Adverse Childhood Experiences in Mexico: Prevalence and Association with Sociodemographic Variables and Health Status.

Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refer to a semantic field of negative childhood events that, in conjunction with insufficient personal, family, or contextual coping resources, have the potential of becoming traumatic. Objective: To assess the prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and their association with sociodemographic variables and physical and mental illnesses in a Mexican sample. Design: A cross-sectional design was used. The sample included 917 Mexican adults who responded to the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Most of the participants were female (79.3%) with an average age of 37 years, a monthly income between 500 and 2,500 USD (59.2%), had completed university education (45.6%) and were married or in a common-law marriage (53.1%). Data was collected through Google Forms, and the link to the form was shared through electronic social networks. Results: A total of 48.3% of the participants presented seven to nine types of ACEs. Among their responses, the most prevalent categories were emotional neglect (95.1%), family violence (83.3%), and emotional abuse (78.6%). A significant association was found between the number of ACEs and the mental illness diagnosis (x2(20) = 15.16; p<001). Women were found to report more experiences of sexual abuse (z = -6.62, p<. 001), whereas men reported more experiences of community violence (z= -4.27, p < .001) and collective violence (z = -3.94, p<.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of ACEs in the Mexican population is high. However, men and women reported differences in certain types of ACEs. It was found that people with a diagnosis and family history of mental illnesses presented a higher number of ACE categories.

Enigmazole C: A Cytotoxic Macrocyclic Lactone and Its Ring-Opened Derivatives from a New Species of Homophymia Sponge.

A new macrolide, enigmazole C (1), and two additional analogues, enigmazoles E (2) and D (3), were obtained from a new species of the Homophymia genus as part of an ongoing discovery program at PharmaMar to study cytotoxic substances from marine sources. The structures were fully characterized by cumulative analyses of NMR, IR, and MS spectra, along with density functional theory computational calculations. All three of the new compounds feature an unusual 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one moiety, but only enigmazoles C (1) and D (3) showed cytotoxic activity in the micromolar range against A-549 (lung), HT-29 (colon), MDA-MB-231 (breast), and PSN-1 (pancreas) tumor cells.

Unique Polyhalogenated Peptides from the Marine Sponge Ircinia sp.

Two new bromopyrrole peptides, haloirciniamide A (1) and seribunamide A (2), have been isolated from an Indonesian marine sponge of the genus Ircinia collected in the Thousand Islands (Indonesia). The planar structure of both compounds was assigned on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of the amino acid residues in 1 and 2 was determined by the application of Marfey's method. Compound 1 is the first dibromopyrrole cyclopeptide having a chlorohistidine ring, while compound 2 is a rare peptide possessing a tribromopyrrole ring. Both compounds failed to show significant cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines, and neither compound was able to inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase I or impair the interaction between programmed cell death protein PD1 and its ligand, PDL1.

Two new spongian diterpene analogues isolated from the marine sponge Acanthodendrilla sp.

Two new marine natural compounds, 3ß-acetoxy-15-hydroxyspongia-12-en (1) and 3-methylspongia-3,12-dien-16-one (2), were isolated from the marine sponge Acanthodendrilla sp., collected in Pulau-Pulau. Compounds 1 and 2 represent new chemical entities of the known spongian diterpene family. Compound 1 is a new 3-acetoxyspongia and compound 2 presents an unreported rearranged 3-methylspongia-3-en. Their structures, including relative configurations, were fully elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR analyses, as well as HRESTOFMS experiments. No significant bioactivities were found for these compounds. This work reports two new chemical structures, compounds 1 and 2, together with the first isolation of spongian diterpenes from Acanthodendrilla genus.

Can Stereoclusters Separated by Two Methylene Groups Be Related by DFT Studies? The Case of the Cytotoxic Meroditerpenes Halioxepines.

QM/NMR-DFT (quantum mechanics combined with nuclear magnetic resonance parameters calculated by density functional theory approximations) studies allowed us to link two stereoclusters separated by two methylene groups present in the new meroditerpenes halioxepine B (2) and halioxepine C (3) and the known halioxepine (1), isolated from two Indonesian sponges of the genus Haliclona (Reniera). DP4 and DP4+ probabilities were used to discriminate the two diastereotopic arrangements of the two stereoclusters, whose unconnected relative configurations were determined by ROESY and J-based configurational analysis. To confirm the DFT studies, the full relative configuration of 1 was deduced using a mixture of benzene-d6 and pyridine-d5 as the NMR solvent. ROESY measurements connected the two stereoclusters and demonstrated that DFT calculations accurately predict the configuration when two methylenes separate the two stereoclusters. The different arrangements of the distant stereoclusters C-1/C-2/C-7 and C-10/C-15 for compounds 2 and 3 were deduced by DFT calculations and explained the opposite optical rotations observed for the two compounds. Halioxepines B (2) and C (3) display moderate cytotoxicity against different human cancer cell lines.

Daedophamide, a Cytotoxic Cyclodepsipeptide from a Daedalopelta sp. Sponge Collected in Indonesia.

A new cyclodepsipeptide, daedophamide (1), has been isolated from a Daedalopelta sp. marine sponge collected from Alor Island (Indonesia). The planar structure of 1 was assigned on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Daedophamide (1) contains 11 amino acid residues and an amide-linked 3-hydroxy-2,4,6,8-tetramethylnonanoic acid (Htemna). The amino acid constituents were identified as l-Leu, N-Me-l-Gln, d-Arg, d-Asp, d-allo-Thr, l-Pip, d-Ala, d-Ser, 3,4-dimethyl-Gln, O-MeThr, and 4-amino-7-guanidino-2,3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (Agdha). The absolute configurations of eight of the amino acid residues in 1 were determined by application of the Marfey's method after acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, with the relative configurations of the remaining three amino acid residues and the Htemna unit being assigned by comparison of the NMR data with those reported for other similar peptides. Compound 1 displayed strong cytotoxic activity against a panel of four human tumor cell lines with GI50 values in the submicromolar range.

Bistratamides M and N, Oxazole-Thiazole Containing Cyclic Hexapeptides Isolated from Lissoclinum bistratum Interaction of Zinc (II) with Bistratamide K.

Two novel oxazole-thiazole containing cyclic hexapeptides, bistratamides M (1) and N (2) have been isolated from the marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum (L. bistratum) collected in Raja Ampat (Papua Bar, Indonesia). The planar structure of 1 and 2 was assigned on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of the amino acid residues in 1 and 2 was determined by the application of the Marfey's and advanced Marfey's methods after ozonolysis followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The interaction between zinc (II) and the naturally known bistratamide K (3), a cyclic hexapeptide isolated from a different specimen of Lissoclinum bistratum, was monitored by ¹H and 13C NMR. The results obtained are consistent with the proposal that these peptides are biosynthesized for binding to metal ions. Compounds 1 and 2 display moderate cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines with GI50 values in the micromolar range.

Protoxenicins A and B, Cytotoxic Long-Chain Acylated Xenicanes from the Soft Coral Protodendron repens.

Two new xenicanes, named protoxenicins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from an organic extract of the soft coral Protodendron repens, collected off the coast of Okuza (Tanzania), being the first chemical study of an organism belonging to this genus. Their planar structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS techniques, while the relative configurations were elucidated by comparison of their chemical shifts and coupling constants with the literature values of their congeners, as well as by ROESY experiments, chemical derivatization, and molecular mechanics calculations. This is the first report of a xenicin acylated with a long saturated fatty acid. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of the stereogenic centers of the cyclononane ring and at C-1 in 1 was determined by Mosher's method. Protoxenicin B (2) is present in solution as a mixture of two conformers in a 2:1 ratio deduced by 1H NMR. Both xenicanes display significant cytotoxic activity against a panel of different tumor cell lines.

Cytotoxic Anomoian B and Aplyzanzine B, New Bromotyrosine Alkaloids from Indonesian Sponges.

Two new bromotyrosine derivatives, anomoian B (1) and aplyzanzine B (2), were isolated, respectively, from the organic extracts of a Verongida sponge belonging to the Hexadella genus and from a two-sponge association (Jaspis sp. and Bubaris sp.), both collected off the coast of Indonesia. The planar structure of 1 and 2 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments and by high-resolution mass spectrometry, while their absolute stereochemistry was assigned by comparison with optical rotation values of known bromotyrosines and by chemical degradation. Both compounds showed moderate antiproliferative activity against a panel of different cancer cell lines. Their cytotoxic activity is facilitated through the induction of apoptosis, which is mediated neither by the generation of reactive oxygen species nor by the inhibition of histone deacetylases in these cell lines.

Elucidation of the glycosylation steps during biosynthesis of antitumor macrolides PM100117 and PM100118 and engineering for novel derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Antitumor compounds PM100117 and PM100118 are glycosylated polyketides derived from the marine actinobacteria Streptomyces caniferus GUA-06-05-006A. The organization and characterization of the PM100117/18 biosynthesis gene cluster has been recently reported. RESULTS: Based on the preceding information and new genetic engineering data, we have outlined the pathway by which PM100117/18 are glycosylated. Furthermore, these genetic engineering experiments have allowed the generation of novel PM100117/18 analogues. Deletion of putative glycosyltranferase genes and additional genes presumably involved in late biosynthesis steps of the three 2,6-dideoxysugars appended to the PM100117/18 polyketide skeleton, resulted in the generation of a series of intermediates and novel derivatives. CONCLUSIONS: Isolation and identification of the novel compounds constitutes an important contribution to our knowledge on PM100117/18 glycosylation, and set the basis for further characterization of specific enzymatic reactions, additional genetic engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis approaches.

Lanesoic Acid: A Cytotoxic Zwitterion from Theonella sp.

Lanesoic acid (1) was isolated and characterized from Theonella sp. during PharmaMar's ongoing program to study cytotoxic substances from marine sources. Its planar structure, elucidated by spectral analysis (NMR, IR, UV, and MS), possesses an unusual skeleton containing a tetrahydropyrimidine cation that is stabilized as a zwitterion by an internal carboxylate counterion. The stereostructure of 1 was deduced from ROESY-NOESY, J-based configurational analysis (JBCA), and density functional theory (DFT) computational calculations fitted using the recently published DP4+ parameter. Compound 1 was moderately active and selective against pancreas PSN1 cells (IC50 = 8.9 µg/mL) and inactive against colon HT-29, breast MD-MB-23, and NSCLC lung tumor cells.

Characterization and engineering of the biosynthesis gene cluster for antitumor macrolides PM100117 and PM100118 from a marine actinobacteria: generation of a novel improved derivative.

BACKGROUND: PM100117 and PM100118 are glycosylated polyketides with remarkable antitumor activity, which derive from the marine symbiotic actinobacteria Streptomyces caniferus GUA-06-05-006A. Structurally, PM100117 and PM100118 are composed of a macrocyclic lactone, three deoxysugar units and a naphthoquinone (NQ) chromophore that shows a clear structural similarity to menaquinone. RESULTS: Whole-genome sequencing of S. caniferus GUA-06-05-006A has enabled the identification of PM100117 and PM100118 biosynthesis gene cluster, which has been characterized on the basis of bioinformatics and genetic engineering data. The product of four genes shows high identity to proteins involved in the biosynthesis of menaquinone via futalosine. Deletion of one of these genes led to a decay in PM100117 and PM100118 production, and to the accumulation of several derivatives lacking NQ. Likewise, five additional genes have been genetically characterized to be involved in the biosynthesis of this moiety. Moreover, the generation of a mutant in a gene coding for a putative cytochrome P450 has led to the production of PM100117 and PM100118 structural analogues showing an enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity relative to the parental products. CONCLUSIONS: Although a number of compounds structurally related to PM100117 and PM100118 has been discovered, this is, to our knowledge, the first insight reported into their biosynthesis. The structural resemblance of the NQ moiety to menaquinone, and the presence in the cluster of four putative menaquinone biosynthetic genes, suggests a connection between the biosynthesis pathways of both compounds. The availability of the PM100117 and PM100118 biosynthetic gene cluster will surely pave a way to the combinatorial engineering of more derivatives.

PM100117 and PM100118, new antitumor macrolides produced by a marine Streptomyces caniferus GUA-06-05-006A.

Two new bioactive polyhydroxyl macrolide lactones PM100117 (1) and PM100118 (2) were isolated from the culture broth of the marine-derived Streptomyces caniferus GUA-06-05-006A. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic methods, mainly one-dimensional and 2D NMR and HRESI-MS. They consist of 36-membered macrolides with a side chain containing three deoxy sugars and a 1,4-naphthoquinone chromophore. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed potent cytotoxicity against three human tumor cell lines with GI50 values in the micromolar range, as well as slight antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC10231. In addition, both compounds alter the plasma membrane of tumor cells, inducing loss of membrane integrity and subsequent cell permeabilization leading to a fast and dramatic necrotic cell death.

Elisidepsin Interacts Directly with Glycosylceramides in the Plasma Membrane of Tumor Cells to Induce Necrotic Cell Death.

Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cell life. Any major break on it immediately induces the death of the affected cell. Different molecules were described as disrupting this cell structure and thus showing antitumor activity. We have previously defined that elisidepsin (Irvalec®, PM02734) inserts and self-organizes in the plasma membrane of tumor cells, inducing a rapid loss of membrane integrity, cell permeabilization and necrotic death. Here we show that, in sensitive HCT-116 colorectal cells, all these effects are consequence of the interaction of elisidepsin with glycosylceramides in the cell membrane. Of note, an elisidepsin-resistant subline (HCT-116-Irv) presented reduced levels of glycosylceramides and no accumulation of elisidepsin in the plasma membrane. Consequently, drug treatment did not induce the characteristic necrotic cell death. Furthermore, GM95, a mutant derivative from B16 mouse melanoma cells lacking ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) activity and thus the synthesis of glycosylceramides, was also resistant to elisidepsin. Over-expression of UGCG gene in these deficient cells restored glycosylceramides synthesis, rendering them sensitive to elisidepsin, at a similar level than parental B16 cells. These results indicate that glycosylceramides act as membrane targets of elisidepsin, facilitating its insertion in the plasma membrane and the subsequent membrane permeabilization that leads to drug-induced cell death. They also indicate that cell membrane lipids are a plausible target for antineoplastic therapy.

Phormidolides B and C, cytotoxic agents from the sea: enantioselective synthesis of the macrocyclic core.

New cytotoxic polyketide macrolides named phormidolides B and C were isolated from a marine sponge of the Petrosiidae family collected off the coast of Pemba (Tanzania). The isolation, structure elucidation, and enantioselective synthesis of three diastereomers of the macrocyclic core is described herein. The described synthetic methodology started from 2-deoxy-D-ribose or 2-deoxy-L-ribose and afforded the desired macrocycles with high enantiomeric purity. The key step of the synthesis is the formation of the Z-trisubstituted double bond using a Julia-Kocienski olefination. The versatility of the synthetic methodology may provide access to other enantiopure macrocycles by making changes in the starting materials or chiral inductors.

Stellatolides, a new cyclodepsipeptide family from the sponge Ecionemia acervus: isolation, solid-phase total synthesis, and full structural assignment of stellatolide A.

The marine environment is a rich source of metabolites with potential therapeutic properties and applications for humans. Here we describe the first isolation, solid-phase total synthesis, and full structural assignment of a new class of cyclodepsipeptides from the Madagascan sponge Ecionemia acervus that shows in vitro cytotoxic activities at submicromolar concentrations. Seven structures belonging to a new family of compounds, given the general name stellatolides, were characterized. The sequence and stereochemistry of all the amino acids in these molecules were established by a combination of spectroscopic analysis, chemical degradation, and derivatization studies. Furthermore, the complete structure of stellatolide A was confirmed by an efficient solid-phase method for the first total synthesis and the full structural assignment of this molecule, including the asymmetric synthesis of the unique ß-hydroxy acid moiety (Z)-3-hydroxy-6,8-dimethylnon-4-enoic acid.

Tanjungides A and B: new antitumoral bromoindole derived compounds from Diazona cf formosa. isolation and total synthesis.

Tanjungides A (1) (Z isomer) and B (2) (E isomer), two novel dibrominated indole enamides, have been isolated from the tunicate Diazona cf formosa. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including HRMS, and extensive 1D and 2D NMR. The stereochemistry of the cyclised cystine present in both compounds was determined by Marfey's analysis after chemical degradation and hydrolysis. We also report the first total synthesis of these compounds using methyl 1H-indole-3-carboxylate as starting material and a linear sequence of 11 chemical steps. Tanjungides A and B exhibit significant cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines.

Isolation and structures of pipecolidepsins A and B, cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides from the Madagascan sponge Homophymia lamellosa.

Two new cyclic depsipeptides, pipecolidepsins A and B (1 and 2), have been isolated from the sponge Homophymia lamellosa collected off the coast of Madagascar. Their structures were determined by a combination of NMR experiments and by LC-MS analysis of the amino acid fragments obtained by hydrolysis and derivatization using Marfey's reagent. In addition to several common amino acids, these peptides contain unusual residues, including 2-amino-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylhexanoic acid, 3-ethoxyasparagine, 3,4-dimethylglutamine, 4,7-diamino-2,3-dihydroxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid, and 3-hydroxyaspartic acid as well as a terminal 3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethylheptanoic acid residue. Pipecolidepsins A and B displayed cytotoxic activity against a panel of different human tumor cell lines.

Finding markers that make a difference: DNA pooling and SNP-arrays identify population informative markers for genetic stock identification.

Genetic stock identification (GSI) using molecular markers is an important tool for management of migratory species. Here, we tested a cost-effective alternative to individual genotyping, known as allelotyping, for identification of highly informative SNPs for accurate genetic stock identification. We estimated allele frequencies of 2880 SNPs from DNA pools of 23 Atlantic salmon populations using Illumina SNP-chip. We evaluated the performance of four common strategies (global F ST, pairwise F ST, Delta and outlier approach) for selection of the most informative set of SNPs and tested their effectiveness for GSI compared to random sets of SNP and microsatellite markers. For the majority of cases, SNPs selected using the outlier approach performed best followed by pairwise F ST and Delta methods. Overall, the selection procedure reduced the number of SNPs required for accurate GSI by up to 53% compared with randomly chosen SNPs. However, GSI accuracy was more affected by populations in the ascertainment group rather than the ranking method itself. We demonstrated for the first time the compatibility of different large-scale SNP datasets by compiling the largest population genetic dataset for Atlantic salmon to date. Finally, we showed an excellent performance of our top SNPs on an independent set of populations covering the main European distribution range of Atlantic salmon. Taken together, we demonstrate how combination of DNA pooling and SNP arrays can be applied for conservation and management of salmonids as well as other species.