Effect of different feeding systems on color of longissimus muscle from Bos cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Considering the relevance of meat discoloration for meat production chain and the conflicting results regarding the influence of feeding regimes on color of fresh beef and the lack of meta-analytic studies on this subject we investigated the effect of grain-fed and pasture-fed regimes on color of beef longissimus from Bos cattle through a systematic review with meta-analysis. A systematic search from 2001 to 2021 was performed in two databases and 126 papers were eligible for meta-analysis. Pasture-fed longissimus beef exhibited higher a* (8.21%) and C* (8.61%) values, and lower h* values (17.18%) than grain-fed counterparts, indicating a greater color for longissimus beef from pasture-fed animals. Among the pasture-fed regimes, those containing alfalfa, bermudagrass, cowpea and pearl millet were the most effective for color improvements. Our findings indicate potential feeding regimes to mitigate global economic losses from meat discoloration and suggest the necessity to develop suitable processing strategies to improve the color of beef from grain-fed Bos cattle.

Application of molecular tools to elucidate the microbiota of seafood.

The aim of this review is to present the methodologies currently applied to identify microbiota and pathogens transmitted to humans through seafood consumption, focusing on molecular techniques and pointing out their importance, advantages, disadvantages and applicability. Knowledge of available techniques allows researchers to identify which technique best fits their expectations. With such discernment, it will be possible to infer which disadvantages will be present and, therefore, not interfering with the final result. Two methodologies can be employed for this purpose, dependent and independent cultures. However, the dependent culture has certain limitations that can be solved through the independent cultivation techniques, such as PCR, PFGE and NGS, especially through the sequencing of the 16S rRNA region, providing a complete view of microbial diversity. These have revolutionized microbiological knowledge, mainly because they allow for the identification of uncultivable micro-organisms, which represent a substantial portion of total micro-organisms, making it possible to elucidate not yet described taxa which may display pathogenic potential, besides quantifying microbial communities, microbiota genetics, translated proteins and produced metabolites. In addition, transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques also allow for the evaluation of possible impacts that microbial communities may create in their environment, as well as the determination of potential pathogenicity to humans.