Effects of Aquatic Physical Exercise on Motor Risk Factors for Falls in Older People During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of aquatic training on motor risk factors for falls in older people during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was carried out with older people, divided into an aquatic training group (ATG) (n = 24) and a control group (CG) (n = 25). Muscle strength was assessed by the 5-Times Sit-to-Stand Test, mobility by the simple and dual-task Timed Up and Go Test, and postural stability through stabilometric data (force platform). The CG received monthly calls to monitor general health. The ATG carried out training lasting 16 weeks, with two 1-hour sessions per week. RESULTS: Both groups improved muscular strength and cognitive-motor tasks, and they performed a dual task with fewer errors in the secondary task after 16 weeks regardless of the pandemic and COVID-19 diagnosis. There was a significant decrease in the area of center of pressure displacement in the tandem posture with eyes closed in the CG. When analyzing participants who adhered at least 50% to the intervention, the ATG significantly reduced the number of steps on the Timed Up and Go Test performance. Both groups improved muscular strength and cognitive-motor tasks and increased the cognitive task cost. In the CG, there was a significant decrease in the mean amplitude of the anteroposterior center of pressure displacement in the feet together with eyes open. CONCLUSION: We found that aquatic physical exercise presented positive effects on some potentially modifiable motor risk factors for falls (mobility and muscle strength) regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 diagnosis, especially among people who adhered to the intervention.

Telefonemas mensais e calendários como registro para a taxa de quedas de idosos da comunidade inseridos em um ensaio clínico randomizado / Llamadas telefónicas mensuales y calendarios como registro de tasa de caída de ancianos de una comunidad en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Monthly phone calls and calendars to record falls rate in community-dwelling older adults included in a randomized clinical trial

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo de caráter longitudinal prospectivo foram analisar telefonemas mensais e calendários como registro da taxa de quedas de idosos da comunidade ao longo de 22 semanas e verificar os fatores relacionados à adesão ao calendário de quedas. Os participantes passaram por avaliações de anamnese, nível de atividade física, medidas neuropsicológicas e mobilidade. Receberam também um calendário de quedas que deveria ser preenchido, ao longo das 22 semanas, no(s) dia(s) em que o evento ocorresse. Ademais, os idosos foram contatados mensalmente por telefone para o questionamento da ocorrência de quedas naquele período. Para análise dos dados, foi adotado nível de significância de α=0,05, e para execução dos testes estatísticos foi utilizado o software SPSS 20.0. Os dois instrumentos foram comparados quanto à "sensibilidade" e à "especificidade". Foram incluídos 52 idosos no estudo, com média de idade de 70,5 anos. A adesão ao método do calendário foi de 63,4% em comparação à estratégia dos telefonemas. Dos nove participantes que relataram quedas pelos telefonemas, três as notificaram no calendário, resultando em uma sensibilidade de 33%. Dos 43 idosos que não relataram quedas por telefonemas, 31 entregaram o calendário sem registro, o que resultou em uma especificidade do calendário de 72%. Anos de escolaridade, pontuação no Miniexame de Estado Mental e desempenho no exame cognitivo de Addenbrooke (versão revisada) influenciaram significativamente na adesão ao calendário de quedas. Concluiu-se que houve maior notificação de quedas pelo método do telefonema mensal em comparação ao do calendário em idosos da comunidade.

RESUMEN Los objetivos de este estudio longitudinal prospectivo fueron evaluar llamadas telefónicas mensuales y calendarios como registro de la tasa de caída de ancianos en la comunidad durante 22 semanas, así como identificar los factores relacionados con la adherencia al calendario de caídas. Los participantes se sometieron a evaluaciones de anamnesis, nivel de actividad física, medidas neuropsicológicas y movilidad. También recibieron un calendario de caídas que debían llenar, durante las 22 semanas, en el/los día/s de ocurrencia del evento. Además, los ancianos recibían llamadas telefónicas mensuales para informar la ocurrencia de caídas en ese periodo. Para el análisis de datos, se adoptó un nivel de significancia de α=0,05, y se utilizó el software SPSS 20.0 para realizar las pruebas estadísticas. Los dos instrumentos se compararon con relación a la "sensibilidad" y "especificidad". Participaron 52 ancianos en el estudio, con una edad media de 70,5 años. La adherencia al método del calendario fue del 63,4% en comparación con la estrategia de llamada telefónica. De los nueve participantes que informaron por llamadas telefónicas la ocurrencia de caídas, tres las relataron en el calendario, lo que da como resultado una sensibilidad del 33%. De los 43 ancianos que no informaron caídas, 31 entregaron el calendario sin registro, lo que resultó en una especificidad de calendario del 72%. El nivel educativo, las puntuaciones del Miniexamen del Estado Mental y el desempeño en el Examen Cognitivo de Addenbrooke (versión revisada) influyeron significativamente en la adherencia al calendario de caídas. Se concluyó que hubo mayor notificación de caídas con el método de llamada telefónica mensual en comparación con el método de calendario entre los ancianos de la comunidad.

ABSTRACT This longitudinal study aimed to analyze monthly phone calls and calendars as a mean to record falls rate in community-dwelling older adults over 22 weeks, and to verify factors related to adherence to the falls calendar. Participants underwent an assessment composed by anamnesis, level of physical activity, neuropsychological measures, and mobility. They also received a schedule of falls that should be completed over 22 weeks, on the day(s) a fall occurred. Moreover, the volunteers received monthly phone calls to inquire about occurrence of falls over time. For data analysis, a α=0.05 significance level was adopted and the SPSS software (20.0) was used to perform statistical tests. The two tools were compared regarding "sensitivity" and "specificity." In total, 52 older adults composed the final sample, with a mean age of 70.5 years old. The adherence to the calendar was 63.4% compared to phone calls. Of nine participants who reported falls by phone calls, three notified them in the calendar, resulting in a 33% sensitivity. Out of the 43 people who did not report falls by phone calls, 31 delivered the calendar without registration. Thus, the specificity of the calendar was 72%. Schooling level, Mini Mental State Exam score and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (revised version) score significantly influenced adherence to the calendar. In conclusion, there was a greater registration of falls by the monthly phone call compared to the calendar tool in community-dwelling older adults.

Effects of aquatic physical exercise on neuropsychological factors in older people: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: . There is a lack of standardized protocols and clinical trials for older adults involving neuropsychological factors in the literature. Furthermore, no systematic review has been published investigating this theme. PURPOSE: . The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of aquatic physical exercise on neuropsychological factors in older adults. METHODS: . A systematic review (CRD42020176899) was conducted, using articles from Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Medline published until March 2020 (without limit of previous year). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies were: clinical trials; samples with a mean age of 65 years old and over; articles involving aquatic physical exercise; and presenting neuropsychological outcomes (behavior, cognition, psychological, mental health). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: . The search yielded 801 records and 16 studies were included, totaling: 1707 older adults, with a mean age of 71.3 years old (range of mean ages in the studies: 65.3 to 88.4 years old) and a predominance of women. Aquatic physical exercise showed positive results in the mental component of quality of life, fear of falling, mood, anxiety and internal health locus of control in healthy sedentary older adults. Only one study out of 5 carried out with older adults with osteoarthritis showed improvements in psychological well-being after aquatic intervention. Older women with osteopenia or osteoporosis showed improvements in the mental component of quality of life. Studies on dementia showed a significant improvement in behavioral and psychological symptoms after aquatic intervention and no effect on depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: . Based on the results of this systematic review, aquatic physical exercise has positive effects on quality of life, fear of falling, cognitive functions, mood, anxiety and internal health locus of control in sedentary community-dwelling older people. It can be a great resource for carrying out physical activities in this population.

User and family satisfaction with nursing homes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of person-directed care planning is a challenge for nursing home services. User satisfaction is indispensable to implement it. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to address user and family satisfaction with nursing homes and the scales used and to identify the determinants of satisfaction with this service. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted, and the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases were searched between December 2019 and April 2020. Studies involving assessment of user or family satisfaction with nursing homes and users ≥65 years old or their families were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer's manual. RESULTS: Eight articles were included based on the eligibility criteria, from a total of 2378 records found in the electronic search. All studies presented a cross-sectional design, and the total sample of this review was 57 214 older people. Most of the studies included showed positive overall satisfaction with nursing homes. There was no consensus about the best scale to assess satisfaction because of the huge variety of tools among studies. The most common determinants of satisfaction among studies were quality of life (mental and physical components), anxiety and social and health factors. CONCLUSION: The findings of our review may contribute to a better view of satisfaction with nursing homes experienced by users and families and to an improvement of care in these institutions.