Application of CMO (capacity, motivation, and opportunity) methodology in pharmaceutical care to optimize the pharmacotherapy in older people living with HIV. DISPIMDINAC project / Intervención farmacéutica basada en la metodología CMO para optimizar la farmacoterapia en pacientes VIH mayores. Proyecto DISPIMDINAC

Objective. To determine the effectiveness of a pharma ceutical intervention, based on the CMO methodology (capac ity, motivation and opportunity), to decrease the prevalence of the PIMDINAC concept (potentially inappropriate medica tion+drug interactions+non-adherence to concomitant med ication) in people living with HIV infection. Material and methods. Longitudinal prospective multi center study, conducted between October 2021 and October 2022. Patients living with HIV older than 65 years, on antiret roviral treatment and concomitant drug prescription were included. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected. Pharmaceutical care was provided for 6 months according to the CMO model in each patient. The main variable was the percentage of patients who simultane ously fulfilled the PIMDINAC concept, comparing the baseline value with the same value at the end of the study. In addi tion, the percentage of patient’s adherent to concomitant and antiretroviral treatment and the percentage of patients meet ing the pharmacotherapeutic targets established for the pre scribed medication at 24 weeks of follow-up were compared. Results. Sixty-eight patients were included. Seventy-two percent were men, with a median age of 68 years. The medi an number of concomitant drugs was 7. A 60.6% of the pa tients had polypharmacy. The prevalence of the presence of the PIMDINAC concept decreased significantly (10.3 vs. 0%). In isolation, each of the aspects also decreased significantly (p <0.031) The percentage of patients who met the objectives improved significantly from 48,5 at baseline to 88.2 (p <0.001). Conclusions. The pharmaceutical intervention based on the CMO methodology significantly decreased the prevalence of the PIMDINAC concept and increased the number of pa tients who achieved the objectives, optimising their pharma cotherapy (AU)

Objetivo. Determinar la efectividad de una intervención farmacéutica, basada en la metodología CMO (Capacidad, Motivación y oportunidad) para disminuir la prevalencia de criterios PIMDINAC (medicación potencialmente inapropiada interacciones farmacológica-no adherencia a la medicación concomitante) en pacientes VIH+. Material y métodos. Estudio multicéntrico prospectivo longitudinal, realizado entre octubre-2021 y octubre-2022. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH+ ≥65 años, en tratamiento an tirretroviral activo y medicación concomitante prescrita. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas y farmacote rapéuticas. La intervención de atención farmacéutica se rea lizó durante los 6 meses de seguimiento a través de la me todología CMO. La variable principal fue la diferencia en el porcentaje de pacientes que presentaban los tres criterios PIMDINAC de forma simultánea al inicio-fin del estudio. Se analizó la variación del porcentaje de pacientes adheren tes tanto al TAR y a la medicación concomitante, así como el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaron sus objetivos farma coterapéuticos previamente definidos a los 6 meses de segui miento. Resultados. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes, 72.0% varones con una mediana de edad de 68 años. El 60.6% de los pacientes tenían polifarmacia de forma basal con una mediana de fárma cos de 7.0. La presencia de criterios PIMDINAC disminuyó sig nificativamente de un 10.3 a 0%. De forma individual se redujo el porcentaje de cada criterio de forma significativa (p=0.031). Se incrementó el porcentaje de pacientes que alcanzaron sus objetivos farmacoterapéuticos (48,5% vs 88,2%; p<0.001). Conclusiones. La estrategia basada en la metodología CMO disminuye significativamente la prevalencia de los cri terios PIMDINAC, así como incrementa la consecución de los objetivos farmacoterapéuticos de los pacientes, optimizando su farmacoterapia (AU)

Clinical Impact of the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity Pharmacist-Led Intervention in People Living with HIV in Spain, 2019-2020.

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) have significantly enhanced their life expectancy. Consequently, age-associated comorbidities and related health conditions are increasingly found in PLWH complicating their clinical management. Objective: To determine the effect of the capacity-motivation-opportunity (CMO) structured pharmaceutical care intervention for improving clinical health-care results frequently associated to PLWH. Methods: Multicenter, prospective, pre-post intervention study evaluating the CMO pharmacist-led program in adult PLWH was conducted between September 2019 and September 2020 with six months of follow-up. The primary objective of this study was to determine differences in clinical outcomes (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin) and variation in the patient's activation measure before and after the intervention. Results: A total of 61 patients were included, 72% were men with a median age of 53 years. After the implementation of the pharmacist-driven program, the percentage of patients with high levels of total cholesterol decreased significantly (18% to 4.9%; p < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of patients with high levels of triglycerides, HDL or with hypertension was significantly lower post intervention (13.1% to 6.6%, p < 0.001; 47.5% to 6.6%, p = 0.019 and 24% to 4%, p = 0.009, respectively). The number of patients who achieved the highest activation level increased from 69% to 77.6% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The CMO program resulted in significantly better health outcomes during the six months following the pharmacist-led intervention as well as improved activation in PLWH.

Application of the CMO methodology to the improvement of primary adherence to concomitant medication in people living with-HIV. The PRICMO Project.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical care intervention based on the CMO methodology (Capacity, Motivation  and Opportunity) in improving primary adherence to concomitant  treatment in HIV+ patients on antiretroviral treatment. METHOD: This was a longitudinal prospective multicenter study carried out  between September 2019 and September 2020, which included HIV+  patients older than 18 years who were on antiretroviral treatment and  were taking concomitant medications. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected. As required by the CMO methodology, all patients were followed for 6 months and stratified  into three levels of care. Individualized pharmaceutical care was provided according to the interventions established for each level. At every consultation, a motivational interview was conducted based on each  patient's alignment with and achievement of their pharmacotherapeutic  objectives. A website was developed to deal with the opportunity pillar.  The main variable was the percentage of patients considered primary  adherents to the prescribed concomitant medication. Adherence over the  six months prior to the study was compared to adherence at the end of the study. Additionally, the percentage of patients considered secondary  adherents to concomitant treatment and antiretroviral treatment during  the 6 months prior to the start of the study was compared to the  percentage of such patients at the end of the study. Adherence was  measured based on dispensation records and specific validated  questionnaires. Patients were only considered adherent if they were  deemed adherent by both methods. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients were included in the study, 72% male. Median age was 53 years and the median number of concomitant drugs prescribed was 7. A total of 60.6% of patients were polymedicated. The percentage of patients considered primary non-adherent was 52.5% at baseline (n = 32) and 4.9% (n = 3, p < 0.001) at the end of the study. Secondary adherence to both concomitant medication (41.6% vs 88.3%) and antiretroviral treatment (85.2% vs 95.1%) improved at the end of the study (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmaceutical care based on the CMO methodology significantly improved both primary and secondary  dherence to concomitant drugs and to antiretroviral treatment.

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de una intervención farmacéutica, basada en la metodología CMO (Capacidad, Motivación,  portunidad), para mejorar la adherencia primaria al tratamiento  concomitante en pacientes VIH+ en tratamiento antirretroviral.Método: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, multicéntrico, realizado entre septiembre de 2019 y septiembre de 2020. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH+ mayores de 18 años, en tratamiento antirretroviral y  prescripción de fármacos concomitantes. Se recogieron variables  demográficas, clínicas y farmacoterapéuticas. Se realizó atención  farmacéutica durante 6 meses según el modelo CMO en cada paciente,  basado en su nivel de estratificación y las intervenciones establecidas para cada umbral. En cada consulta se realizó una entrevista motivacional  basada en el alcance de los objetivos farmacoterapéuticos para cada  paciente. Para desarrollar el pilar de oportunidad se creó y desarrolló la  web: www.proyecto-pricmo.com. La variable principal fue el porcentaje de  pacientes considerados adherentes primarios a la medicación concomitante  prescrita, comparando los 6 meses previos al estudio, frente al mismo valor al finalizar el estudio. Adicionalmente, se comparó el  porcentaje de pacientes adherentes secundarios al tratamiento  concomitante y al tratamiento antirretroviral durante los 6 meses previos  al inicio del estudio frente al mismo valor en los pacientes al finalizar el  estudio. Para medir la adherencia se consideraron dos métodos: registros  y cuestionarios validados específicos. Solo se consideraron adherentes si lo fueron a ambos métodos.Resultados: Se incluyeron 61 pacientes. El 72,0% fueron hombres, con una mediana de edad de 53 años. La mediana de fármacos  oncomitantes fue de 7. El 60,6% de los pacientes tenían presencia de  polifarmacia. El porcentaje de pacientes considerados no adherentes  primarios basalmente fue del 52,5% (n = 32), mientras que a la  finalización fue del 4,9% (n = 3, p < 0,001). Tanto la adherencia  secundaria a la medicación concomitante (41,6% versus 88,3%) como al  tratamiento antirretroviral (85,2% versus 95,1%) mejoraron al finalizar el  estudio (p < 0,001).Conclusiones: La intervención farmacéutica basada en la metodología CMO mejoró significativamente tanto la adherencia primaria  como secundaria a la medicación concomitante y la secundaria al  tratamiento antirretroviral.

Intervención farmacéutica basada en la metodología CMO para la mejora de la adherencia primaria a la medicación concomitante en pacientes con infección por VIH: Proyecto PRICMO / Application of the CMO methodology to the improvement of primary adherence to concomitant medication in people living with-HIV. The PRICMO Project

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de una intervención farmacéutica,basada en la metodología CMO (Capacidad, Motivación, Oportunidad), para mejorar la adherencia primaria al tratamiento concomitante enpacientes VIH+ en tratamiento antirretroviral.Método: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, multicéntrico, realizado entreseptiembre de 2019 y septiembre de 2020. Se incluyeron pacientesVIH+ mayores de 18 años, en tratamiento antirretroviral y prescripción defármacos concomitantes. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicasy farmacoterapéuticas. Se realizó atención farmacéutica durante 6 mesessegún el modelo CMO en cada paciente, basado en su nivel de estratificación y las intervenciones establecidas para cada umbral. En cadaconsulta se realizó una entrevista motivacional basada en el alcance de losobjetivos farmacoterapéuticos para cada paciente. Para desarrollar el pilarde oportunidad se creó y desarrolló la web: www.proyecto-pricmo.com. a variable principal fue el porcentaje de pacientes considerados adherentes primarios a la medicación concomitante prescrita, comparandolos 6 meses previos al estudio, frente al mismo valor al finalizar el estudio. Adicionalmente, se comparó el porcentaje de pacientes adherentessecundarios al tratamiento concomitante y al tratamiento antirretroviraldurante los 6 meses previos al inicio del estudio frente al mismo valor enlos pacientes al finalizar el estudio. Para medir la adherencia se consideraron dos métodos: registros y cuestionarios validados específicos. Solose consideraron adherentes si lo fueron a ambos métodos. (AU)

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical careintervention based on the CMO methodology (Capacity, Motivation andOpportunity) in improving primary adherence to concomitant treatment inHIV+ patients on antiretroviral treatment.Method: This was a longitudinal prospective multicenter study carriedout between September 2019 and September 2020, which includedHIV+ patients older than 18 years who were on antiretroviral treatmentand were taking concomitant medications. Demographic, clinical, andpharmacotherapeutic variables were collected. As required by the CMOmethodology, all patients were followed for 6 months and stratified intothree levels of care. Individualized pharmaceutical care was providedaccording to the interventions established for each level. At every consultation, a motivational interview was conducted based on each patient’salignment with and achievement of their pharmacotherapeutic objectives. A website was developed to deal with the opportunity pillar. The mainvariable was the percentage of patients considered primary adherents tothe prescribed concomitant medication. Adherence over the six monthsprior to the study was compared to adherence at the end of the study.Additionally, the percentage of patients considered secondary adherentsto concomitant treatment and antiretroviral treatment during the 6 monthsprior to the start of the study was compared to the percentage of suchpatients at the end of the study. Adherence was measured based ondispensation records and specific validated questionnaires. Patients wereonly considered adherent if they were deemed adherent by both methods. (AU)

Perceptions about HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare professionals in Spain (PERPPRES Study).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of support, knowledge and perceptions of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by Infectious Disease Specialists and Hospital Pharmacists in Spain. METHODS: Cross-sectional study through an on-line 31-item survey (sociodemographical data, employment status/experience, knowledge of PrEP, use, identified barriers and economic issues). A univariate analysis was performed to evaluate the variables associated with support for PrEP, and compare the assessments by Specialists and Pharmacists. The questions about support for PrEP and agreement with the indication approval were repeated after showing data from published studies. The significance of the change in the answers was analyzed using the McNemar Test. RESULTS: 211 questionnaires were received (80.1% from Pharmacists). 40.3% had low/no familiarity with PrEP (46.2% Pharmacists vs. 16.7% Physicians; p < 0.01). A 53.6% of them would support the use of PrEP (49.7% Pharmacists vs. 69% Physicians; p = 0.038). The minimum acceptable efficacy in order to support PrEP was 85.0 ± 15.5% (82.6 ± 12.1% by Physicians vs. 85.6 ± 15.0% by Pharmacists; p = 0.02). The variables associated with support were: medical profession (OR = 2.26; 95%CI 1.1-4.6; p = 0.038) and lower demand for efficacy (difference = 10.5%; 95%CI 6.9 to 14.1; p < 0.001). After receiving the information, there was an increase in their support for use and indication approval. Most participants (81.5%) did not support its reimbursement. The main barriers identified were: an increase in risk behaviour (24.1%), increase in sexually transmitted diseases (19.0%), resistance (16.6%) and cost (16.0%). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of participants were familiar with PrEP. The majority of them would support its use and the approval of the indication, but would not reimburse it. The use of PrEP in real practice is currently low.

Objetivo: Determinar el grado de apoyo, conocimientos y percepciones respecto a la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP) de los médicos infectólogos y farmacéuticos hospitalarios en España. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta de 31 ítems (datos sociodemográficos, situación laboral/experiencia, conocimiento sobre PrEP, uso, opiniones, barreras detectadas y aspectos financieros). Se realizó un análisis univariante para evaluar las variables relacionadas con el apoyo a PrEP y comparar las valoraciones de médicos y farmacéuticos. Las preguntas sobre apoyo a la PrEP y el acuerdo sobre aprobar la indicación se repitieron tras mostrar datos de estudios publicados. Se analizó la significación del cambio en la respuesta mediante la prueba de McNemar. Resultados: Se recibieron 211 cuestionarios (80,1% farmacéuticos). El 40,3% estuvieron nada/poco familiarizados con la PrEP (46,2% farmacéuticos vs. 16,7% médicos; p < 0,01). El 53,6% apoyaría su uso (49,7% farmacéuticos vs. 69% médicos; p = 0,038). La eficacia mínima considerada aceptable fue 85,0 ± 15,5% (82,6 ± 12,1% médicos vs. 85,6 ± 15,0% farmacéuticos; p = 0,02). Las variables relacionadas con el apoyo fueron: profesión médica (OR = 2,26 IC95% 1,1-4,6; p = 0,038) y menor exigencia de eficacia (diferencia 10,5% IC95% 6,9-14,1; p < 0,001). Tras recibir la información, aumentaron el apoyo al uso y la aprobación. El 81,5% no apoyaron la financiación. Las principales barreras señaladas fueron: aumento de conductas de riesgo (24,1%), aumento de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (19,0%), resistencias (16,6%) y coste (16,0%). Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los encuestados estaban familiarizados con la PrEP. La mayoría apoyaría su uso y la aprobación de la indicación, pero no la financiaría. El uso en la práctica real de la PrEP es escaso en la actualidad.

Perceptions about HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare professionals in Spain (PERPPRES Study) / Percepción de los profesionales sanitarios sobre la profilaxis preexposición al VIH en España (Estudio PERPPRES)

Objective: To determine the level of support, knowledge and perceptions of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by Infectious Disease Specialists and Hospital Pharmacists in Spain. Methods: Cross-sectional study through an on-line 31-item survey (sociodemographical data, employment status/experience, knowledge of PrEP, use, identified barriers and economic issues). A univariate analysis was performed to evaluate the variables associated with support for PrEP, and compare the assessments by Specialists and Pharmacists. The questions about support for PrEP and agreement with the indication approval were repeated after showing data from published studies. The significance of the change in the answers was analyzed using the McNemar Test. Results: 211 questionnaires were received (80.1% from Pharmacists). 40.3% had low/no familiarity with PrEP (46.2% Pharmacists vs. 16.7% Physicians; p < 0.01). A 53.6% of them would support the use of PrEP (49.7% Pharmacists vs. 69% Physicians; p = 0.038). The minimum acceptable efficacy in order to support PrEP was 85.0 ± 15.5% (82.6 ± 12.1% by Physicians vs. 85.6 ± 15.0% by Pharmacists; p = 0.02). The variables associated with support were: medical profession (OR = 2.26; 95%CI 1.1-4.6; p = 0.038) and lower demand for efficacy (difference = 10.5%; 95%CI 6.9 to 14.1; p < 0.001). After receiving the information, there was an increase in their support for use and indication approval. Most participants (81.5%) did not support its reimbursement. The main barriers identified were: an increase in risk behaviour (24.1%), increase in sexually transmitted diseases (19.0%), resistance (16.6%) and cost (16.0%). Conclusions: More than half of participants were familiar with PrEP. The majority of them would support its use and the approval of the indication, but would not reimburse it. The use of PrEP in real practice is currently low (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar el grado de apoyo, conocimientos y percepciones respecto a la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP) de los médicos infectólogos y farmacéuticos hospitalarios en España. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta de 31 ítems (datos sociodemográficos, situación laboral/experiencia, conocimiento sobre PrEP, uso, opiniones, barreras detectadas y aspectos financieros). Se realizó un análisis univariante para evaluar las variables relacionadas con el apoyo a PrEP y comparar las valoraciones de médicos y farmacéuticos. Las preguntas sobre apoyo a la PrEP y el acuerdo sobre aprobar la indicación se repitieron tras mostrar datos de estudios publicados. Se analizó la significación del cambio en la respuesta mediante la prueba de McNemar. Resultados: Se recibieron 211 cuestionarios (80,1% farmacéuticos). El 40,3% estuvieron nada/poco familiarizados con la PrEP (46,2% farmacéuticos vs. 16,7% médicos; p < 0,01). El 53,6% apoyaría su uso (49,7% farmacéuticos vs. 69% médicos; p = 0,038). La eficacia mínima considerada aceptable fue 85,0 ± 15,5% (82,6 ± 12,1% médicos vs. 85,6 ± 15,0% farmacéuticos; p = 0,02). Las variables relacionadas con el apoyo fueron: profesión médica (OR = 2,26 IC95% 1,1-4,6; p = 0,038) y menor exigencia de eficacia (diferencia 10,5% IC95% 6,9-14,1; p < 0,001). Tras recibir la información, aumentaron el apoyo al uso y la aprobación. El 81,5% no apoyaron la financiación. Las principales barreras señaladas fueron: aumento de conductas de riesgo (24,1%), aumento de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (19,0%), resistencias (16,6%) y coste (16,0%). Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los encuestados estaban familiarizados con la PrEP. La mayoría apoyaría su uso y la aprobación de la indicación, pero no la financiaría. El uso en la práctica real de la PrEP es escaso en la actualidad (AU)

Protection but maintained dysfunction of nigral dopaminergic nerve cell bodies and striatal dopaminergic terminals in MPTP-lesioned mice after acute treatment with the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP.

The mGluR5 antagonist MPEP was used to study the role of mGluR5 in MPTP-induced injury of the nigrostriatal DA neurons. The findings indicate that acute blockade of mGluR5 may result in neuroprotective actions against MPTP neurotoxicity on nigral DA cell bodies and striatal DA terminals using stereological analysis of TH immunoreactivity and microdensitometry. Biochemical analysis showed no restoration of DA levels and metabolism indicating a maintained reduction of DA transmission.