Molecular mechanisms of neutron radiation dose effects on M1 generation peas.

The dose effect of radiation has long been a topic of concern, but the molecular mechanism behind it is still unclear. In this study, dried pea seeds were irradiated with 252Cf fission neutron source. Through analyzing the transcriptome and proteome of M1 generation pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves, we studied the molecular rule and mechanism of neutron dose effect. Our results showed three important rules of global gene expression in the studied dose range. The rule closely related to the neutron absorbed dose at the transcription and translation levels is: the greater the difference in neutron absorbed dose between two radiation treatment groups, the greater the difference in differential expression between the two groups and the control group. We also obtained important sensitive metabolic pathways of neutron radiation, as well as related key genes. Furthermore, the overall molecular regulation mechanism of dose effect was revealed based on the main functional items obtained. Our research results can be applied to appropriate radiation dose estimation and agricultural production practice.

Research progress on ecological adaptation and prevention of Parengyodontium album on the surface of cultural relics.

Cultural relics as the crystallization of human history are non-renewable and irreplaceable resources. Microorganisms are widely colonized on ancient wall paintings, stone cultural relics, and other types of cultural heritages to cause harm. The dominant disease fungus, Parengyodontium album, is extensively distributed and can seriously threaten the long-term preservation of precious cultural heritage due to surviving in various cultural relics and extreme environments. The classification and nomenclature of P. album have undergone several changes, so its impact on cultural relic received little attention. Here, we summarized the brief histories of its classification and development, distribution range, and cultural heritage preference of P. album. We further analyzed the physiological, biochemical, and ecological characteristics and potential biological degradation mechanism. We proposed that P. album could be used as an indicative species of microbial hazardous effects on cultural heritage. We discussed the prevention and control countermeasures of such typical mural microorganisms and pointed out key research directions in this field.

Dominance by cyanobacteria in the newly formed biofilms on stone monuments under a protective shade at the Beishiku Temple in China.

Following the installation of a protective shade, rapid propagation of microorganisms showing in black and grey colors occurred at Beishiku Temple in Gansu Province of China. This study employed a combination of high-throughput sequencing technology, morphological examinations, and an assessment of the surrounding environmental condition to analyze newly formed microbial disease spots. The investigation unveiled the responsible microorganisms and the instigating factors of the microbial outbreak that subsequently to the erection of the shade. Through comparison of bioinformatics, the ASV method surpasses the OTU method in characterizing community compositional changes by the dominant microbial groups, the phylum Cyanobacteria emerged as the most dominant ones in the microbial community accountable for the post-shade microbial deterioration. The black spot and grey spot are predominantly composed of Mastigocladopsis and Scytonema, respectively. Validation analysis, based on the active RNA-level community results, supported and validated these conclusions. Comparative scrutiny of the microbial community before shade installation and the background environmental data disclosed that the erection of the shade prompted a decrease in temperatures and an increase in humidity within the protected area. Consequently, this spurred the exponential proliferation of indigenous cyanobacteria in the spots observed. The outcomes of this study carry considerable significance in devising preventive conservation strategies for cultural heritage and in managing the process of biodeterioration.

Mycorrhizal effects on crop yield and soil ecosystem functions in a long-term tillage and fertilization experiment.

It is well understood that agricultural management influences arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but there is controversy about whether farmers should manage for AM symbiosis. We assessed AM fungal communities colonizing wheat roots for three consecutive years in a long-term (> 14 yr) tillage and fertilization experiment. Relationships among mycorrhizas, crop performance, and soil ecosystem functions were quantified. Tillage, fertilizers and continuous monoculture all reduced AM fungal richness and shifted community composition toward dominance of a few ruderal taxa. Rhizophagus and Dominikia were depressed by tillage and/or fertilization, and their abundances as well as AM fungal richness correlated positively with soil aggregate stability and nutrient cycling functions across all or no-tilled samples. In the field, wheat yield was unrelated to AM fungal abundance and correlated negatively with AM fungal richness. In a complementary glasshouse study, wheat biomass was enhanced by soil inoculum from unfertilized, no-till plots while neutral to depressed growth was observed in wheat inoculated with soils from fertilized and conventionally tilled plots. This study demonstrates contrasting impacts of low-input and conventional agricultural practices on AM symbiosis and highlights the importance of considering both crop yield and soil ecosystem functions when managing mycorrhizas for more sustainable agroecosystems.

Differences of airborne and mural microorganisms in a 1,500-year-old Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, Taiyuan, China.

Background: Microbial colonization represents one of the main threats to the conservation of subterranean cultural heritage sites. Recently, the microbial colonization on murals in tombs has gradually attracted attention. Methods: In this study, a total of 33 samples, including 27 aerosol samples and 6 mural painting samples, were collected from different sites of Xu Xianxiu's Tomb and analyzed using culture-dependent methods. We compared the diversities of culturable bacteria and fungi isolated from the air and murals and explored the potential impacts of microorganisms on the biodeterioration of the murals. Results: Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the culturable bacteria belonged to Bacillus, Microbacterium, Lysobacter and Arthrobacter. And the most of fungal belonged to the Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus genera. The composition and structure of airborne bacteria and fungi outside the tomb were both significantly different from that inside the tomb. The variation trends of airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations at different sampling sites were remarkably similar. Bacillus frigoritolerans, Bacillus halotolerans, Bacillus safensis, Exiguobacterium mexicanum, Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum, and Micrococcus yunnanensis were bacterial species commonly isolated from both the mural and air environments. Fungal species commonly isolated from aerosol samples and mural painting samples were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Peyronellaea glomerata. The prediction of the ecological functions of the bacteria revealed that chemoheterotrophy or aerobic_chemoheterotrophy accounted for substantial relative proportions in all sample types. Conclusion: These results suggest that the aerosol circulation between the inside and outside environments of the tomb was weak and that the outside environment had yet to have an impact on the air microbial community inside the tomb. Selective colonization of microorganisms, which is mediated by interaction between microorganisms and special microenvironmental factors, is an important reason for the biodeterioration of murals.

Metagenomic and metaproteomic insights into the microbiome and the key geobiochemical potentials on the sandstone of rock-hewn Beishiku Temple in Northwest China.

Metagenomics and metaproteomics analyses were used to determine the microbial diversity and taxon composition, as well as the biochemical potentials of the microbiome on the sandstone of Beishiku Temple located in Northwest China. Taxonomic annotation of the metagenomic dataset revealed the predominant taxa of the stone microbiome on this cave temple with characteristics of resistance to harsh environmental conditions. Meanwhile, there were also taxa in the microbiome that showed sensitivity to environmental factors. The taxa distribution and the metabolic functional distribution patterns by the metagenome and metaproteome, respectively, showed clear differences. The high abundance of energy metabolism represented in the metaproteome suggested that there were active geomicrobiological cycles of elements within the microbiome. The taxa responsible for reactions in the nitrogen cycle from both metagenome and metaproteome supported a metabolically active nitrogen cycle, and the high activity of Comammox bacteria indicated the strong metabolic activity of ammonia oxidation to nitrate in the outdoor site. The SOX-related taxa involved in the sulfur cycle showed higher activity outdoors than indoors, and on the outdoor ground than at the outdoor cliff, as detected through metaproteomic analysis. The development of petrochemical industry in the vicinity resulting in the deposition of sulfur/oxidized sulfur via atmosphere may stimulate the physiological activity of SOX. Our findings provide metagenomic and metaproteomic evidence for microbially driven geobiochemical cycles that result in the biodeterioration of stone monuments.

Competitive interactions in two different plant species: Do grassland mycorrhizal communities and nitrogen addition play the same game?

In the Tibetan Plateau grassland ecosystems, nitrogen (N) availability is rising dramatically; however, the influence of higher N on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) might impact on plant competitive interactions. Therefore, understanding the part played by AMF in the competition between Vicia faba and Brassica napus and its dependence on the N-addition status is necessary. To address this, a glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine whether the grassland AMF community's inocula (AMF and NAMF) and N-addition levels (N-0 and N-15) alter plant competition between V. faba and B. napus. Two harvests took day 45 (1st harvest) and day 90 (2nd harvest), respectively. The findings showed that compared to B. napus, AMF inoculation significantly improved the competitive potential of the V. faba. In the occurrence of AMF, V. faba was the strongest competitor being facilitated by B. napus in both harvests. While under N-15, AMF significantly enhanced tissue N:P ratio in B. napus mixed-culture at 1st harvest, the opposite trend was observed in 2nd harvest. The mycorrhizal growth dependency slightly negatively affected mixed-culture compared to monoculture under both N-addition treatments. The aggressivity index of AMF plants was higher than NAMF plants with both N-addition and harvests. Our observation highlights that mycorrhizal associations might facilitate host plant species in mixed-culture with non-host plant species. Additionally, interacting with N-addition, AMF could impact the competitive ability of the host plant not only directly but also indirectly, thereby changing the growth and nutrient uptake of competing plant species.

Diversity and Composition of Culturable Microorganisms and Their Biodeterioration Potentials in the Sandstone of Beishiku Temple, China.

Microbial colonization on stone monuments leads to subsequent biodeterioration; determining the microbe diversity, compositions, and metabolic capacities is essential for understanding biodeterioration mechanisms and undertaking heritage management. Here, samples of epilithic biofilm and naturally weathered and exfoliated sandstone particles from different locations at the Beishiku Temple were collected to investigate bacterial and fungal community diversity and structure using a culture-based method. The biodeterioration potential of isolated fungal strains was analyzed in terms of pigmentation, calcite dissolution, organic acids, biomineralization ability, and biocide susceptibility. The results showed that the diversities and communities of bacteria and fungi differed for the different sample types from different locations. The population of culturable microorganisms in biofilm samples was more abundant than that present in the samples exposed to natural weathering. The environmental temperature, relative humidity, and pH were closely related to the variation in and distribution of microbial communities. Fungal biodeterioration tests showed that isolated strains four and five were pigment producers and capable of dissolving carbonates, respectively. Their biomineralization through the precipitation of calcium oxalate and calcite carbonate could be potentially applied as a biotechnology for stone heritage consolidation and the mitigation of weathering for monuments. This study adds to our understanding of culturable microbial communities and the bioprotection potential of fungal biomineralization.

Can nitrogen supersede host identity in shaping the community composition of foliar endophytic fungi in an alpine meadow ecosystem?

The availability of limiting nutrients plays a crucial role in shaping communities of endophytes. Moreover, whether fungal endophytes are host-specific remains controversial. We hypothesized that in a harsh and nitrogen (N)-deficient area, diversity and community composition of foliar endophytic fungi (FEFs) varied substantially among plots with experimentally elevated levels of macronutrients, and thus, N availability, instead of host species identity, would have a greater influence in structuring fungal communities at different scales. We also expected an important subset of taxa shared among numerous host species and N gradients to form a community-wide core microbiome. We measured the leaf functional traits and community structures of FEFs of three commonly seen species in an alpine meadow nested with a long-term N fertilization experiment. We found that host plant identity was a powerful factor driving the endophytic fungal community in leaves, even in habitats where productivity was strongly limited by nitrogen (p < 0.001). We also found that within the same host, nitrogen was an important driving force for the composition of the endophytic fungi community (p < 0.05). In addition, the leaf carbon content was the most important functional trait that limited the diversity of endophytic fungi (p < 0.001). Finally, we documented a distinct core microbiome shared among our three focal species and N gradients.

Experimental Warming Has Not Affected the Changes in Soil Organic Carbon During the Growing Season in an Alpine Meadow Ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The effects of climate warming and season on soil organic carbon (SOC) have received widespread attention, but how climate warming affects the seasonal changes of SOC remains unclear. Here, we established a gradient warming experiment to investigate plant attributes and soil physicochemical and microbial properties that were potentially associated with changes in SOC at the beginning (May) and end (August) of the growing season in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The SOC of August was lower than that of May, and the storage of SOC in August decreased by an average of 18.53 million grams of carbon per hectare. Warming not only failed to alter the content of SOC regardless of the season but also did not affect the change in SOC during the growing season. Among all the variables measured, microbial biomass carbon was highly coupled to the change in SOC. These findings indicate that alpine meadow soil is a source of carbon during the growing season, but climate warming has no significant impact on it. This study highlights that in the regulation of carbon source or pool in alpine meadow ecosystem, more attention should be paid to changes in SOC during the growing season, rather than climate warming.

Community assembly, potential functions and interactions between fungi and microalgae associated with biodeterioration of sandstone at the Beishiku Temple in Northwest China.

Fungi, cyanobacteria and algae are specific microbial groups associated with the deterioration and safety of stone monuments. In this study, high-throughput sequencing analysis was used to investigate the diversity, distributions, ecological functions, and interaction patterns of both the fungal and microalgal (including cyanobacteria and algae) communities on sandstone in the Beishiku Temple, located on the ancient Silk Road. The results showed that the core phyla of fungi were affiliated with unclassified Lecanoromycetes, Engyodontium, Knufia, Epicoccum, Endocarpon, and Cladosporium of Ascomycota whereas the phyla of microalgae were dominated by prokaryotic Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic Chlorophyta. The environmental factors of temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were monitored simultaneously. The structure of the microbial communities was much more strongly shaped by soluble Cl-, Na+, NO3- ions than by the light intensity, moisture content or temperature, especially for the weathered sandstone located outside the caves. The co-occurrence network analysis suggested that a more stable community structure was evident outside the caves than inside. The stronger positive connections and coexistence patterns that were detected indicate a strong adaptability of fungi and microalgae to the distinct oligotrophic microhabitats on sandstone. The metacommunity co-occurrence network exhibited the ecological predominance of fungi, and most of the functional fungi in the biofilms outside the caves belonged to the Lichenized group, based on the FUNGuild prediction. These findings highlight the ecology and functions of stone-inhabiting microorganisms to further advance the current understanding and knowledge of sandstone biodeterioration for protection and management.

Slope aspect determines the abundance and composition of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities in an alpine ecosystem.

Slope aspect is an important topographic feature that can influence local environmental conditions. While strong effects of slope aspect on aboveground and belowground communities have been frequently elucidated, how slope aspect affects soil nitrogen (N) cycling microbes remains unclear. Here, we characterized the communities of soil N-cycling microbes on south- and north-facing slopes in an alpine ecosystem, by quantifying (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing six genes involved in N-fixation (nifH), nitrification (archaeal and bacterial amoA) and denitrification (nirK, nirS and nosZ). We found that the abundance, diversity and community composition of major N-cycling microbes differed dramatically between the two slope aspects, and these variances could be well explained by the aspect-driven differences in environmental conditions, especially soil temperature and moisture. The response patterns of different N-cycling groups to slope aspect were much inconsistent, especially for those with similar functions (i.e. ammonia-oxidizing archaea vs. bacteria, nirK- vs. nirS-reducers), indicating strong niche differentiation between these counterparts. We also observed strong preferences and distinct co-occurrence patterns of N-cycling microbial taxa for the two slope aspects. These findings highlight the importance of slope aspect in determining the abundance, species distribution and community structure of N-cycling microbes, and consequently influencing N-cycling processes and ecosystem functioning.

Pathogenic Microbes Increase Plant Dependence on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Meta-Analysis.

Numerous studies have confirmed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can promote plant nitrogen and phosphorus absorption, and prime systemic plant defense to plant pathogenic microbes. Despite that, the information on the interaction between AMF and plant pathogenic microbes is limited, especially the influence of plant pathogenic microbes on the effect of AMF promoting plant growth. In this study, 650 independent paired-wise observations from 136 published papers were collected and used to calculate the different effect of AMF with plant pathogenic microbes (DAPP) in promoting plant growth through meta-analysis. The results showed that AMF had a higher effect size on plant growth with pathogenic microbes comparing to without pathogenic microbes, including the significant effects in shoot and total fresh biomass, and shoot, root, and total dry biomass. The results of the selection models revealed that the most important factor determining the DAPP on plant dry biomass was the harm level of plant pathogenic microbes on the plant dry biomass, which was negatively correlated. Furthermore, the change of AMF root length colonization (RLC) was the sub-important factor, which was positively correlated with the DAPP. Taken together, these results have implications for understanding the potential and application of AMF in agroecosystems.

Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of different environmental stress-induced tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monochloramine disinfection.

Although drinking water disinfection proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate many pathogens, bacteria can still show disinfection tolerance in drinking water distribution systems. To date, the molecular mechanisms on how environmental stress affects the tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monochloramine are not well understood. Here, we investigated how three stress conditions, namely starvation, low temperature, and starvation combined with low temperature, affected the monochloramine tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in drinking water distribution systems. All stress conditions significantly promoted monochloramine tolerance, among which starvation had the most drastic effects. Proteomic analyses suggested that the three conditions not only triggered a positive antioxidant defense against oxidative damages but also prepared the bacteria to employ a passive defense mechanism against disinfectants via dormancy. Moreover, the expression of antioxidant enzymes reached the maximum under the starvation condition and further low temperature treatment had little effect on bacterial response to oxidative stress. Instead, we found further treatment of the starved cells with low temperature decreased the osmotic stress response and the stringent response, which generally play pivotal roles in disinfection tolerance. Taken together, these findings shed light on how abiotic factors influence the bacterial disinfection tolerance and will aid design of efficient strategies to eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa from drinking water.

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using animal blood, their preventive efficiency of bacterial species, and ecotoxicity in common carp fish.

Possible high biodeterioration of the microorganisms due to their metabolic pathway and activities on stone materials causes solemn problems in cultural heritage. Different kinds of laboratory-scale methods have been used for the reduction of microbial growth, that is, chemical, mechanical, and physical, which are cost-effective and not ecofriendly. In the current study, an ecofriendly approach utilizing silver nanoparticles were synthesized using sheep blood serum. Transmission electron microscopy results have confirmed the spherical and well dispersed silver nanoparticles with an average size of 32.49 nm, while energy dispersive X-ray has shown the abundance of silver nanoparticles. The efficiency against bacterial species was verified through laboratory-scale testing. The strong antibacterial activity was confirmed when B-AgNPs was tested against different bacterial species isolated from the Beishiku Cave Temple. The largest zone of inhibition was measured 26.48 ± 0.14 mm against Sphingomonas sp. while the smallest zone of inhibition measured was 9.70 ± 0.27 mm against Massilia sp. Moreover, these ecofriendly B-AgNPs were tested for daily based dose in different concentrations (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L) against common carp fish for a long exposure (20 days) and 6.5% fatality was found. The highest lethal concentration (LC50 ) for fish (0.61 ± 0.09 mg/L). No doubt, the laboratory scale applications have revealed the best results with minute toxicity in fish. Therefore, sheep serum should be continued to synthesize silver nanoparticles on a large scale. A strict monitoring system should be developed for the synthesis and application of AgNPs.

The presence of Toxoplasma gondii in soil, their transmission, and their influence on the small ruminants and human population: A review.

The ecosystem approach has been developed since the 1940s. An ecosystem is a community of living organism and their interaction and conjugation with abiotic factors of the environment. The ecosystem is not endemic to the aquatic environment only but, the terrestrial environment is also considered to be a part of an ecosystem. Soil act as mother role for the survival of different microorganism. The Toxoplasma gondii oocysts stay survive for a long time in the soil. This presence of these oocysts might critically enhance the success of this parasite in two ways. First, this parasite can widespread; second, it can create a lot of consequences regarding animals and their economic value. Soil contamination caused by Toxoplasma gondii Y is a significant and profound issue for animals and public health. Therefore, the current study was aimed to summarize and correlate the soil and parasite, their transmission, infection, and some aspects related to T. gondii. The small animals are pose at a high risk therefore, it was concluded that some preventive measures should be taken to keep secure itself from zoonotic diseases.

Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin systems acting through post-translational modifications.

The post-translational modification (PTM) serves as an important molecular switch mechanism to modulate diverse biological functions in response to specific cues. Though more commonly found in eukaryotic cells, many PTMs have been identified and characterized in bacteria over the past decade, highlighting the importance of PTMs in regulating bacterial physiology. Several bacterial PTM enzymes have been characterized to function as the toxin component of type II TA systems, which consist of a toxin that inhibits cell growth and an antitoxin that protects the cell from poisoning by the toxin. While TA systems can be classified into seven types based on nature of the antitoxin and its activity, type II TA systems are perhaps the most studied among the different TA types and widely distributed in eubacteria and archaea. The type II toxins possessing PTM activities typically modify various cellular targets mostly associated with protein translation and DNA replication. This review mainly focuses on the enzymatic activities, target specificities, antitoxin neutralizing mechanisms of the different families of PTM toxins. We also proposed that TA systems can be conceptually viewed as molecular switches where the 'on' and 'off' state of the system is tightly controlled by antitoxins and discussed the perspective on toxins having other physiologically roles apart from growth inhibition by acting on the nonessential cellular targets.

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The bioweathering of stone cultural relics is a ubiquitous problem. Weathering prevention is an escalating challenge under the increasing global climate and environmental changes. Here, the mechanisms of lichen-microorganism mediated weathering of stone materials and their relationships with climatic and environmental factors were reviewed. The biological protection of lichens and the evaluation of the efficacy of biocides in lichen-control were discussed. The potential research directions in this field were proposed. Research on lichen-rock interfaces suggested that biological weathe-ring could be mainly attributed to physical and chemical weathering which represented by mycelium penetration and calcium oxalate formation. Bioweathering of outdoor stone cultural relics is closely related with the whole ecosystem encompassing factors, such as stone matrix, surrounding environment, and climate factors. Lichens have both biological weathering and protection effects on stone heritage. For the restoration of bioweathered stone cultural relics, environmental conditions for pre-servation of stone cultural relics should be improved step by step. The related industry regulations and national standards for evaluating biological weathering and control efficiency should be established to promote the efficient development of scientific protection.

Mechanistic Insights into Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Mediated Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic interaction with 80% of known land plants. It has a pronounced impact on plant growth, water absorption, mineral nutrition, and protection from abiotic stresses. Plants are very dynamic systems having great adaptability under continuously changing drying conditions. In this regard, the function of AMF as a biological tool for improving plant drought stress tolerance and phenotypic plasticity, in terms of establishing mutualistic associations, seems an innovative approach towards sustainable agriculture. However, a better understanding of these complex interconnected signaling pathways and AMF-mediated mechanisms that regulate the drought tolerance in plants will enhance its potential application as an innovative approach in environmentally friendly agriculture. This paper reviews the underlying mechanisms that are confidently linked with plant-AMF interaction in alleviating drought stress, constructing emphasis on phytohormones and signaling molecules and their interaction with biochemical, and physiological processes to maintain the homeostasis of nutrient and water cycling and plant growth performance. Likewise, the paper will analyze how the AMF symbiosis helps the plant to overcome the deleterious effects of stress is also evaluated. Finally, we review how interactions between various signaling mechanisms governed by AMF symbiosis modulate different physiological responses to improve drought tolerance. Understanding the AMF-mediated mechanisms that are important for regulating the establishment of the mycorrhizal association and the plant protective responses towards unfavorable conditions will open new approaches to exploit AMF as a bioprotective tool against drought.

Revegetation differentially influences microbial trophic groups in a Qinghai-Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem.

Revegetation accelerates the recovery of degraded lands. Different microbial trophic groups underpin this acceleration from the aspects of soil structure stabilization, nutrient accumulation, and ecosystem functions. However, little is known about how revegetation influences the community and biodiversity of different soil microbial trophic groups. Here, six revegetation treatments with different plantings of plant species were established at an excavation pit in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Communities of plant, bacteria, and several key soil fungal groups were investigated after 12 years of revegetation. Plant and all microbial trophic group compositions were markedly influenced by revegetation treatments. Total fungal and pathogenic fungal compositions were not significantly predicted by any factor of plant and soil, but arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal composition could be mainly predicted by plant composition and plant P content. Bacterial composition was mainly determined by soil total N, organic carbon concentration, and moisture content; and saprotrophic fungal composition was mainly determined by soil organic carbon. Soil pH was the strongest factor to predict bacterial metabolic functions. Our findings highlight that even the differences of microbial compositions were because of different revegetation treatments, but each trophic microbial composition had different relations with plant and/or soil; especially, the bacterial community and metabolic functions and saprotrophic fungal community were more correlated with soil properties rather than plant community or characteristics per se.