Measles is an acute, highly contagious disease with a high mortality rate in children. Although vaccination has reduced measles incidence, outbreaks still occur. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of antimeasles immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (Ab) among students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). Four hundred fifty SUMS students were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Information on demographics and measles vaccination history was collected using a questionnaire. Participants were divided into two groups, including A and B, according to routine doses of measles vaccine and the national measles/rubella immunization program. The antimeasles IgG Abs were tested using a commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 48 years, with a mean age of 22.2 (±4.3). Fifty percent of the subjects were male. Our results showed that 63.6% of the cases were positive for antimeasles IgG Abs. The seroprevalence of IgG Abs between groups A and B did not differ significantly (p = 0.612). There was also no significant correlation between the seroprevalence of antimeasles IgG Abs and the age (p = 0.43) or sex (p = 0.24) of the subjects. The results showed that the frequency of antimeasles IgG Abs is lower than required to prevent the measles virus from circulating. Therefore, a booster vaccination may be necessary.

Reliability, Validity, and Transcultural Adaptation of New Persian Version of Celiac Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment in patients with celiac disease (CD) leads to understanding the impact of the CD and interventions on the individual and society. The aim of this study was transcultural adaptation and evaluation of the reliability and validity of the standardized questionnaire of celiac disease quality of life (CD-QOL) in the Persian language in southwest Iran. Methods:150 adults with CD were randomly selected from the celiac clinic and Fars Celiac Registry to complete the New Persian version of the CD-QOL questionnaire. Transcultural adaptation of the questionnaire was conducted by a four-step procedure. The internal consistency of the CD-QOL subscales and convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Spearman's correlation, respectively. Construct validity was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: All domains of the CD-QOL questionnaire had acceptable internal consistency, showing excellent reliability. The scaling success rates for convergent and discriminant validity were also within an acceptable range (87-100%). In the factor analysis model, similar to the original English version, four factors were extracted characterizing the patients' answers (limitations, dysphoria, health concerns, and inadequate treatment). Conclusion: Our Persian version of the CD-QOL questionnaire had high reliability and validity and could be used in clinical practice assessing the CD-specific HRQOL in the Iranian population.

Mini-Review: Role of Drugs Affecting Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): What We Know and What We Should Know.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are among the most important clinical and research areas in neurosurgery, owing to their devastating effects and high prevalence. Over the last few decades, there has been increasing research on the complex pathophysiology of TBI and secondary injuries following TBI. A growing body of evidence has shown that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a well-known cardiovascular regulatory pathway, plays a role in TBI pathophysiology. Acknowledging these complex and poorly understood pathways and their role in TBI could help design new clinical trials involving drugs that alter the RAS network, most notably angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. This study aimed to briefly review the molecular, animal, and human studies on these drugs in TBI and provide a clear vision for researchers to fill knowledge gaps in the future.