Public Health and Health Sector Crisis Leadership During Pandemics: A Review of the Medical and Business Literature.

The global scale and unpredictable nature of the current COVID-19 pandemic have put a significant burden on health care and public health leaders, for whom preparedness plans and evidence-based guidelines have proven insufficient to guide actions. This article presents a review of empirical articles on the topics of "crisis leadership" and "pandemic" across medical and business databases between 2003 (since SARS) and-December 2020 and has identified 35 articles for detailed analyses. We use the articles' evidence on leadership behaviors and skills that have been key to pandemic responses to characterize the types of leadership competencies commonly exhibited in a pandemic context. Task-oriented competencies, including preparing and planning, establishing collaborations, and conducting crisis communication, received the most attention. However, people-oriented and adaptive-oriented competencies were as fundamental in overcoming the structural, political, and cultural contexts unique to pandemics.

Seven years after Meaningful Use: Physicians' and nurses' experiences with electronic health records.

Although the federal government's Meaningful Use electronic health record (EHR) implementation program resulted in some successes, there have been many challenges. The purpose of this study was to obtain detailed empirical data to better understand physicians' and nurses' experiences with EHRs. We conducted in-depth interviews with 30 physicians and nurses from two large health systems that were focused on attaining Stage 3 Meaningful Use criteria. Thematic framework analysis identified themes related to perceived benefits and challenges with EHR use. Participants appreciated benefits such as real-time patient data and easier access to information. Challenges included lack of interoperability across units, and this seemed to underlie many other noted challenges such as increased workload, insufficient training, and the perceived need for workarounds. Two key findings included mixed messages about trust in the EHR's information and its interference with interpersonal relationships. Results suggest that conservation of resources theory may be a useful strategy for understanding behaviors that enhance or undermine effective EHR use. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Building trust: The influence of mentoring behaviors on perceptions of health care managers' trustworthiness.

BACKGROUND: In health care organizations, trust is critical for effective workplace relationships that ensure patient-centered outcomes. Although research has focused on trust in the relationship between patients and clinicians, less is known about what influences workers to trust their managers. An understanding is needed of the specific behaviors that influence health care workers' evaluations of their managers' trustworthiness. Mentoring research focuses on the developmental assistance that a more experienced worker provides to a less experienced worker. Building upon seminal research on mentoring functions, we argue that health care managers can build trust by providing informational (career-related) and interpersonal (psychosocial) support. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of health care managers' informational and interpersonal mentoring behaviors on workers' perceptions of their managers' trustworthiness and the mediating role of trustworthiness on trust in the managers. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Surveys were completed during work hours by 315 health care workers at an acute care hospital and associated clinics in the Midwest. FINDINGS: Results showed that managers' mentoring behaviors influenced worker perceptions of their managers' trustworthiness, in terms of ability, integrity, and benevolence. Ability partially mediated the relationship between informational mentoring and trust in managers, whereas integrity and benevolence partially mediated the relationship between interpersonal mentoring and trust in managers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Health care managers can actively build trust through mentoring behaviors that inspire positive assessments of managers' ability, integrity, and benevolence.

Interpersonal mentoring and its influence on retention of valued health care workers: the moderating role of affective commitment.

BACKGROUND: Health care organizations (HCOs) invest in knowledge transfer to promote improved patient outcomes; however, these investments prove costly when health care workers with enhanced knowledge and skills leave to seek better employment opportunities. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of interpersonal mentoring on affective organizational commitment and the potential moderating effect of affective commitment in the knowledge transfer-retention relationship. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: One hundred fifty-three clinicians working at a Midwestern acute care hospital and associated clinics were surveyed at their worksite. FINDINGS: Clinicians who received more interpersonal mentoring were also more likely to have stronger affective commitment. In addition, affective commitment moderated the relationship between knowledge transfer and turnover intentions, that is, when affective commitment was low, clinicians with higher levels of knowledge transfer indicated higher turnover intentions. However, clinicians with high levels of affective commitment and knowledge transfer reported lower turnover intentions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: HCOs must simultaneously invest in knowledge transfer while implementing strategies that assist in retaining knowledgeable workers. Interpersonal mentoring appears to play an important role in the retention of valued clinicians through its influence on affective commitment. HCOs must facilitate cultures that show top management support for mentoring through practices such as educational programs, flexible scheduling, and reward systems.