[Industrial medicine in production and processing of alloys based on copper].

In copper alloys production, workers engaged into the process are exposed to occupational hazards with leading one being high-dispersed dust of complex chemical composition. The workers of main occupations demonstrate increased prevalence of respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, peripheral nervous system disorders - that necessitates implementation of complex measures both in improvement of work conditions and in medical prophylaxis.

[Improvement in methodology of occupational risk evaluation].

The authors suggest to supplement a method evaluating individual occupational risk with tree blocks of occupational and non-occupational risk factors: index of sanitary legislation requirements fulfilment according to experts evaluation; lifestyle index with individual biologic and behavioral risk factors consideration; index of social well-being, considering social economic and social psychologic risk factors at workplace.

[THE RISK OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL CHRONIC FLUORIDE POISONING].

On the basis of individual occupational fluoride loads (IOFN) it was established that under current levels of air pollution of the working area by fluorine compounds, occupational fluorosis can occur in mostly sensitive workers with 66 or more years of accumulated period of work, while the most vulnerable are workers with of 9.4 or more years of accumulated period of work. The results obtained in comparison of clinical data with individual fluoride load, testify that in the high-risk group for the development of occupational fluoride intoxication include workers with an average accumulated period of work of 10.5 years or more and Individual Occupational Fluoride Load (IOFL) as 67,7 or more grams. In the high-risk group there are included workers with an average accumulated period ofwork of 13.7 years and IOFL as 89.8 grams or more. With the use of ultrasound densitometry there was revealed a clear cut dynamics of the increase of the speed of ultrasonic wave with the rise in the accumulated period of work at the plant, which indicates to a gradual increase in bone tissue density.

[ANALYSIS OF THE METHODIC APPROACHES TO THE OCCUPATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT AT THE ENTERPRISES OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION].

This study is devoted to the practice of the application of the current legislative regulatory and procedural base for the occupational health and safety issues. The issues of the occupational risks assessment at the enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region are discussed Approaches to the creation of the occupational risk management and assessment systems are proposed.

[Occupational hygiene topics in ferroalloys production].

Hygienic evaluation covered work conditions of main occupations in ferroalloys production on a plant in Ural regions. The occupations are: ferroalloy furnace operator, ferroalloy furnace worker and crane operator. The findings proved that the workers are exposed to a complex of occupational hazards among which dust and unfavorable microclimate play major role. At the enterprise, occupational dust disease cases (silicosis from exposure to silicon-containing dust) are registered, with average development duration of 28.7 +/- 6.2 years.

[Aerogenic risk factors and diagnosis of bauxite pneumoconiosis].

The research purpose is an estimation of influence of the bauxite dust on the state of the bronchopulmonary system of workers. It has been indicated that exposure of the poor fibrogenic dust while the process of the bauxite ore extraction, results in development of pnevmokoniosis characterized by substantial ventilatory and haemodynamic disorders limiting the workability of patients.

[Emerging issues concerning hygiene in the Russian aluminum industry].

In this study the data of multiyear investigations of occupational and environmental hazards at different enterprises of the Russian aluminum industry are presented. Basing on these data, we have been elaborated the algorithm and methodological approaches on management of the occupational and ecology-related risks using hygienic safety criteria, risk evaluation technique, epidemiological and economic analysis.

[Regional "occupational medicine" system--effective model of occupational risks evaluation and management].

Sverdlovsk regional government specified and approved a concept of diversified system "Occupational medicine" to preserve and improve health of workers in Sverdlovsk region. Implementation of the concept enables to put new organizational approaches into practice for improved management of available medical care for all workers, for increased quality of this care, for better clinical work and better health of economically active population in Sverdlovsk region.

[Assessment and management of risk to the working population's health in the occupational medicine system].

The multidisciplinary harmonized "Occupational Medicine" system established in the Sverdlovsk Region makes it possible, firstly, to analyze and assess occupational risks at both the regional and municipal levels; secondly, at each of the above level, to take specific managerial decisions including the packages of organizational, informational, preventive, and other measures to minimize risks on the cost-benefit basis.

[On certification of workplaces according to work conditions].

Certification of workplaces according to work conditions could be a powerful tool in analysis, assessment and management of occupational risk. Drawbacks in legal regulation however do not motivate employers to complete certification process, and some, as we consider, disputable points in major legal document regulating certification of workplaces prevent from using the certification results for setting the occupational risks, insurance payments and for solving other problems declared by current "Regulations for procedure of workplaces certification on work conditions".

[Priority topics of industrial medicine in production and processing of nonferrous metals alloys]. / Prioritetnye voprosy meditsiny truda v proizvodstve i obrabotke splavov tsvetnykh metallov.

The authors present general characteristics of nonferrous metals alloys production: work conditions, health state of workers, main directions to make healthier work conditions.

[Experimental-hygienic assessment of 2 binary mixtures: lead-copper and lead-zinc]. / Eksperimental'no-gigienicheskaia otsenka dvukh binarnykh smesei svinets-med' i svinets-tsink.

The paper presents the results of experiments to examine the effects of zinc and copper on some indices of the total toxic and specific action of lead. Experiments were conducted on non-inbred albino rats intraperitoneally given the acetates of lead and zinc, as well as copper sulfate alone and in combination with the acetates. Antagonism is a determining type of combined effects of the binary mixtures lead-copper and lead-zinc upon acute and subacute exposures.

[Aspects of combined action of lead, copper and zinc]. / Osobennosti kombinirovannogo deistviia svintsa, medi i tsinka.

Character and intensity of metabolic, functional and morphologic changes in subchronic combined action of lead and zinc, especially lead and copper result from their antagonism. Based on experimental data, the authors recommend that, considering industries with "lead-copper" or "lead-zinc" combinations in air, sanitary surveillance should use the same MACs as for the isolated metals.