Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Control of the Composting Process of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Pilot-Scale Experience.

The aim of this work was to carry out a pilot experiment to monitor OFMSW (organic fraction of municipal solid waste) composting processes using different types of installations (automatic reactor, aerated static pile and turned pile). To carry out the process, pruning waste was used as structuring material (SM), in a 1:1 and 1:2, v:v, OFMSW:SM ratio. Monitoring was carried out through the control of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, such as temperature, pH, humidity, Rottegrade, Solvita tests, the presence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, total coliform, and Enterococcus sp. concentrations. After carrying out the tests, it can be affirmed that the three types of installations used worked correctly in terms of the monitoring of physico-chemical parameters, giving rise to a compost of sufficient stability and maturity to be applied on agricultural soil. In all cases the bacterial concentrations in the final compost were lower than those detected in the mixture of initial components for its preparation, thus complying with the requirements established in RD 506/2013 and RD 999/2017RD on fertilizer products. However, it cannot be affirmed that one of the three types of installation used produces a greater bacterial inactivation than the others. When composting with different types of facilities, it is of interest to optimize the irrigation and aeration system in order to have a better control of the process and to study the possible temperature gradients in the piles to ensure good sanitization without the risk of bacterial proliferation a posteriori. Finally, the different initial mixtures of OFMSW and SM used in this study did not have a significant influence on the functioning of the composting process or on the microbiological quality during the process. The irrigation water can provide a bacterial contribution that can lead to increases in concentration during the composting process. This study is part of the Life-NADAPTA project (LIFE16 IPC/ES/000001), an integrated strategy for adaptation to Climate Change in Navarra, where NILSA participates in water action and collaborates in agricultural action, which includes among its objectives the development of new soil amendments from different organic waste.

Application of depression criteria (DSM-IV) in patients with Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical differences between Parkinson's disease patients with major (MD) and minor depression (md) and to see how both affect the quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 118 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The mean age of onset was 60.4+/-11.2 years with a mean duration of 8.5+/-6.2 years. Depression was diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Scores on the Hamilton depression inventory, MMSE, PDQ-39, NPI-10, UPDRS III, and UPDRS IV were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (17.8%) met the criteria of major depression (MD) and 33 (28.0%) those of minor depression (md). The scores on the PDQ-39 and NPI-10 of patients with MD were higher than in patients with md, and control group. The MMSE scores were lower in patients with MD. In 52.2% of the patients with MD, the diagnosis of depression was made prior to that of PD, this occurred only in 24.2% of the patients with md (p<0.001). The presence of anhedonia was related to cognitive impairment and the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. DISCUSSION: MD is probably a part of the disease process of PD; it is associated with cognitive impairment and may precede motor symptoms.

Patologías médicas en la adicción a la heroína / Medical pathologies in heroin addiction

Se presenta un análisis de las patologías médicas motivo de hospitalización de los heroinómanos de la Provincia de Vizcaya, País Vasco, España, en el lapso 1982 a 1987, y su posible asociación a la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, VIH. Se observó que existe un franco incremento en los ingresos hospitalarios desde 1982, y que las patologías infecciosas constituyen la principal entidad nosológica en este grupo de sujetos. La infección VIH se encontró en un porcentaje superior al 90% de los individuos estudiados y con patologías infecciosas. Es de particular significación el aumento de casos de tuberculosis y de candidiasis. Se discute la posible asociación y repercusión del aumento en la susceptiblidad a infecciones no oportunistas y su asociación a la infección VIH