Mapping spiritual care in small and critical access hospitals in a faith-based US Health system.

Little is known about spiritual care in small hospitals and critical access hospitals (CAHs), essential sources of health care in rural areas of the US. Using interview-administered surveys with spiritual care providers, we examined spiritual care services in 19 facilities, including seven small hospitals, nine CAHs, and three freestanding emergency departments, in one religiously-owned healthcare system. We identified four groups of facilities based on intensity/frequency of chaplain availability. A central finding was the variation in spiritual care services provided in these diverse facilities. Of the 16 hospitals in the sample, 11 of them (69%) offered spiritual care from professional chaplains at least three days per week. Support for staff was an important priority in all the facilities. Needs identified include virtual training and support for the spiritual care providers in these settings. Future research should replicate this study in a representative sample of hospitals that serve the rural US population.

Factors and topics associated with empathic self-disclosure in dignity therapy of cancer patients.

Objective: During Dignity Therapy a trained provider guides a patient to share their life story and legacy. Providers can demonstrate empathy through empathic self-disclosure (ESD), sharing something substantial and personal about themselves in response to the patient. The current study aims to identify the topics of ESDs and determine whether ESD frequency varied by patient and/or provider characteristics. Methods: Two coders analyzed 203 audio-recorded, transcribed Dignity Therapy sessions of palliative care patients (M = 65.78 years; SD = 7.43 years, 65.69% women) for ESD. Topic modeling characterized themes of ESD and multilevel modeling examined ESD frequency based on several patient and provider characteristics. Results: ESD occurred in 37% of interviews (M = 0.59, SD = 1.21). Topic modeling revealed five main themes: family, memory, school, geographical experiences, and values/beliefs. Multilevel modeling indicated patient-level differences, including greater rates of ESD when patients were men and older. Conclusion: ESD seems to be dependent on the context of the patient rather than individual communication style differences. Providers may use ESD in multiple instances, including when similar and different from patients. Innovation: This study introduces and defines the novel concept of ESD. It is among the first to examine patient-provider communication during Dignity Therapy, and the first to specifically examine self-disclosure.

Factors Associated With Healthcare Clinician Stress and Resilience: A Scoping Review.

GOAL: Clinician stress and resilience have been the subjects of significant research and interest in the past several decades. We aimed to understand the factors that contribute to clinician stress and resilience in order to appropriately guide potential interventions. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review (n = 42) of published reviews of research on clinician distress and resilience using the methodology of Peters and colleagues (2020). Our team examined these reviews using the National Academy of Medicine's framework for clinician well-being and resilience. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found that organizational factors, learning/practice environment, and healthcare responsibilities were three of the top four factors identified in the reviews as contributing to clinician distress. Learning/practice environment and organizational factors were two of the top four factors identified in the reviews as contributing to their resilience. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Clinicians continue to face numerous external challenges that complicate their work. Further research, practice, and policy changes are indicated to improve practice environments for healthcare clinicians. Healthcare leaders need to promote resources for organizational and system-level changes to improve clinician well-being.

Examining Moderation of Dignity Therapy Effects by Symptom Burden or Religious/Spiritual Struggles.

CONTEXT: Dignity therapy (DT) is a well-researched psychotherapeutic intervention but it remains unclear whether symptom burden or religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles moderate DT outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of symptom burden and R/S struggles on DT outcomes. METHODS: This analysis was the secondary aim of a randomized controlled trial that employed a stepped-wedge design and included 579 participants with cancer, recruited from six sites across the United States. Participants were ages 55 years and older, 59% female, 22% race other than White, and receiving outpatient specialty palliative care. Outcome measures included the seven-item dignity impact scale (DIS), and QUAL-E subscales (preparation for death; life completion); distress measures were the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS-r) (symptom burden), and the Religious Spiritual Struggle Scale (RSS-14; R/S). RESULTS: DT effects on DIS were significant for patients with both low (P = 0.03) and moderate/high symptom burden (P = 0.001). They were significant for patients with low (P = 0.004) but not high R/S struggle (P = 0.10). Moderation effects of symptom burden (P = 0.054) and R/S struggle (P = 0.52) on DIS were not significant. DT effects on preparation and completion were not significant, neither were the moderation effects of the two distress measures. CONCLUSION: Neither baseline symptom burden nor R/S struggle significantly moderated the effect of DT on DIS in this sample. Further study is warranted including exploration of other moderation models and development of measures sensitive to effects of DT and other end-of-life psychotherapeutic interventions.

Engaging Mortality: Effective Implementation of Dignity Therapy.

Background: Patients consider the life review intervention, Dignity Therapy (DT), beneficial to themselves and their families. However, DT has inconsistent effects on symptoms and lacks evidence of effects on spiritual/existential outcomes. Objective: To compare usual outpatient palliative care and chaplain-led or nurse-led DT for effects on a quality-of-life outcome, dignity impact. Design/Setting/Subjects: In a stepped-wedge trial, six sites in the United States transitioned from usual care to either chaplain-led or nurse-led DT in a random order. Of 638 eligible cancer patients (age ≥55 years), 579 (59% female, mean age 66.4 ± 7.4 years, 78% White, 61% stage 4 cancer) provided data for analysis. Methods: Over six weeks, patients completed pretest/posttest measures, including the Dignity Impact Scale (DIS, ranges 7-35, low-high impact) and engaged in DT+usual care or usual care. They completed procedures in person (steps 1-3) or via Zoom (step 4 during pandemic). We used multiple imputation and regression analysis adjusting for pretest DIS, study site, and step. Results: At pretest, mean DIS scores were 24.3 ± 4.3 and 25.9 ± 4.3 for the DT (n = 317) and usual care (n = 262) groups, respectively. Adjusting for pretest DIS scores, site, and step, the chaplain-led (ß = 1.7, p = 0.02) and nurse-led (ß = 2.1, p = 0.005) groups reported significantly higher posttest DIS scores than usual care. Adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and income, the effect on DIS scores remained significant for both DT groups. Conclusion: Whether led by chaplains or nurses, DT improved dignity for outpatient palliative care patients with cancer. This rigorous trial of DT is a milestone in palliative care and spiritual health services research. clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03209440.

Providing spiritual care to cancer patients in the outpatient context: a pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to test an effort to provide spiritual care (SC) to oncology outpatients in the Ascension healthcare system. Medical providers referred patients who would benefit from spiritual and emotional support. Twenty-seven cancer outpatients from 5 states were enrolled in the project. Based on the chaplain assessment, 45% of the patients had moderate or severe spiritual concerns. On average patients had 4 sessions with a chaplain (range 2-9). Of the 136 chaplain sessions, 56% were in-person in the clinic and 35% were by phone. The most common chaplain activities were active listening (87% of the sessions) and demonstrate caring and concern (55%). For the 20 patients who provided follow-up data, there were decreases in all measures of religious/spiritual distress, though statistically insignificant, and a marginally significant increase (p < .054) in well-being. The study adds to the emerging literature that describes the importance of SC in the outpatient context.

Provision of chaplaincy services in U.S. hospitals: A strategic conformity perspective.

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, hospitals are expected to provide patient-centered care that attends to patients' health needs, including spiritual care needs. Chaplaincy services help to meet patients' spiritual care needs, which have been shown to have a positive impact on health outcomes. Variation in the provision of chaplaincy services suggests hospitals do not uniformly conform to the expectation of making chaplaincy services available. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the availability and factors that influence hospitals' provision of chaplaincy services. METHODOLOGY: Data were combined from the American Hospital Association annual surveys with the Area Health Resource File at the county level from 2010 to 2019. Observations on general, acute-care community hospitals were analyzed (45,384 hospital-year observations) using logistic regression that clustered standard errors at the hospital level. RESULTS: Hospitals with Joint Commission accreditation, more staffed beds, nonprofit and government ownership, teaching status, one or more intensive care units, a higher percentage of Medicare inpatient days, church affiliation, and system membership were more likely to provide chaplaincy services than their counterparts. Certification as a trauma hospital and market competition showed no influence on the provision of chaplaincy services. CONCLUSION: The lack of chaplaincy services in many hospitals may be due to limited resources, workforce shortage, or a lack of consensus on scope and nature of chaplaincy services. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Chaplaincy services are an underutilized resource that influences patient experience, clinician burnout and turnover, and the goal of ensuring care is patient-centered. Administrators should consider stronger partnerships where services are provided; researchers and policymakers should consider how the lack of these services in some hospitals may reinforce existing health disparities.

Cost considerations for implementing dignity therapy in palliative care: Insights and implications.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the clinical use of dignity therapy (DT) to enhance end-of-life experiences and promote an increased sense of meaning and purpose, little is known about the cost in practice settings. The aim is to examine the costs of implementing DT, including transcriptions, editing of legacy document, and dignity-therapists' time for interviews/patient's validation. METHODS: Analysis of a prior six-site, randomized controlled trial with a stepped-wedge design and chaplains or nurses delivering the DT. RESULTS: The mean cost per transcript was $84.30 (SD = 24.0), and the mean time required for transcription was 52.3 minutes (SD = 14.7). Chaplain interviews were more expensive and longer than nurse interviews. The mean cost and time required for transcription varied across the study sites. The typical total cost for each DT protocol was $331-$356. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: DT implementation costs varied by provider type and study site. The study's findings will be useful for translating DT in clinical practice and future research.

Spiritual care department leaders' response to racial reckoning in 2020 and 2021.

Ascension, one of the largest Roman Catholic healthcare systems, and Transforming Chaplaincy (TC) collaborated on a research project "Managing Spiritual Care (SC) Departments During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study." Research participants included 22 leaders from Ascension and TC contacts. Four rounds of individual interviews were conducted from April, 2020 to February, 2021. After issues of race and racial reckoning following George Floyd's murder were brought up spontaneously in interviews, questions on how leaders responded to racial reckoning were added to the subsequent interviews. A secondary analysis examined responses from participants on racial reckoning from interviews 2-4. The objective of this study was to better understand how SC leaders understand their role in issues concerning justice, equity, and inclusion. This study utilized hermeneutic phenomenology methodology. Four phenomenological patterns emerged including: World of Racial Reckoning, Lack of Safety, Creating Safety, and Movement Toward Justice.

American health care chaplains' narrative experiences serving during the COVID-19 pandemic: a phenomenological hermeneutical study.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted North American health care chaplains' modes of work and emotions. To capture the experiences of health care chaplains across the United States, 30 Board Certified (or eligible) chaplains were asked to keep a weekly narrative journal of their experiences and emotions during the pandemic from April of 2020 through June of 2020. Twenty-one chaplains submitted their journals for qualitative analysis, amounting to over 90,000 words of chaplain reflection containing rich, descriptive, and often personal stories of health care chaplains. Journals were analyzed using hermeneutic phenomenological methodology. The overarching patterns identified included: The World of Chaplaincy, Policies/Procedures/Visitation, Staff Care, Rituals, Chaplain Emotional Responses, Coping, and Racism. A significant finding was the resiliency and creativity of chaplains despite the rapid changes, uncertainty, and fear brought on by the pandemic. The results further suggest that journaling is a feasible and acceptable method in chaplaincy research.

Assessing the impact of religious resources and struggle on well-being: a report from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-I.

PURPOSE: The current study examined the relationships between religious resources (i.e., certainty of belief in God and attendance at religious services), religious struggle (e.g., belief that cancer is evidence of God's punishment or abandonment), and physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), including fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), in a large, geographically and clinically diverse sample of long-term survivors of cancer. METHODS: Participants were 2021 9-year survivors of cancer from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors - I. Religious resources included belief in God and attendance at religious services. Items from the Brief RCOPE and the PROMIS Psychosocial Impact of Illness were combined to assess religious struggle. Survivors also completed the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory, SF-12, and Meaning and Peace subscales of the FACIT-Sp. Regression models were used to predict HRQoL and FCR from religious resources and struggle. RESULTS: In multivariable models, certain belief in God predicted greater mental HRQoL (B = 1.99, p < .01), and attendance at religious services was associated with greater FCR (B = .80, p < .05) as well as better mental (B = .34, p < .01) and physical (B = .29, p < .05) HRQoL. In addition, religious struggle predicted greater FCR (B = 1.32, p < .001) and poorer mental (B = - .59, p < .001) and physical (B = - .29, p < .001) HRQoL. Many of these relationships were mediated through Meaning. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of FCR, religious resources predicted better HRQoL outcomes in these long-term survivors of cancer. Conversely, religious struggle consistently predicted poorer HRQoL, including greater FCR. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Given the documented importance of its role in coping with the cancer experience, religion/spirituality should be a consideration in every survivorship care plan. Multidisciplinary assessment and support of religious resources and identification of and referral for religious struggle are needed to ensure the well-being of most long-term survivors of cancer.

Death Anxiety and Correlates in Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care.

Background: Death anxiety is powerful, potentially contributes to suffering, and yet has to date not been extensively studied in the context of palliative care. Availability of a validated Death Anxiety and Distress Scale (DADDS) opens the opportunity to better assess and redress death anxiety in serious illness. Objective: We explored death anxiety/distress for associations with physical and psychosocial factors. Design: Ancillary to a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of Dignity Therapy (DT), we enrolled a convenience sample of 167 older adults in the United States with cancer and receiving outpatient palliative care (mean age 65.9 [7.3] years, 62% female, 84% White, 62% stage 4 cancer). They completed the DADDS and several measures for the stepped-wedged RCT, including demographic factors, religious struggle, dignity-related distress, existential quality of life (QoL), and terminal illness awareness (TIA). Results: DADDS scores were generally unrelated to demographic factors (including religious affiliation, intrinsic religiousness, and frequency of prayer). DADDS scores were positively correlated with religious struggle (p < 0.001) and dignity-related distress (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with existential QoL (p < 0.001). TIA was significantly nonlinearly associated with both the total DADDS (p = 0.007) and its Finitude subscale (p ≤ 0.001) scores. There was a statistically significant decrease in Finitude subscale scores for a subset of participants who completed a post-DT DADDS (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Findings, if replicable, suggest that further research on death anxiety and prognostic awareness in the context of palliative medicine is in order. Findings also raise questions about the optimal nature and timing of spiritual and psychosocial interventions, something that might entail evaluation or screening for death anxiety and prognostic awareness for maximizing the effectiveness of care.

Supporting staff: The role of health care chaplains.

The aim of this study was to describe the range of spiritual care activities in support of clinical colleagues at a subset of U.S. hospitals. A descriptive cross-sectional design using a 76-item Zoom/telephone guided survey containing a subset of staff care questions was employed. Data were provided by directors/managers responsible for spiritual care services at the 2020-2021 U.S. News & World Report top hospitals. Results identified staff support as an important chaplaincy function at both organizational and spiritual care department levels. Staff chaplains at over half of the hospitals spend an estimated 10-30% of their time on staff care, with chaplains in five hospitals spending greater than 30%. The most frequently reported activities were religiously associated, such as blessings and rituals for hospital events. Additionally, chaplains actively support staff during critical events such as patient deaths and through organizational protocols such as code lavender and critical incident debriefings. Chaplain support for staff most commonly grew out of personal relationships or referrals from clinical managers. Future research opportunities in this area include systematic data collection for chaplains' specific staff support activities as well as efforts to investigate the impact of those activities on patient experience.

Managing Spiritual Care Departments During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

This qualitative study reports how 20 spiritual care leaders provided leadership in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The patterns and themes that emerged centered around the changing world of chaplaincy, the administrative role of the leader, and the personal story of the leader. Spiritual care leaders demonstrated creativity with the potential to shape chaplaincy in positive ways, expanding the reach of spiritual care.

Chaplain staffing and scope of service: benchmarking spiritual care departments.

The functions of hospital chaplains and the corresponding staffing of spiritual care departments remain persistent and parallel questions within the profession. No consensus exists on services provided by spiritual care departments nor the staffing patterns to meet those expectations. This study describes the key activities and staffing at the 20 U.S. News and World Report Best Hospitals 2020-2021 as well as the connections between services, staffing, and select hospital characteristics such as average daily census. Information about each hospital's chaplaincy department was gathered via a Zoom/telephone assisted survey with its spiritual care manager. Findings reveal that while spiritual care departments are structurally integrated into their organizations and chaplains respond consistently to requests for care, involvement in established organizational protocols varies. Study findings support the notion that staffing levels are a function of chaplain integration into an organization and the activities organizations expect chaplains to fulfill.

Spirituality in Serious Illness and Health.

Importance: Despite growing evidence, the role of spirituality in serious illness and health has not been systematically assessed. Objective: To review evidence concerning spirituality in serious illness and health and to identify implications for patient care and health outcomes. Evidence Review: Searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science identified articles with evidence addressing spirituality in serious illness or health, published January 2000 to April 2022. Independent reviewers screened, summarized, and graded articles that met eligibility criteria. Eligible serious illness studies included 100 or more participants; were prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional descriptive studies, meta-analyses, or randomized clinical trials; and included validated spirituality measures. Eligible health outcome studies prospectively examined associations with spirituality as cohort studies, case-control studies, or meta-analyses with samples of at least 1000 or were randomized trials with samples of at least 100 and used validated spirituality measures. Applying Cochrane criteria, studies were graded as having low, moderate, serious, or critical risk of bias, and studies with serious and critical risk of bias were excluded. Multidisciplinary Delphi panels consisting of clinicians, public health personnel, researchers, health systems leaders, and medical ethicists qualitatively synthesized and assessed the evidence and offered implications for health care. Evidence-synthesis statements and implications were derived from panelists' qualitative input; panelists rated the former on a 9-point scale (from "inconclusive" to "strongest evidence") and ranked the latter by order of priority. Findings: Of 8946 articles identified, 371 articles met inclusion criteria for serious illness; of these, 76.9% had low to moderate risk of bias. The Delphi panel review yielded 8 evidence statements supported by evidence categorized as strong and proposed 3 top-ranked implications of this evidence for serious illness: (1) incorporate spiritual care into care for patients with serious illness; (2) incorporate spiritual care education into training of interdisciplinary teams caring for persons with serious illness; and (3) include specialty practitioners of spiritual care in care of patients with serious illness. Of 6485 health outcomes articles, 215 met inclusion criteria; of these, 66.0% had low to moderate risk of bias. The Delphi panel review yielded 8 evidence statements supported by evidence categorized as strong and proposed 3 top-ranked implications of this evidence for health outcomes: (1) incorporate patient-centered and evidence-based approaches regarding associations of spiritual community with improved patient and population health outcomes; (2) increase awareness among health professionals of evidence for protective health associations of spiritual community; and (3) recognize spirituality as a social factor associated with health in research, community assessments, and program implementation. Conclusions and Relevance: This systematic review, analysis, and process, based on highest-quality evidence available and expert consensus, provided suggested implications for addressing spirituality in serious illness and health outcomes as part of person-centered, value-sensitive care.

Empathic communication in dignity therapy: Feasibility of measurement and descriptive findings.

OBJECTIVE: Dignity therapy (DT) is a guided process conducted by a health professional for reviewing one's life to promote dignity through the illness process. Empathic communication has been shown to be important in clinical interactions but has yet to be examined in the DT interview session. The Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS) is a validated, reliable coding system used in clinical interactions. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the feasibility of the ECCS in DT sessions and (2) to describe the process of empathic communication during DT sessions. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of 25 transcripts of DT sessions with older cancer patients. These DT sessions were collected as part of larger randomized controlled trial. We revised the ECCS and then coded the transcripts using the new ECCS-DT. Two coders achieved inter-rater reliability (κ = 0.84) on 20% of the transcripts and then independently coded the remaining transcripts. RESULTS: Participants were individuals with cancer between the ages of 55 and 75. We developed the ECCS-DT with four empathic response categories: acknowledgment, reflection, validation, and shared experience. We found that of the 235 idea units, 198 had at least one of the four empathic responses present. Of the total 25 DT sessions, 17 had at least one empathic response present in all idea units. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: This feasibility study is an essential first step in our larger program of research to understand how empathic communication may play a role in DT outcomes. We aim to replicate findings in a larger sample and also investigate the linkage empathic communication may have in the DT session to positive patient outcomes. These findings, in turn, may lead to further refinement of training for dignity therapists, development of research into empathy as a mediator of outcomes, and generation of new interventions.