Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Carriage Rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Rural Community in the Dominican Republic.

BACKGROUND: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) leads to thousands of pediatric deaths annually. Pneumococcal colonization precedes IPD. In 2013, the Dominican Republic introduced the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into its routine infant immunization program, with doses at ages 2, 4, and 12 months. Prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization was evaluated post-PCV13 introduction. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 125 children aged 2-35 months was conducted in a rural Dominican Republic community November 2016 through July 2017. Nasopharyngeal swabs and clinical and vaccination data were collected at enrollment and 4-6 months later. Serotypes included in PCV13 were defined as vaccine-type. Colonization rates and serotype distribution were compared at baseline and follow-up, and the association between colonization and vaccination status among the entire cohort was evaluated at each time point. RESULTS: Of 125 children enrolled, 118 (94%) completed follow-up. Overall and vaccine-type pneumococcal colonization rates were 62% and 25%, respectively, at baseline and 60% and 28% at follow-up. Among children age-eligible for 3 doses, 50% and 51% were fully vaccinated at baseline and follow-up, respectively. At baseline assessment, children up-to-date for age for PCV13 were less likely to be colonized with vaccine-type pneumococci than children not up-to-date, and the same was found for fully vaccinated children (3 doses) compared to those not fully vaccinated (odds ratios [ORs], 0.38 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .18-.79], and 0.14 [95% CI, .04-.45], respectively). The same associations were not found at follow-up assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Three years post -PCV13 introduction, vaccine-type colonization rates remained high. Low vaccination coverage for 3 PCV13 doses may have contributed. The protective effect of PCV13 on vaccine-type carriage suggests an increase in PCV13 coverage could lead to substantial declines in pneumococcal vaccine-type carriage.

High Prevalence of Vaccine-Type Infections Among Children with Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Effusion After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in the Dominican Republic.

BACKGROUND: In 2013, the Dominican Republic introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) using a 3-dose schedule (at 2, 4 and 12 months of age). We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on serotypes causing pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion. METHODS: Surveillance data after PCV13 introduction (July 2014 to June 2016) were compared with data before PCV13 introduction (July 2009 to June 2011). Cases were defined as radiologic evidence of pneumonia with pleural effusion in a child aged <15 years. Pneumococcus was detected in pleural fluid by either culture or polymerase chain reaction, and serotyping was performed. The Ministry of Health's PCV13 uptake data for 2014-2016 were obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of pneumococcus among cases was similar before and after PCV13 introduction (56.4% and 52.8%, respectively). The proportion of pneumococcal cases caused by vaccine serotypes was 86% for children <2 years old both before and PCV13 introduction. Compared with before PCV13, serotype 14 accounted for a smaller (28% vs 13%, respectively; P = .02) and serotype 1 for a larger (23% vs 37%; P = .09) proportion of pneumococcal cases after PCV13 introduction. National uptake for the first, second, and third PCV13 doses was 94%, 81%, and 28%, respectively, in 2014 and 75%, 61%, and 26% in 2015. DISCUSSION: While the decrease in pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion caused by serotype 14 may reflect an early effect of PCV13 implementation, other vaccine serotypes, including serotype 1, are not well controlled. Better PCV13 coverage for all 3 doses is needed.

Effectiveness of 13-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) against invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the Dominican Republic.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in resource-poor settings and PCV naïve populations. The Dominican Republic introduced PCV13 in September 2013 using a 2 + 1 schedule (2, 4, and 12 months) without a catch-up campaign. We evaluated PCV13 effectiveness against vaccine-type (VT) invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in the Dominican Republic. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study. A case-patient was defined as VT-IPD identified by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a normally sterile-site in a hospitalized child who was age-eligible to have received ≥1 PCV13 dose. Four age- and neighborhood-matched controls were enrolled for each case-patient. We collected demographic, vaccination history, and risk factor data. Conditional logistic regression was performed. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1- adjusted matched odds ratio for vaccination) X 100%. RESULTS: We enrolled 39 case-patients and 149 matched-controls. Most case-patients had pneumonia with pleural effusion (64%), followed by meningitis (28%) and septicemia (13%). The most common pneumococcal serotypes identified included 14 (18%), 3 (13%), 19A (10%), and 1 (8%). Fewer case-patients had ≥1 PCV13 dose as compared to controls (61.5% vs. 80.0%; p = 0.006). Adjusting for malnutrition and socioeconomic status, VE of ≥1 PCV13 dose compared to no doses was 67.2% (95% CI: 2.3% to 90.0%). Only 44% of controls were up-to-date for PCV13, suggesting low vaccine coverage in the population. CONCLUSIONS: We found that PCV13 provided individual protection against VT-IPD in this resource-poor setting with a PCV-naïve population, despite low PCV13 coverage. Expanding vaccination coverage might increase PCV13 impact.

Bivalent oral cholera vaccine in participants aged 1 year and older in the Dominican Republic: A phase III, single-arm, safety and immunogenicity trial.

The Dominican Republic, historically non-endemic for cholera, is experiencing an ongoing cholera epidemic. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of two doses of the killed bivalent (O1 and O139) whole-cell oral cholera vaccine (OCV) on day (D)0 and D14 in healthy participants aged ≥1 year. Immediate unsolicited systemic adverse events (AEs) were monitored up to 30 minutes and solicited systemic reactions, up to 7 days after each vaccination. Unsolicited AEs were recorded up to D14 (post-dose 1) and 30 days post-dose 2. A vibriocidal antibody assay with microtiter technique was used to measure serum antibodies to V. cholerae strains (O1 El Tor Inaba, O1 El Tor Ogawa, O139) on D0, D14 and D28. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) and seroconversion (≥4-fold increase from D0) rates were calculated. We recruited 336 participants; 112 in three age groups (1-4, 5-14 and ≥15 years). No safety concerns were observed. GMTs increased from baseline for all serotypes, with marked increases for O1 Inaba and Ogawa post-dose 1. Post-dose 2 GMTs tended to be equal or slightly lower, with ranges: O1 Inaba, 283 (95% confidence interval 191-419) to 612 (426-880); O1 Ogawa, 346 (223-536) to 754 (553-1028); and O139, 20.3 (13.5-30.6) to 43.8 (30.1-63.7). Seroconversion rates post-dose 2 for O1 Inaba and Ogawa were high (≥87%) for all age groups. OCV demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and robust immunogenicity in these participants, in-line with previous observations in epidemic and endemic settings.This study is registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02434822).

Incidence and serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal disease in young infants: a multi-country observational study.

BACKGROUND: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of serious infection in very young infants. Robust incidence data from many geographic regions, including Latin America and Asia, are however lacking. METHODS: A multicenter, hospital-based observational study was performed in Panama, Dominican Republic, Hong Kong and Bangladesh. All represented urban, tertiary referral hospitals, except Bangladesh. GBS cases (microbiological isolation from normally sterile sites in infants aged 0-89 days) were collected over 12 months. RESULTS: At 2.35 (95% CI: 1.74-3.18) cases per 1000 live births, the incidence of early onset GBS disease (EOD) was highest in the Dominican Republic, compared with 0.76 (95% CI: 0.41-1.39) in Hong Kong and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.44-1.35) in Panama, while no cases were identified in Bangladesh. Over 90% of EOD cases occurred on the first day of life, with case fatality ratios ranging from 6.7% to 40%, varying by center, age of onset and clinical presentation. Overall, 90% of GBS (EOD and late onset disease) was due to serotypes Ia, Ib and III. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of early onset GBS infection reported in Dominican Republic was not dissimilar from that described in the United States prior to screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, while the incidence in Hong Kong was higher than previously reported in the Asian region. The failure to identify GBS cases in Bangladesh highlights a need to better understand the contribution of population, healthcare and surveillance practice to variation in reported incidence. Overall, the identified disease burden and serotype distribution support the need for effective prevention methods in these populations, and the need for community based surveillance studies in rural areas where access to healthcare may be challenging.

Empyema and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in children under five years of age.

We compared bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (BPP) and pneumococcal empyema (PE), in terms of clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings, in under-fives. A cross-sectional nested cohort study, involving under-fives (102 with PE and 128 with BPP), was conducted at 12 centers in Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic. Among those with PE, mean age was higher; disease duration was longer; and tachypnea, dyspnea, and high leukocyte counts were more common. Among those with BPP, fever and lethargy were more common. It seems that children with PE can be distinguished from those with BPP on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. Because both conditions are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, prompt diagnosis is crucial.

Disease severity and mortality caused by dengue in a Dominican pediatric population.

Millions are infected with dengue yearly. We evaluated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients infected with dengue in the Dominican Republic. The applicability of World Health Organization (WHO) warning signs for predicting severe dengue and mortality was also studied. This study was a cross-sectional retrospective review of patients with a clinical diagnosis of dengue. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate characteristics associated with severity and mortality. The study included 796 subjects: 288 subjects were classified as dengue, 290 subjects had alarm signs, and 207 subjects were classified as severe dengue. Common findings included thrombocytopenia (96%), abdominal pain (71%), and vomiting (59%). The most important factors associated with severe dengue were rash (P < 0.01), severe thrombocytopenia (P < 0.01), and anemia (P < 0.01). These signs and symptoms were also associated with mortality. This study validates the current WHO warning signs of severity. Rash and severe thrombocytopenia may be early warning signs and need additional study.

Aetiology of paediatric pneumonia with effusion in the Dominican Republic and the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Pleural effusion is a serious complication of pneumonia, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause. We describe the aetiology of pneumonia with effusion among children in the Dominican Republic before the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in 2013 and the performance characteristics of a rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) for detecting S. pneumoniae in pleural fluid. From July 2009 to June 2011, we enrolled children <15 years old admitted with pneumonia and pleural effusion to Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital, Dominican Republic. Pleural fluid was tested by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bacterial (S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae) and viral (respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus) pathogens, and by ICT for S. pneumoniae. We calculated the performance of ICT and culture compared with PCR. Among 121 cases, the median age was 31 months (range 1 week to 14 years). Pleural fluid culture (n = 121) and PCR testing (n = 112) identified an aetiology in 85 (70.2%) cases, including 62 S. pneumoniae (51.2%) and 19 Staphylococcus aureus (15.7%). The viruses tested were not detected. The most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes were 14 (n = 20), 1 (n = 13), and 3 (n = 12). Serotype coverage of the 10- and 13-valent PCVs would be 70.5% and 95.1%, respectively. The sensitivity of point-of-care ICT was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 94.1%-100%), while specificity was 86.3% (95% CI 73.7%-94.3%). S. pneumoniae caused more than half of paediatric pneumonia with effusion cases; introduction of PCV in the Dominican Republic could reduce the burden by 36-49%. ICT is a practical, valid diagnostic tool for clinical care and surveillance in settings with limited laboratory capacity.

Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine on bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic / Impacto de la vacuna conjugada contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b sobre la meningitis bacteriana en la República Dominicana

OBJECTIVES: Widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines has dramatically reduced the burden of Hib disease throughout the Americas. Few studies have evaluated the impact of Hib vaccination on non-culture-confirmed disease. This study analyzed trends in probable bacterial meningitis before and after the introduction of Hib vaccine in the Dominican Republic and estimated vaccine effectiveness against Hib meningitis. METHODS: Meningitis cases among children < 5 years of age were identified from admission records of the main pediatric hospital in Santo Domingo during 1998-2004. Laboratory criteria were used to classify meningitis cases with probable bacterial etiology; confirmed cases had positive bacterial culture or antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid. Cumulative incidence rates of confirmed and probable bacterial meningitis were calculated for children living in the National District. Confirmed cases of Hib meningitis were enrolled in a case-control study with age- and neighborhood-matched control children to calculate vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS: Before vaccine introduction, annual rates of meningitis with probable bacterial etiology were 49 cases per 100 000 children < 5 years old; Hib accounted for 60 percent of confirmed bacterial cases. During 2002-2004, after vaccine introduction, annual rates of probable bacterial meningitis were 65 percent lower at 16 cases per 100 000, and Hib accounted for 26 percent of confirmed cases. Rates of Hib meningitis and probable bacterial meningitis with no determined etiology declined by 13 and 17 cases per 100 000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of Hib vaccine substantially reduced the incidence of confirmed and probable bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic. The estimated impact of Hib vaccination was twice as great when non-culture-confirmed disease was included.

OBJETIVOS: El uso generalizado de la vacuna contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib) ha permitido reducir radicalmente la carga de enfermedad por Hib en las Américas. Pocos estudios han evaluado el impacto de la vacunación contra Hib sobre los casos no confirmados mediante cultivo. En este estudio se analizaron las tendencias en el número de casos probables de meningitis bacteriana antes y después de la introducción de la vacuna contra Hib en la República Dominicana y se estimó la eficacia de la vacuna contra la meningitis. MÉTODOS: Se identificaron los casos de meningitis en niños menores de 5 años a partir de los registros de ingreso del principal hospital pediátrico de Santo Domingo entre 1998 y 2004. Los casos de meningitis con probable etiología bacteriana se clasificaron según criterios de laboratorio; los casos confirmados contaban con cultivo bacteriano positivo o detección de antígenos específicos en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia acumulada de casos confirmados y probables de meningitis en los niños que vivían en el Distrito Nacional. Los casos confirmados de meningitis por Hib se incorporaron a un estudio de casos y controles -pareados según la edad y el barrio de residencia- para calcular la eficacia de la vacuna. RESULTADOS: Antes de la introducción de la vacuna, la tasa anual de meningitis de posible etiología bacteriana era de 49 casos por 100 000 niños menores de 5 años; de los casos confirmados de origen bacteriano, 60 por ciento fue por Hib. En el período 2002-2004, después de la introducción de la vacuna, la tasa anual de meningitis de posible etiología bacteriana fue de 16 casos por 100 000, es decir 65 por ciento más baja, y 26 por ciento de los casos confirmados correspondieron a Hib. Las tasas de meningitis por Hib y de posible origen bacteriano de etiología desconocida se redujeron en 13 y 17 casos por 100 000, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La introducción de la vacuna...

Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine on bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic

OBJECTIVES: Widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines has dramatically reduced the burden of Hib disease throughout the Americas. Few studies have evaluated the impact of Hib vaccination on non-culture-confirmed disease. This study analyzed trends in probable bacterial meningitis before and after the introduction of Hib vaccine in the Dominican Republic and estimated vaccine effectiveness against Hib meningitis. METHODS: Meningitis cases among children < 5 years of age were identified from admission records of the main pediatric hospital in Santo Domingo during 1998 - 2004. Laboratory criteria were used to classify meningitis cases with probable bacterial etiology; confirmed cases had positive bacterial culture or antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid. Cumulative incidence rates of confirmed and probable bacterial meningitis were calculated for children living in the National District. Confirmed cases of Hib meningitis were enrolled in a case control study with age- and neighborhood-matched control children to calculate vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS: Before vaccine introduction, annual rates of meningitis with probable bacterial etiology were 49 cases per 100000 children < 5 years old; Hib accounted for 60 percent of confirmed bacterial cases. During 2002 - 2004, after vaccine introduction, annual rates of probable bacterial meningitis were 65 percent lower at 16 cases per 100000, and Hib accounted for 26 percent of confirmed cases. Rates of Hib meningitis and probable bacterial meningitis with no determined etiology declined by 13 and 17 cases per 100000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of Hib vaccine substantially reduced the incidence of confirmed and probable bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic. The estimated impact of Hib vaccination was twice as great when non-culture-confirmed disease was included

Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine on bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic.

OBJECTIVES: Widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines has dramatically reduced the burden of Hib disease throughout the Americas. Few studies have evaluated the impact of Hib vaccination on non-culture-confirmed disease. This study analyzed trends in probable bacterial meningitis before and after the introduction of Hib vaccine in the Dominican Republic and estimated vaccine effectiveness against Hib meningitis. METHODS: Meningitis cases among children < 5 years of age were identified from admission records of the main pediatric hospital in Santo Domingo during 1998-2004. Laboratory criteria were used to classify meningitis cases with probable bacterial etiology; confirmed cases had positive bacterial culture or antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid. Cumulative incidence rates of confirmed and probable bacterial meningitis were calculated for children living in the National District. Confirmed cases of Hib meningitis were enrolled in a case-control study with age- and neighborhood-matched control children to calculate vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS: Before vaccine introduction, annual rates of meningitis with probable bacterial etiology were 49 cases per 100 000 children < 5 years old; Hib accounted for 60% of confirmed bacterial cases. During 2002-2004, after vaccine introduction, annual rates of probable bacterial meningitis were 65% lower at 16 cases per 100 000, and Hib accounted for 26% of confirmed cases. Rates of Hib meningitis and probable bacterial meningitis with no determined etiology declined by 13 and 17 cases per 100 000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of Hib vaccine substantially reduced the incidence of confirmed and probable bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic. The estimated impact of Hib vaccination was twice as great when non-culture-confirmed disease was included.

Penicillin-resistant pneumococcus and risk of treatment failure in pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the presence of in vitro penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae increases the risk of clinical failure in children hospitalised with severe pneumonia and treated with penicillin/ampicillin. DESIGN: Multicentre, prospective, observational study. SETTING: 12 tertiary-care centres in three countries in Latin America. PATIENTS: 240 children aged 3-59 months, hospitalised with severe pneumonia and known in vitro susceptibility of S pneumoniae. INTERVENTION: Patients were treated with intravenous penicillin/ampicillin after collection of blood and, when possible, pleural fluid for culture. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was used to determine penicillin susceptibility of the pneumococcal strains isolated. Children were continuously monitored until discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was treatment failure (using clinical criteria). RESULTS: Overall treatment failure was 21%. After allowing for different potential confounders, there was no evidence of association between treatment failure and in vitro resistance of S pneumoniae to penicillin according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)/National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) interpretative standards ((adj)RR = 1.03; 95%CI: 0.49-1.90 for resistant S pneumoniae). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous penicillin/ampicillin remains the drug of choice for treating penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia in areas where the MIC does not exceed 2 microg/ml.

Aislamiento de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de Beta-Lactamasa de Espectro Extendido (BLEE) en recién nacidos en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana / Extended-spectrum B-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonates in the Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children’s Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Desde los años 80 ha aumentado la tasa de los aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae productoras de Beta-Lactamasas de Espectro Extendido-KpBLEE- a nivel mundial. La Kp BLEE ha sido aislada en recién nacidos de la UCIN del principal hospital pediátrico de Rep. Dominicana. Fueron incluidos en este estudio 212 niños menores de 28 días de edad, hospitalizados en la UCIN del Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral en un período de cuatro meses. Se tomaron hemocultivos a cada niño a su ingreso y en cualquier momento, cuando se sospechara infección. Para la identificación de los aislamientos se utilizó el sistema API 20-E (BioMerieux). La detección de BLEE se realizó por el método de difusión del doble disco. Para la confirmación de BLEE se usaron los discos de cefotaxime: cefotaxime/ácido clavulánico y ceftazidime:ceftazidime/ácido clavulánico. Toda Kp con una diferencia mayor de 5 mm entre ambos pares de discos se consideró una KpBLEE. La diferencia entre las proporciones se determinó usando las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y Fisher exacto. Ocurrieron 26 casos de infección nosocomial entre los 212 neonatos (26/212 = 12.3). De estos, en 15 se aisló K. pneumoniae (15/26 = 57.7), de las cuales 10 (67) fueron cepas productoras de BLEE. La tasa de fatalidad fue de 80 (8/10). La condición de riesgo más importante fue la prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer. Se observó una elevada prevalencia de KpBLEE durante el período de estudio. En República Dominicana se necesitan medidas preventivas urgentes para reducir la transmisión de estas infecciones

Incidencia de portadores asintomáticos de neisseria meningitidis en un sector de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana / Asintomatic carriers of neisseria meningitidis

Con el propósito de determinar la incidencia de portadores de Neisseria meningitidis en el sector Los Praditos realizamos un estudio observacional de tipo transversal o de fuente primaria en mayores de 15 años de edad. El universo estuvo formado por 223 personas. El grupo etáreo de mayor prevalencia fue de 20 a 29 años de edad. El 37// (83 casos) se dedicaban a quehaceres domésticos. La mitad de la población estudiada vivía en hacinamiento. La Neisseria meningitidis fue aislada en una sola persona correspondiendo a 0.5// de la población. El 77// no tenía información sobre la enfermedad