RESUMEN
In a culture of a Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) strain, macro and micronutrients of the raw material and the initial and spent substrates were evaluated. Substrates were formulated with sawdust from Simarouba amara Aubl. and Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam., crushed Bactris gasipaes Kunth and crushed Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane). Samples were solubilized by means of acid digestion (nitric-peridrol). Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Na and K by atomic emission, and P by colorimetry. The mineral composition of the fruiting body varied with the substrates, which made possible the production of a fruiting body rich in K, P, Mg and Fe. Potassium was the mineral with the highest content in the fruiting body in all substrates tested (36.83-42.18g·kg-1). There was an increase of protein and mineral content in the spent substrate in relation to the initial one.
En un cultivo del hongo Pleurotus ostreatus fueron analizados los macro y micronutrientes de la materia prima y de los sustratos inicial y residual (post-cosecha). Los sustratos analizados fueron formulados a partir de aserrín de de Simarouba amara Aubl. y de Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam., y de bagazos de Bactris gasipaes Kunth y de Saccharum officinarum (caña de azúcar). Las muestras fueron solubilizadas por digestón ácida (nítrico-peridol). Los elementos Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn y Mn fueron determinados por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, Na e K por emissión atómica, y el P por colorimetría. La composición mineral del hongo varió con el sustrato de cultivo y los sustratos posibilitaron la producción de un hongo rico en K, P, Mg e Fe. El potasio fue el mineral de mayor contenido en el hongo en todos los sustratos ensayados (36,83-42,18g·kg-1). Hubo un aumento del contenido proteico y de minerales en el sustrato residual en relación al inicial.
Foram analisados macro e micronutrientes da matéria-prima, do substrato inicial, residual (pós-colheita) e do cogumelo no cultivo do Pleurotus ostreatus. Os substratos analisados foram formulados a partir de serragem de Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupá) e de Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau de balsa) e dos bagaços de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira) e de Saccharum officinarum (cana-de-açúcar). As amostras foram solubilizadas mediante digestão ácida (nitrico-peridrol). Os elementos Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, Na e K por emissão atômica, e o P por colorimetria. A composição mineral do cogumelo variou com o substrato de cultivo e os substratos possibilitaram a produção de um cogumelo rico em K, P, Mg e Fe. O potássio foi o mineral de maior conteúdo no cogumelo em todos os substratos testados (36,83-42,18g·kg-1). Houve um aumento do conteúdo protéico e de minerais no substrato residual em relação ao inicial.
RESUMEN
Subcutaneous Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice were treated with in situ inoculation of a beta-glucan-rich extract of Agaricus brasiliensis (ATF), which reduced tumor growth. Histopathological analysis showed that the tumor masses of control mice (Ehr) presented giant tumor cells and many mitotic figures whereas the tumor tissue obtained from ATF-treated animals (Ehr-ATF) presented a lower frequency of both mitotic and giant cells, associated with a higher frequency of apoptotic cells than Ehr. Analysis of the lymphoproliferative activity of spleen cells showed that the treatment had a suppressive rather than a stimulatory effect. Spleen cells of the Ehr group produced higher in vitro levels of IL-10 than normal controls and this occurrence was partially avoided by treatment with ATF. Analysis of cytokine production by tumor-infiltrating cells (ELISpot) showed that ATF induced a higher number of IFN-gamma-producing cells at 7 and 14days as well as reduction of IL-10-secreting cells at the latter time. Confocal microscopy analysis showed higher intensity of labeling of CD4+ and Mac-3+ cells in ATF-treated mice. Analysis of in situ expression of angiogenic growth factors showed a slight decrease of FGF-2 mRNA in Ehr-ATF animals (7th day) but not of VEGF-A or TGF-beta expression. This fraction could not directly lyse either lymphocytes or tumor cells and we speculate that antitumor effect of ATF could be due to induction of a selective migration of immunocompetent cells from the spleen to the tumor site and to the switch of cytokine production.
