Nasal cavity shape in unilateral choanal atresia and the role of fetal ventilation in facial growth.

OBJECTIVE: The respiratory movements of fetal amniotic fluid areconsidered by certains cleft surgery teams to contribute to the growth of the nasal cavities (NC). To assess this functional hypothesis, we considered a group of patients with unilateral choanal atresia (CA) as a model of unilateral absence of amniotic fluid flux in the NC, and compared their NCs shape to age-matched controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three-dimensional reconstructions of NC were performed using Avizo 9.7 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA), based on CT-scans of 32 patients with unilateral CA and 96 age- and gender-matched controls. Landmarks were placed on anatomical structures of NC. Procrustes superimpositions and principal component analysis were performed. Anatomically relevant Euclidean distances were computed using the coordinates of selected landmarks - maxillary length, piriform orifice width, choanal width - and tested using multivariate analysis. Growth rates between patients and controls for these distances were screened for correlations. RESULTS: The atretic NC was significantly deformed when compared to the control cases: Procrustes distance was 0.28 (P<0.0001). The maxillary length and width of the atretic choana were significantly decreased compared to controls (-2.95mm and -1.35mm respectively, P<0.001). There were no differences in growth rates between CA and controls, except for the choanal width on the atretic side. CONCLUSION: NCs in CA were significantly different from controls. More precisely, the maxillary length was significantly reduced in the CA group. There was no other major shape difference between the NC in CA and controls. NC seems to develop despite abnormal fetal ventilation.

Mapping co-benefits for carbon storage and biodiversity to inform conservation policy and action.

Integrated high-resolution maps of carbon stocks and biodiversity that identify areas of potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation can help facilitate the implementation of global climate and biodiversity commitments at local levels. However, the multi-dimensional nature of biodiversity presents a major challenge for understanding, mapping and communicating where and how biodiversity benefits coincide with climate benefits. A new integrated approach to biodiversity is therefore needed. Here, we (a) present a new high-resolution map of global above- and below-ground carbon stored in biomass and soil, (b) quantify biodiversity values using two complementary indices (BIp and BIr) representing proactive and reactive approaches to conservation, and (c) examine patterns of carbon-biodiversity overlap by identifying 'hotspots' (20% highest values for both aspects). Our indices integrate local diversity and ecosystem intactness, as well as regional ecosystem intactness across the broader area supporting a similar natural assemblage of species to the location of interest. The western Amazon Basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia capture the last strongholds of highest local biodiversity and ecosystem intactness worldwide, while the last refuges for unique biological communities whose habitats have been greatly reduced are mostly found in the tropical Andes and central Sundaland. There is 38 and 5% overlap in carbon and biodiversity hotspots, for proactive and reactive conservation, respectively. Alarmingly, only around 12 and 21% of these proactive and reactive hotspot areas, respectively, are formally protected. This highlights that a coupled approach is urgently needed to help achieve both climate and biodiversity global targets. This would involve (1) restoring and conserving unprotected, degraded ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and (2) retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.

The 'ability' paradigm in vocational rehabilitation: challenges in an Ontario injured worker retraining program.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, a focus on workers' ability, rather than impairment, has guided disability management services. However, a challenge with the notion of 'ability' is identification of the border between ability and inability. This article considers this gray zone of disability management in the case of a workers' compensation vocational retraining program for injured workers in Ontario. METHODS: In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a purposive sample of 71 participants who were directly involved with the vocational retraining process. Workers in the program had on average incurred injury 3 years earlier. Procedural and legal documents were also analyzed. Principles of grounded theory and discourse analysis guided the data gathering and analysis. RESULTS: A program focus on worker abilities did not allow for consideration of unresolved medical problems. Concepts such as maximum medical rehabilitation distracted attention from workers' ongoing chronic and unstable health situations, and incentive levers to employers directed some of the least capable workers into the program. As well, communication pathways for discussing health problems were limited by rules and provider reluctance to reveal problems. Therefore, workers completing the program were deemed 'employable', while ongoing and problematic health conditions preventing employment remained relatively uncharted and invisible. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces how the shift in disability management paradigm to a focus on ability and return to work requires consideration of environmental conditions, including policies and programs and implementation. A focus on the environment in which worker ability can be enacted might be as important as a focus on improving individual worker characteristics.

Unexpected barriers in return to work: lessons learned from injured worker peer support groups.

Some workers who are injured at work have unexpectedly prolonged absences from work. Experiences of workers who constitute a disproportionate cost to the return-to-work system and the systemic and compliance-related barriers they encounter during the process of returning to work are reported. A qualitative interview based study was conducted with 37 members of three injured worker peer support groups in a Canadian province. Four dimensions of peer support were identified: worker experience of being misunderstood by system providers, need for advocates, social support, help with procedural complexities of the workers' compensation, and health care systems. Peer support constitutes a partial return-to-work solution for workers with injuries, but injured workers encounter an uneven playing field. Injured worker peer support group needs and activities show us that sensitivity to structural and social issues may lead to better return-to-work outcomes.

The application of online surveys for workplace health research.

Work has a synergistic relationship to health, and workplaces are increasingly the focus for both health promotion initiatives and health research. Electronic technologies are a common feature of many workplaces and as such are convenient low cost survey vehicles for the health researcher. The methods and the implications of employing Internet methods for health research are covered and a wide range of issues connected with online sampling and data collection are discussed. Because the workplace does not provide a neutral research environment, the security, anonymity and associated issues of using the two main forms of Internet surveys for workplace health research are examined and their advantages and disadvantages are debated.

With health comes work? People living with HIV/AIDS consider returning to work.

Many people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) ham experienced significant improvements in their health over the last few years, to the point that many are considering returning to work. The objectives of this study were to develop a model of return to work which could apply to chronic illnesses with a fluctuating or uncertain course. Issues related to health, work and return to work were explored using in-depth interviews with 20 PHAs in Toronto, Canada, who had been on long-term disability for at least five years. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Contextual factors like the approach of disability and health (drug) insurance plans and intervening conditions like PHAs' current activities influenced their consideration of returning to work and the strategies they employed as a result of considering such a return. More than two-thirds of the sample had undertaken more activities as their health improved. The three study participants who had returned to work either had an opportunity for a low-risk trial of work or could return to their old job. Employers and disability compensation plan administrators, assisted by AIDS service organizations and governments, can facilitate return to work for PHAs by reducing the risks of and removing the barriers to returning to work.

Relationships between a clinical-visual scoring system and two histological techniques: a laboratory study on occlusal and approximal carious lesions.

One aim of the present laboratory study was to determine whether a visual scoring system (ERK) developed for occlusal caries could be applied to approximal lesions. A new histological technique (autofluorescence, AF) recognises dentine that is soft and would be removed with an excavator during operative treatment. A second aim was to investigate the relationship between the visual scoring system (ERK) and AF of dentine both occlusally and approximally. The sample comprised 93 extracted teeth chosen to represent the range of visual scores on approximal and occlusal surfaces. After sectioning through the investigation site, the cut faces were examined in a stereomicroscope and the depth of demineralization was scored. Autofluorescence was viewed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results showed reasonable correlation between the visual scores and the stereomicroscope histological evaluations for occlusal surfaces and non-cavitated approximal surfaces. However, cavitated approximal surface lesions were less advanced histologically than cavitated occlusal carious lesions. The AF technique indicated that several lesions with intact surfaces would have had soft, excavatable dentine, whereas several with microcavities would not.

Determinants of disclosure of genital herpes to partners.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors which determine whether and when patients will disclose infection with genital herpes to sexual partners. METHODS: The sample was 26 women and 24 men attending a herpes clinic in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Semistructured interviews yielded quantitative data and also qualitative data which were subjected to content analysis. RESULTS: Characteristics of partners were very important in determining whether disclosure occurred. Respondents were less likely to tell partners regarded as casual. Perception of the likely reaction of partners was important in deciding whether to tell. Many respondents assumed that they were not infectious if they were not currently having an attack or if they were taking antiviral medication. The decision whether to tell tended to be based on considerations of likely discovery and of honesty towards the partner rather than control of transmission. Of patient characteristics only self rated depressed mood was related to disclosure to the most recent partner. CONCLUSIONS: Perception of the partner and anticipated partner response is crucially important in determining whether and when disclosure of genital herpes infection occurs.

Biogeographical concordance and efficiency of taxon indicators for establishing conservation priority in a tropical rainforest biota.

Prioritizing areas for conservation requires the use of surrogates for assessing overall patterns of biodiversity. Effective surrogates will reflect general biogeographical patterns and the evolutionary processes that have given rise to these and their efficiency is likely to be influenced by several factors, including the spatial scale of species turnover and the overall congruence of the biogeographical history. We examine patterns of surrogacy for insects, snails, one family of plants and vertebrates from rainforests of northeast Queensland, an area characterized by high endemicity and an underlying history of climate-induced vicariance. Nearly all taxa provided some level of prediction of the conservation values for others. However, despite an overall correlation of the patterns of species richness and complementarity, the efficiency of surrogacy was highly asymmetric; snails and insects were strong predictors of conservation priorities for vertebrates, but not vice versa. These results confirm predictions that taxon surrogates can be effective in highly diverse tropical systems where there is a strong history of vicariant biogeography, but also indicate that correlated patterns for species richness and/or complementarity do not guarantee that one taxon will be efficient as a surrogate for another. In our case, the highly diverse and narrowly distributed invertebrates were more efficient as predictors than the less diverse and more broadly distributed vertebrates.

An evaluation of the predictive performance of distributional models for flora and fauna in north-east New South Wales.

To use models of species distributions effectively in conservation planning, it is important to determine the predictive accuracy of such models. Extensive modelling of the distribution of vascular plant and vertebrate fauna species within north-east New South Wales has been undertaken by linking field survey data to environmental and geographical predictors using logistic regression. These models have been used in the development of a comprehensive and adequate reserve system within the region. We evaluate the predictive accuracy of models for 153 small reptile, arboreal marsupial, diurnal bird and vascular plant species for which independent evaluation data were available. The predictive performance of each model was evaluated using the relative operating characteristic curve to measure discrimination capacity. Good discrimination ability implies that a model's predictions provide an acceptable index of species occurrence. The discrimination capacity of 89% of the models was significantly better than random, with 70% of the models providing high levels of discrimination. Predictions generated by this type of modelling therefore provide a reasonably sound basis for regional conservation planning. The discrimination ability of models was highest for the less mobile biological groups, particularly the vascular plants and small reptiles. In the case of diurnal birds, poor performing models tended to be for species which occur mainly within specific habitats not well sampled by either the model development or evaluation data, highly mobile species, species that are locally nomadic or those that display very broad habitat requirements. Particular care needs to be exercised when employing models for these types of species in conservation planning.

The cariostatic potential of cheese: cooked cheese-containing meals increase plaque calcium concentration.

OBJECTIVE: Eating cheese by itself increases plaque calcium concentration - which is probably one mechanism of the well-established action of cheese in reducing experimental caries. The objective of the present study was to determine whether consumption of cheese as part of a cooked, mixed meal (ie as it is habitually consumed) is able to increase plaque calcium concentration. DESIGN: Plaque samples were obtained from 16 adult volunteers before and 5 minutes after consumption of either a 15 g cube of cheese, one of two cheese-containing test meals, or one of two control meals. Each subject tested each of the four meals on a separate occasion. Plaque calcium concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The test meals increased plaque calcium concentrations to a significantly greater magnitude than the control meals (P < 0.05). A non-significant trend was observed towards a larger magnitude of change in plaque calcium concentration in the 8 subjects with the lowest, compared with the 8 subjects with the highest baseline concentration. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that cheese-containing meals increase plaque calcium concentration and thus probably protect against dental caries.

Acid production from lactulose by dental plaque bacteria.

Representative strains of oral streptococci, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were incubated overnight with lactulose or other carbohydrates and the final pH recorded. Most bacteria tested were able to metabolize lactulose with the exception of strains of Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lact. fermentum. Streptococcus mutans produced most acid overnight but the initial rate of acid production from lactulose by uninduced cultures was very low. Plaque pH was monitored in 12 volunteers following rinsing the mouth with lactulose, sucrose or sorbitol or Lactulose BP. These studies in vivo showed both lactulose and Lactulose BP to exhibit low acidogenic potential. Thus, although plaque bacteria are capable of fermenting lactulose, the results suggest that lactulose is likely to pose a small acidogenic challenge to teeth under normal conditions of use.

Upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders among newspaper employees: cross-sectional survey results.

At a metropolitan newspaper office in Canada with extensive video display terminal (VDT) use, researchers carried out a survey (n = 1,007, 84% response) to establish baseline prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and to identify demographic, postural, task, and psychosocial factors associated with WMSD symptoms. One-fifth of the respondents reported moderate or worse upper limb pain recurring at least monthly or lasting more than a week over the previous year. Logistic regression showed that employees who faced frequent deadlines and high psychological demands (fast work pace and conflicting demands), had low skill discretion and social support, spent more time keyboarding, or who had their screen in a non-optimal position were more likely to report moderate to severe symptoms. Women reported significantly higher levels of symptoms than men.

[Marchesani's syndrome (spherophakia-brachymorphism)]. / Le syndrome de Marchesani (sphérophakie-brachymorphie).

The authors report the case of a patient with spherophakia and brachymorphism (Marchesani syndrome). This congenital and familial disorder is characterized by short stature, short limbs and thick extremities, limitation of joint mobility, a peculiar facies and spherophakia (rounded lens). Mentality is normal. The patient presented here, an eleven-year-old girl, had in addition a subvalvular fibromuscular aortic stenosis. A detailed radiological survey of the skeleton demonstrated a disorder of enchondral growth, particularly evident in the extremities, with short and wide diaphyses, thin cortical bone, and relatively discrete epiphyseal deformities. The vertebral bodies were slightly rounded anteriorly, th discs were thinned, and the ribs widened. The spinal canal and the foramen magnum were narrowed, and the lateral processes short and wide. There was thickening of the skull vault. A mucopolysaccharidosis and a mucolipidosis were excluded by biochemical study of skin fibroblasts in culture.

[A case of Turner's syndrome in 45,X/46,XXp- mosaicism associated with colour-blindness (author's transl)]. / Un cas de syndrome de Turner en mosaïque 45,X/46,XXp- associé à un daltonisme

We have reported the study of a young girl aged 19 suffering from a gonadal dysgenesis the chromosomal complement of which is 45,X/46,XXp-. The analysis of the transmission of Xg group was insufficient to demonstrate with certainty the origin of the pathological X. The tests indicating the ability to discriminate colours (Ishihara's test and anomaloscopy) showed a protanopia, probably of paternal origin. Hence, the Xp- probably comes from the mother.

[Cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi's syndrome with a familial pericentric inversion]. / Etude cytogénétique d'un cas de syndrome de Fanconi avec inversion pericentrique familiale

The cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi syndrome in a 16-year-old boy revealed besides chromosomal breakages, quadriradials and dicentric chromosomes, a pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 1. An uncle and an aunt on the paternal side presented likewise this pericentric inversion, however without breakages or clinical signs of Fanconi syndrome. Another paternal aunt showed short thumbs, but without chromosomal anomalies. The authors point to possible genetic repercussions of this familial pericentric inversion.