Contemporary Decongestion Strategies in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: A National Community-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization in the United States. Decongestion remains a central goal of inpatient management, but contemporary decongestion practices and associated weight loss have not been well characterized nationally. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe contemporary inpatient diuretic practices and clinical predictors of weight loss in patients hospitalized for HF. METHODS: The authors identified HF hospitalizations from 2015 to 2022 in a U.S. national database aggregating deidentified patient-level electronic health record data across 31 geographically diverse community-based health systems. The authors report patient characteristics and inpatient weight change as a primary indicator of decongestion. Predictors of weight loss were evaluated using multivariable models. Temporal trends in inpatient diuretic practices, including augmented diuresis strategies such as adjunctive thiazides and continuous diuretic infusions, were assessed. RESULTS: The study cohort included 262,673 HF admissions across 165,482 unique patients. The median inpatient weight loss was 5.3 pounds (Q1-Q3: 0.0-12.8 pounds) or 2.4 kg (Q1-Q3: 0.0-5.8 kg). Discharge weight was higher than admission weight in 20% of encounters. An increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL in serum creatinine from admission to inpatient peak occurred in >30% of hospitalizations and was associated with less weight loss. Adjunctive diuretic agents were utilized in <20% of encounters but were associated with greater weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: In a large-scale U.S. community-based cohort study of HF hospitalizations, estimated weight loss from inpatient decongestion remains highly variable, with weight gain observed across many admissions. Augmented diuresis strategies were infrequently used. Comparative effectiveness trials are needed to establish optimal strategies for inpatient decongestion for acute HF.

Variation in clinical and patient-reported outcomes among complex heart failure with preserved ejection fraction phenotypes.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to use six previously described heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) phenotypes to describe differences in (i) the biological response to spironolactone, (ii) clinical endpoints, and (iii) patient-reported health status by HFpEF phenotype and treatment arm in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial (TOPCAT). METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed 1767 patients in TOPCAT from the Americas. Using 11 clinical variables, patients were classified according to six HFpEF phenotypes previously identified in the I-PRESERVE and CHARM-Preserved studies. Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) measured health status. All phenotypes showed increase in potassium with spironolactone, although only three phenotypes showed significant increase in creatinine, and two phenotypes showed significant decrease in systolic blood pressure. Rate of the TOPCAT primary outcome (cardiovascular death, aborted cardiac arrest, or heart failure hospitalization) differed by HFpEF phenotype (P < 0.001) but not by treatment arm within each HFpEF phenotype. Baseline KCCQ score differed by HFpEF phenotype (P < 0.001), although some phenotypes with poor health status had lower rates of the TOPCAT primary outcome, and some phenotypes with better health status had higher rates of the TOPCAT primary outcome. However, within 3/6 phenotypes, higher baseline KCCQ score was associated with lower risk of the TOPCAT primary outcome. Change in KCCQ scores at 4 and 12 months did not differ among HFpEF phenotypes overall or by treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS: Complex, data-driven HFpEF phenotypes differ according to biological response to spironolactone, baseline health status, and clinical endpoints. These differences may inform the design of targeted clinical trials focusing on improvement in outcomes most relevant for specific HFpEF phenotypes.

Cardiac Rehabilitation in Frail Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A NEW DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PARADIGM.

Older adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) pose challenges to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) clinicians because their disease is often coupled to physical frailty. Older patients with CVD and frailty may be less likely to tolerate conventional CR exercise training due to multidimensional (ie, strength, mobility, and balance) physical impairments. Furthermore, conventional CR typically emphasizes endurance training without addressing the intrinsic skeletal muscle impairments of frail patients that often manifest as deficits in strength, mobility, and balance, undercutting feasibility and any likely benefits. However, if appropriately modified to meet the needs of frail older adults, CR may be a powerful tool for this challenging population. To best serve frail, older adults with CVD, CR programs can incorporate well-validated strategies to assess frailty and physical function that also fit within the workflows and patient populations of individual programs. Such frailty assessments provide opportunities to identify specific targets (eg, weakness) that need to be addressed before a subsequent aerobic training program can be successfully implemented and sustained. The current review focuses on the use of physical frailty measures in older adults with CVD, with practical considerations for their clinical use in contemporary CR, as well as directions for future research.

Perspectives on Implementing a Multidomain Approach to Caring for Older Adults With Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The American College of Cardiology (ACC) Geriatric Cardiology Section Leadership Council recently outlined 4 key domains (which are composed of 14 subdomains) that are important to assess in older adults with heart failure (HF). We sought to determine which geriatric domains/subdomains are routinely assessed, how they are assessed, and how they impact clinical management in the care of ambulatory older adults with HF. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Ambulatory. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen active ACC member physicians from the geriatric cardiology community. MEASUREMENTS: Electronic survey assessing which domains/subdomains are currently assessed in these selected real-world practices, how they are assessed, and how they are incorporated into clinical management. RESULTS: Of 15 clinicians, 14 responded to the survey. The majority routinely assess 3 to 4 domains (median, 3; interquartile range, 3-4) and a range of 4 to 12 subdomains (median, 8; interquartile range, 6-11). All respondents routinely assess the medical and physical function domains, 71% routinely assess the mind/emotion domain, and 50% routinely assess the social domain. The most common subdomains included comorbidity burden (100%), polypharmacy (100%), basic function (93%), mobility (86%), falls risk (71%), frailty (64%), and cognition (57%). Sensory impairment (50%), social isolation (50%), nutritional status (43%), loneliness (7%), and financial means (7%) were least frequently assessed. There was significant heterogeneity with regard to the tools used to assess subdomains. Common themes for how the subdomains influenced clinical care included informing prognosis, informing risk-benefit of pharmacologic therapy and invasive procedures, and consideration for palliative care. CONCLUSIONS: While respondents routinely assess multiple domains and subdomains and view these as important to clinical care, there is substantial heterogeneity regarding which subdomains are assessed and the tools used to assess them. These observations provide a foundation that inform a research agenda with regard to providing holistic and patient-centered care to older adults with HF. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2593-2599, 2019.

Cardiac Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Heart Failure: Fitting a Square Peg in a Round Hole.

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a structured exercise and lifestyle program that improves mortality and quality of life in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction. However, significant gaps remain in optimizing CR for older adults with HF. This review summarizes the state of the science and specific knowledge gaps regarding older adults with HF. The authors discuss the importance of geriatric complexities in the design and implementation of CR, summarize promising future research in this area, and provide a clinical framework for current CR clinicians to follow when considering the specific needs of older adults with HF.

Comorbidities and the decision to undergo or forego destination therapy left ventricular assist device implantation: An analysis from the Trial of a Shared Decision Support Intervention for Patients and their Caregivers Offered Destination Therapy for End-Stage Heart Failure (DECIDE-LVAD) study.

BACKGROUND: Patients considering destination therapy left ventricular assist devices (DT LVAD) often have high comorbid burden but the association between these comorbidities and post-decision outcomes is unknown. METHODS: We included subjects in DECIDE-LVAD (NCT02344576), a stepped-wedge multicenter trial of patients considering LVADs, recording comorbidities per INTERMACS protocol. We compared decisional conflict, regret, perceived stress, quality of life (EQ-VAS), depression (PHQ-2), struggle with- and acceptance of illness by comorbid burden and amongst the most common comorbidities. RESULTS: Of 239 patients, LVAD recipients (n = 164) and non-recipients (n = 75) had a similar proportion with ≥1 comorbidity (70% v. 80%, P = .09). Patients with comorbidities were younger regardless of LVAD implantation status. After adjusting for age, overall and amongst LVAD recipients, patients with ≥1 comorbidity had higher mean decision conflict at baseline (23.2 ±â€¯1.5 vs. 17.4 ±â€¯2.2), and at 6 months, higher stress (13.0 ±â€¯0.6 vs. 10.4 ±â€¯1.0) and struggle with illness (13.3 ±â€¯0.4 vs. 11.1 ±â€¯0.6) than those without comorbidities (P < .05). No difference was noted in decision regret, PHQ-2, EQ-VAS, acceptance of illness and survival overall and amongst LVAD recipients. Of the three most common comorbidities, while patients with pulmonary hypertension had worse decision regret, depression, stress and acceptance of illness at 6-month follow-up than those who did not have pulmonary hypertension, no difference was noted in patients with chronic renal disease or high body mass index. CONCLUSION: Patients considering LVAD implantation with comorbidities experience increased decision conflict, stress and struggle with illness. These findings provide insights in the role comorbidities play in patient decision-making and decisional outcomes.

Does heart failure-specific health status identify patients with bothersome symptoms, depression, anxiety, and/or poorer spiritual well-being?

AIMS: Patients with heart failure often have under-recognized symptoms, depression, anxiety, and poorer spiritual well-being ('QoL domains'). Ideally all patients should have heart failure-specific health status and quality of life (QoL) domains routinely evaluated; however, lack of time and resources are limiting in most clinical settings. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether heart failure-specific health status was associated with QoL domains and to identify a score warranting further evaluation of QoL domain deficits. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants (N = 314) enrolled in the Collaborative Care to Alleviate Symptoms and Adjust to Illness trial completed measures of heart failure-specific health status [Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, KCCQ (score 0-100, 0 = worst health status)], additional symptoms (Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), and spiritual well-being (Facit-Sp) at baseline. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) KCCQ score was 46.9 ± 19.3, mean age was 65.5 ± 11.4, and 79% were male. Prevalence of QoL domain deficits ranged from 11% (nausea) to 47% (depression). Sensitivity/specificity of KCCQ for each QoL domain ranged from 20-40%/80-96% for KCCQ ≤ 25, 61-84%/48-62% for KCCQ ≤ 50, 84-97%/26-40% for KCCQ ≤ 60, and 96-100%/8-13% for KCCQ ≤ 75. Patients with KCCQ ≤ 60 had mean ± SD 4.5 ± 2.5 QoL domain deficits (maximum 12), vs. 1.6 ± 1.6 for KCCQ > 60 (P < 0.001). Similar results were seen for KCCQ ≤25 (6.6 ± 2.4 vs. 3.3 ± 2.4), KCCQ ≤ 50 (4.8 ± 2.6 vs. 2.5 ± 2) and KCCQ ≤ 75 (4.0 ± 2.6 vs. 1.0 ± 1.2) (all P < 00001). CONCLUSION: KCCQ ≤ 60 had good sensitivity for each QoL domain deficit and for patients with at least one QoL domain deficit. Screening for QoL domain deficits should target patients with lower KCCQ scores based on a clinic's KCCQ score distribution and clinical resources for addressing QoL domain deficits.

Association of global and disease-specific health status with outcomes following continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of heart failure specific and global health status before and after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in the usual care setting is not well studied. METHODS: We included 3,836 continuous-flow LVAD patients in the INTERMACS registry. Health status was measured pre-operatively and 3 months post-LVAD using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and EuroQol visual analog scale (VAS). Primary outcomes were mortality/rehospitalization. Inverse propensity weighting was used to minimize bias from missing data. RESULTS: Pre-operative global and heart failure-specific health status were very poor: KCCQ median 34.6 (IQR 21.4-50.5); VAS median 43 (interquartile range (IQR) 25-65). Health status measures improved 3 months after LVAD placement: KCCQ median 69.3 (IQR 54.2-82.3); VAS median 75 (IQR 60-85). Pre-operative health status was not associated with death (unadjusted HR for lowest vs. highest score quartiles: 1.09 (0.85-1.41) KCCQ; 1.12 (0.85-1.49) VAS) or rehospitalization (unadjusted HR 0.83 (0.72-0.96) KCCQ; 0.99 (0.85-1.16) VAS). Three-month KCCQ was associated with mortality (unadjusted HR 2.17 (1.47-3.21); VAS was not (1.43 (0.94-2.17). Three-month KCCQ added incremental discriminatory value to the HeartMate II Risk Score for death (c-stat 0.60 to 0.66); VAS did not (c-stat 0.59 to 0.60). Three-month health status was associated with rehospitalization (unadjusted HR 1.31 (1.15-1.57) KCCQ; 1.24 (1.05-1.46) VAS), but did not add incremental discriminatory value (c-stat 0.52 to 0.55 and 0.54, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These real-world data suggest that pre-operative health status has limited association with outcomes after LVAD. However, persistently low health status after surgery may independently signal higher risk for subsequent death. Further study is needed to determine the clinical utility of routinely collected health status data after LVAD implantation.

Health Status Trajectories Among Outpatients With Heart Failure.

CONTEXT: Health status (i.e., symptoms, function, and quality of life) is an important palliative care outcome in patients with heart failure; however, patterns of health status over time (i.e., trajectories) are not well described. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify health status trajectories in outpatients with heart failure and assess whether depression, symptom burden, or sense of peace predict health status trajectory. METHODS: This is an observational study utilizing data from the Patient-Centered Disease Management for Heart Failure trial. Participants completed Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires at baseline, three, six, and 12 months. Latent class growth analysis identified health status trajectories; multinomial logistic regression models identified predictors of trajectory membership. RESULTS: Patients (n = 384) were primarily men (97%) and older (mean age 67.6 ± 10.1). Three health status trajectories were identified. All three trajectories improved at three months; however, the marked improvement health status trajectory (n = 19) showed progressive improvement over one year, whereas the poor (n = 119) and moderate (n = 246) health status trajectories had little change after three months. In adjusted analyses, worse baseline depression (odds ratio 1.10; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.20), symptom burden (1.45; 1.15-1.83), and sense of peace (0.41; 0.22-0.75) predicted membership in the poor vs. moderate health status trajectory. CONCLUSION: We identified three one-year health status trajectories in patients with heart failure, with the two most common trajectories characterized by early improvement followed by limited change. Future research should assess these findings in nonveterans and women and explore whether treatment of depression, high symptom burden, and low sense of peace leads to improved long-term heart failure health status trajectory.

Incidence and predictors of cognitive decline in patients with left ventricular assist devices.

BACKGROUND: After left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement for advanced heart failure, increased cerebral perfusion should result in improved cognitive function. However, stroke (a well-known LVAD complication) and subclinical cerebral ischemia may result in transient or permanent cognitive decline. We sought to describe the incidence and predictors of cognitive decline after LVAD using a valid, sensitive assessment tool. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 4419 patients in the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support who underwent LVAD implantation between May 2012 and December 2013, cognitive function was assessed in 1173 patients with the Trail Making B Test before LVAD and at 3, 6, and 12 months. The test detects several forms of cognitive impairment, including subclinical stroke. Cognitive decline was defined as a clinically important increase during follow-up using a moderate Cohen d effect size of 0.5×baseline SD (32 s). The cumulative incidence of cognitive decline in the year after LVAD implantation, treating death and transplantation as competing risks, was 29.2%. In adjusted analysis, older age (≥70 versus <50 years; hazard ratio, 2.24; 95% confidence interval 1.46-3.44; P(trend)<0.001) and destination therapy (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.92) were significantly associated with greater risk of cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive decline occurs commonly in patients in the year after LVAD and is associated with older age and destination therapy. These results could have important implications for patient selection and improved communication of risks before LVAD implantation. Additional studies are needed to explore the association between cognitive decline and subsequent stroke, health status, and mortality in patients after LVAD.

B-type natriuretic peptide predicts 30-day readmission for heart failure but not readmission for other causes.

BACKGROUND: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a marker for heart failure (HF) severity, but its association with hospital readmission is not well defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified all hospital discharges (n=109 875) with a primary diagnosis of HF in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System from 2006 to 2009. We examined the association between admission (n=53 585), discharge (n=24 326), and change in BNP (n=7187) and 30-day readmission for HF or other causes. Thirty-day HF readmission was associated with elevated admission BNP, elevated discharge BNP, and smaller percent change in BNP from admission to discharge. Patients with a discharge BNP ≥ 1000 ng/L had an unadjusted 30-day HF readmission rate over 3 times as high as patients whose discharge BNP was ≤ 200 ng/L (15% vs. 4.1%). BNP improved discrimination and risk classification for 30-day HF readmission when added to a base clinical model, with discharge BNP having the greatest effect (C-statistic, 0.639 to 0.664 [P<0.0001]; net reclassification improvement, 9% [P<0.0001]). In contrast, 30-day readmission for non-HF causes was not associated with BNP levels during index HF hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of over 50 000 veterans hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of HF, BNP levels measured during hospitalization were associated with 30-day HF readmission, but not readmissions for other causes. These data may help guide future study aimed at identifying the optimal timing for hospital discharge and help allocate high-intensity, HF-specific transitional care interventions to the patients most likely to benefit.

Pre-operative health status and outcomes after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation.

BACKGROUND: Health status predicts adverse outcomes in heart failure and cardiac surgery patients, but its prognostic value in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement is unknown. METHODS: We examined the association of pre-operative health status, as measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), with survival and hospitalization after LVAD using the KCCQ score as a continuous variable and stratified by KCCQ score quartile plus missing KCCQ in 1,125 clinical trial participants who received the HeartMate II (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA) as destination therapy (n = 635) or bridge to transplantation (n = 490). RESULTS: The mean pre-operative KCCQ score was 29.4 ± 18.7 among survivors (n = 719), and 27.1 ± 18.3 (n = 406) in those who died. In time-to-event analysis for all available follow-up using health status as a continuous variable, the pre-operative KCCQ score did not correlate with overall mortality after LVAD implantation (p = 0.178). Small absolute differences were seen between the pre-operative KCCQ quartile and 30-day survival (Q4 95% vs. Q1 89% vs. missing 87%; p = 0.0009 for trend), 180-day survival (Q4 83% vs. Q1 76% vs missing 79%; p = 0.060 for trend), and days hospitalized at 180 days (Q4 29.8 ± 25.6 vs. Q1 34.1 ± 27.1 vs. missing 36.5 ± 29.9 days; p = 0.009 for trend). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that pre-operative health status has limited association with outcomes after LVAD implantation. Although these data require further study in a diverse population, mechanical circulatory support may represent a relatively unique clinical situation, distinct from heart failure and other cardiac surgeries, in which heart failure-specific health status measures may be largely reversed.

Differences in eating behaviors between nonobese, weight stable young and older adults.

Habitual dietary intake, dietary cognitive restraint (CR), disinhibition and hunger are eating behaviors that influence energy balance in both young and older adults. Since the prevalence of overweight and obesity in older adults is steadily rising, it is important to identify eating behavior adaptations that allow individuals to maintain a healthy body weight with advancing age. The association of age with habitual dietary intake, dietary CR, dishinhibition and hunger was examined in 30 older (60-72 years) and 30 younger (18-25 years) nonobese, weight stable, nondieting healthy adults pair-matched by age group for sex, physical activity level (active >150 min of physical activity per week, sedentary <150 min of physical activity per week) and BMI. Dietary CR was significantly greater and hunger was significantly less in older compared to young adults (both P<0.05). Disinhibition scores, habitual energy and macronutrient intake did not differ between age groups. These results indicate that weight management in older, nonobese adults may be facilitated by increased dietary CR and decreased susceptibility to hunger with age. Additionally, changes in energy and macronutrient intake may not be necessary for successful weight management with advancing age.