Corrigendum to "Pharmacogenetics of Risperidone and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/5872423.].

Pharmacogenetics of Risperidone and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents.

Objective. To identify the frequency of obesity and metabolic complications in child and adolescent users of risperidone. Potential associations with clinical parameters and SNPs of the HTR2C, DRD2, LEP, LEPR, MC4R, and CYP2D6 genes were analyzed. Methods. Samples from 120 risperidone users (8-20 years old) were collected and SNPs were analyzed, alongside assessment of chronological and bone ages, prescribed and weight-adjusted doses, use of other psychotropic drugs, waist circumference, BMI z-scores, blood pressure, HOMA-IR index, fasting levels of serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, and leptin. Results. Thirty-two (26.7%) patients were overweight and 5 (4.2%) obese. Hypertension was recorded in 8 patients (6.7%), metabolic syndrome in 6 (5%), and increased waist circumference in 20 (16.7%). The HOMA-IR was high for 22 patients (18.3%), while total cholesterol and triglycerides were high in 20 (16.7%) and 41 (34.2%) patients, respectively. SNP associations were found for LEP, HTR2C, and CYP2D6 with BMI; CYP2D6 with blood pressure, ALT, and HOMA-IR; HTR2C and LEPR with leptin levels; MC4R and DRD2 with HOMA-IR; HTR2C with WC; and LEP with ALT. Conclusions. Although not higher than in the general pediatric population, a high frequency of patients was overweight/obese, with abnormalities in metabolic parameters and some pharmacogenetic associations.

Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents with Use of Risperidone: Clinical and Molecular Genetics Aspects.

OBJECTIVE: In children and adolescents treated with risperidone, hyperprolactinemia is a frequent complication that may have clinical repercussions. Several genes have been associated with this occurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents treated with risperidone, and its associations with clinical and pharmacological data and certain polymorphisms of the following genes: Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C (HTR2C), cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6 (CYP2D6), leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2). METHODS: The study included patients using risperidone (8-20 years old) and healthy subjects not exposed to the medication. Psychopathological symptoms, doses, and duration of treatment with risperidone, sex, skin color, body mass index (BMI), use of other psychotropic drugs, and polymorphisms of DRD2, HTR2C, CYP2D6, LEP, LEPR, MC4R, and SCARB2 genes were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 120 patients and 197 individuals not exposed to risperidone who were evaluated. Among patients, hyperprolactinemia was found in 79 (65.8%) cases, with no differences regarding sex, skin color, or being in monotherapy with risperidone (26.7% of total patients) or not. The level of prolactin was not correlated, either in case or control groups, with chronological age, bone age, prescribed dose of risperidone, weight-adjusted dose of risperidone, or BMI (p > 0.05), but was negatively correlated with the treatment duration (r = -0.352, p = 0.001 among cases; and r = -0.324, p = 0.039 among controls). There were significant differences in use of risperidone between patients and healthy subjects without the medication in the frequency of the polymorphisms of the DRD2, HTR2C, and LEP genes. Considering both sexes together and also specifically among females, the occurrence of hyperprolactinemia was higher in the presence of the C allele of the rs6318 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the HTR2C gene. CONCLUSIONS: This group of children and adolescents with or without isolated use of risperidone presented with a high frequency of hyperprolactinemia, although asymptomatic, and associated, when considering only females or both sexes together, with being a carrier of the C allele of the rs6318 SNP of the HTR2C gene.