A rating system for prompt clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: When a CT scan is not available, an early accurate clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke is essential to initiate prompt therapy. Our objective was to construct a clinical index that is easy to use when stroke patients are first evaluated at the hospital, to identify those who probably are experiencing an acute ischemic episode. The study was conducted at a university-affiliated medical referral center and two community general hospitals in Mexico. METHODS: Clinical records were reviewed for 801 patients with sudden onset of a focal or global neurologic dysfunction, presumably of vascular origin lasting more than 24 h. Eligibility criteria for this study were admission to the hospital within the first 24 h after symptomatic onset, CT scan diagnosis between 24 and 72 h, and age >45 years. Ischemic stroke included cases of arterial brain infarction, while nonischemic stroke included subarachnoid or intraparenchymatous hemorrhage, mass lesion, venous infarction, and in cases without a CT scan evidence that could explain the clinical manifestations. Data excerpted for analysis were age, sex, history of diabetes mellitus or previous stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), time of onset of symptoms, presence of headache, vomiting, neck stiffness, hemiplegia, leukocytosis or atrial fibrillation, diastolic blood pressure, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) rating. Two multivariable analyses were used: 1) step-wise multiple logistic regression (SMLR), and 2) conjunctive consolidation (CC). RESULTS: After appropriate exclusions, the study proceeded with 83 ischemic and 42 nonischemic stroke patients. With SMLR, six variables were selected as predictive for ischemic stroke, including neck stiffness, diastolic blood pressure, previous history of stroke/TIA, hemiplegia, GCS, and atrial fibrillation. An appropriate sum of weighted ratings had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% for ischemic stroke. With consolidated categories, the PPV was 97% when patients had the following: no neck stiffness; no atrial fibrillation but history of stroke/TIA and GCS > or =12, or no neck stiffness but atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with acute stroke, clinical data can be used to identify a group with a high probability of ischemic stroke. There are slightly different results between both methods; while SMLR includes the four variables selected by CC, the latter included neither diastolic blood pressure nor hemiplegia/hemiparesia. However, CC results seem easier to understand and interpret than with SMLR.

Aspectos clínicos y neuroendócrinos de un granuloma hipotalámico (TBC) y neurolués / Clinical and neuroendocrine aspects of an hypothalamic tuberculous granuloma and neurosyphilis

Se discuten los hallazgos en un paciente de 36 años, sexo masculino, homosexual que comienza, 6 meses antes de la consulta, con un cuadro de diabetes insípida al que se le agregan, 3 meses después, astenia, adinamia, somnolencia, diplopía fugaz, cefaleas parieto-occipitales, bradispsiquia y alucinaciones auditivo-visuales. Como antecedentes personales de importancia refería traumatismo severo de ojo derecho (a los 10 años) y osteomielitis tuberculosa de clavícula izquierda (a los 29 años). Examen físico de ingreso: temblor fino distal en miembro superior derecho y hemiparesia en miembro inferior homolateral. Laboratorio: anemia leve normocítica-normocrómica; eritrosedimentación acelerada; incremento moderado de GPT, GOAT, y GTP y F. Alcalina; hiposmolaridad plasmática; hipostenuria; VDRL y FTA reactivos (plasma y LCR). T.A.C. lesión expansiva supraselar, yuxtaventricular con gran edema perilesional. Estudios neuroendocrinos: alteración del ritmo circadiano y de la respuesta a la hipoglucemia insulínica de la prolactina y cortisol; biporespuesta de LH, FSH y TSH a estímulos específicos. Punción biopsia estereotáxica: granuloma inflamatorio inespecífico. A los 45 días de inicio de tuberculostáticos y dexametasona se efectuá nueva TAC: normal, desparece la diabetes insípida y se instaura penicilinoterapia. Nueva TAC (al año): normal. Como conclusiones merecen destacarse la presentación de un granuloma hipotalámico tuberculoso y diabetes insípida de curación clínica y desparición tomográfica en breve plazo asociado a neurolúes y disfunción hipotálamo-hipofisaria conformando un hallazgo inusual en la literatura médica (AU)

Aspectos clínicos y neuroendócrinos de un granuloma hipotalámico (TBC) y neurolués / Clinical and neuroendocrine aspects of an hypothalamic tuberculous granuloma and neurosyphilis

Se discuten los hallazgos en un paciente de 36 años, sexo masculino, homosexual que comienza, 6 meses antes de la consulta, con un cuadro de diabetes insípida al que se le agregan, 3 meses después, astenia, adinamia, somnolencia, diplopía fugaz, cefaleas parieto-occipitales, bradispsiquia y alucinaciones auditivo-visuales. Como antecedentes personales de importancia refería traumatismo severo de ojo derecho (a los 10 años) y osteomielitis tuberculosa de clavícula izquierda (a los 29 años). Examen físico de ingreso: temblor fino distal en miembro superior derecho y hemiparesia en miembro inferior homolateral. Laboratorio: anemia leve normocítica-normocrómica; eritrosedimentación acelerada; incremento moderado de GPT, GOAT, y GTP y F. Alcalina; hiposmolaridad plasmática; hipostenuria; VDRL y FTA reactivos (plasma y LCR). T.A.C. lesión expansiva supraselar, yuxtaventricular con gran edema perilesional. Estudios neuroendocrinos: alteración del ritmo circadiano y de la respuesta a la hipoglucemia insulínica de la prolactina y cortisol; biporespuesta de LH, FSH y TSH a estímulos específicos. Punción biopsia estereotáxica: granuloma inflamatorio inespecífico. A los 45 días de inicio de tuberculostáticos y dexametasona se efectuá nueva TAC: normal, desparece la diabetes insípida y se instaura penicilinoterapia. Nueva TAC (al año): normal. Como conclusiones merecen destacarse la presentación de un granuloma hipotalámico tuberculoso y diabetes insípida de curación clínica y desparición tomográfica en breve plazo asociado a neurolúes y disfunción hipotálamo-hipofisaria conformando un hallazgo inusual en la literatura médica

The steroid-croup controversy: an analytic review of methodologic problems.

The reasons for the controversy regarding the use of corticosteroids to treat croup were reviewed by evaluating nine studies for their adequacy in meeting eight methodologic standards essential for reducing bias and distortion in clinical trials. Five studies employed diagnostic criteria for croup but none stratified patients with croup into acute laryngotracheitis and spasmodic croup, the two forms which account for the large majority of cases of croup. Only four studies used adequate doses of steroids, defined as 100 mg of cortisone or an equivalent. Only two studies developed clinically relevant choices for the outcome event. Although steroids may be helpful in certain types of croup, it is impossible to reach a definite conclusion about the efficacy of steroids, since all of the studies have major inadequacies in clinical trial design.