Exchange-correlation kernel for perturbation dependent auxiliary functions in auxiliary density perturbation theory.

CONTEXT: Analytic exchange-correlation kernel formulations are of the outermost importance for density functional theory (DFT) perturbation calculations. In this paper, the working equation for the exchange-correlation kernel of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for perturbation dependent auxiliary functions is derived and discussed in the framework of auxiliary density functional theory (ADFT). The presented new formulation is extended to the unrestricted approach, too. A comprehensive discussion of the implementation of the GGA ADFT kernel, using either the native exchange-correlation functional implementations in deMon2k or the ones from the LibXC library, is given. Calculations with analytic exchange-correlation kernels are compared to their finite difference counterparts. The obtained results are in quantitative agreement. Nevertheless, analytic GGA ADFT kernel implementations show substantial improvement in the computational performance. Similar results are reported for analytic second derivatives of effective core potential (ECP) and model core potential (MCP) matrix elements when compared to their finite difference counterparts in molecular frequency analyses. METHOD: All calculations are performed in the framework of ADFT as implemented in deMon2k. In the ADFT analytic frequency calculations, auxiliary density perturbation theory was used. The underlying two-center exchange-correlation kernel matrix elements are calculated by numerical integration either with analytic or finite difference kernel expressions. Validation calculations are performed with the VWN and PBE functionals employing DFT-optimized DZVP basis sets in conjunction with automatically generated GEN-A2 auxiliary density function sets. In the (Pt3Cu)n cluster benchmark calculations, the RPBE functional was used. For Pt atoms, the quasi-relativistic LANL2DZ effective core potential with the corresponding valence basis set was employed, whereas for Cu atoms, the all-electron DFT-optimized TZVP basis was applied. The auxiliary density was expanded by the automatically generated GEN-A2* auxiliary function set. We run all benchmark calculations in parallel on 24 cores.

Insecticide Resistance in Aedes aegypti Varies Seasonally and Geographically in Texas/Mexico Border Cities.

Insecticide use is the primary method of attempting to reduce or control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Insecticide resistance is a major concern as resistance will limit the efficacy of vector-control efforts. The lower Rio Grande Valley region of South Texas has had autochthonous transmission of multiple mosquito-borne diseases including those caused by dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Zika virus. However, the current status of mosquito resistance to commonly used pesticides in this region is unknown. In this study, we collected field samples from multiple municipalities in South Texas and assessed resistance using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. All populations exhibited characteristics of resistance, and permethrin was the most effective insecticide with an average mortality rate of 44.78%. Deltamethrin and sumethrin had significantly lower mortality rates of 20.31% and 32.16%, respectively, although neither of these insecticides are commonly used for vector-control activities in this region. Depending on which insecticide was used, there was little significance between each of the 7 cities. Seasonal variation in resistance was observed among the collection sites. Both deltamethrin and sumethrin exhibited an increase in susceptibility over the course of 10 months, while permethrin exhibited a decrease in susceptibility. These data highlight the need for further studies to determine if variations in resistance observed are repeated. The data and future findings may be useful in determining the most effective strategies for pesticide use and rotation.

Role of Histamine as a Peripheral Sympathetic Neuromediator and its Interrelation with Substance P.

This article is an educational review about the fundamental aspects related to the proposal of the existence of a peripheral sympathetic reflex regulated by histamine, through its effect on presynaptic H3 type receptors, under the interaction of a sensory neuron that would be mediated by Substance P. In this respect, we consider it useful to highlight the role of histamine, so we discuss some aspects about its history, metabolism, and function, as well as its interaction with H3 type receptors that are considered as neuroreceptors, which define and typify it as a neuromediator at both levels of the nervous system, central and peripheral.

Rehabilitación Pulmonar en Pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica / Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / Reabilitação pulmonar em pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓNREVISTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SALUD. UNIVERSIDAD DE BOYACÁ2020;7 (2):118-136. doi: https://doi.org/Rehabilitación Pulmonar en Pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica Flor Á Umbacía-Salas1 , Laura J Silva-Rodríguez2 , Clara L Palencia-Mojica1 , Alba Y Polanía-Robayo1RESUMENIntroducción. La enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) se caracteriza por ser una patología prevenible y tratable, que presenta sintomatología respiratoria permanente por restricción progresiva del flujo aéreo. La rehabilitación pulmonar, ha demostrado mejoría en la actividad física, disminución de la disnea y sintomatología respiratoria, además de mejorar la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la rehabilitación pulmonar en la Enferme-dad Pulmonar Obstructiva. Materiales y métodos. Para la búsqueda bibliográfica se incluyeron artículos de las bases de datos PudMed, Jane, Science Direct, Ovid, Medline, Proquest, publicados en los últimos cinco años con evidencia actualizada en relación a la rehabilitación pulmonar EPOC. Se seleccionaron 53 artículos de interés en la temática cumpliendo con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados. Los artículos seleccionados abordan temática de rehabilitación Pulmonar en EPOC, con aplicación de protocolos que incluyen cuestionarios de evaluación respiratoria. Dentro de los resultados analizados, no se evidencia diferencia demográfica significativa entre los grupos intervenidos, la incidencia de participación es de 100 pacientes para cada programa de rehabilita-ción pulmonar, la media de edad es de 59 años, y los programas de rehabilitación se desarrollan a nivel hospitalario, comunitario y ambulatorio. Conclusiones. Implementar programas de rehabilitación pulmonar en pacientes con EPOC, constituye un elemen-to fundamental en el manejo de esta enfermedad, mostrando efectos benéficos al optimizar sintomatología, capacidad en el ejercicio, control sobre la enfermedad y mejoría en la calidad de vida

Introduction. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable condition with permanent respiratory symptoms and progressive restriction of airflow. Pulmonary rehabilitation has shown improvement in physical activity, decrease in dyspnea and respiratory symptoms, in addition to improving quality of life. The aim of this article is to analyze the available scientific evidence on pulmonary rehabilitation in Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Materials and methods. For the bibliographic search we included articles from the databases PudMed, Jane, Science Direct, Ovid, Medline, Proquest, published in the last five years with updated evidence related to COPD pulmonary rehabilitation. Fifty-three articles of interest in the field were selected and met the inclusion criteria. Results. The selected articles address the topic of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD, with application of protocols that include respiratory assessment questionnaires. Within the analyzed results, no signifi-cant demographic difference between the intervened groups is evident, the incidence of participation is 100 patients for each pulmonary rehabilitation program, the average age was 59 years, and the rehabilitation programs are developed at hospital, community and outpatient level. Conclusions. Implementing pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with COPD is a fundamental element in the management of this disease, showing beneficial effects by optimizing symptoms, exercise capacity, control over the disease and improvement in quality of life.

Introdução: A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) caracteriza-se por ser uma patologia evi-tável e tratável, que apresenta sintomas respiratórios permanentes devido à restrição progressiva do fluxo de ar. A reabilitação pulmonar tem mostrado melhora na atividade física, diminuição da dispneia e dos sintomas respiratórios, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste artigo é anali-sar as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre reabilitação pulmonar na doença pulmonar obstrutiva. Ma-teriais e métodos. Para a busca bibliográfica, foram incluídos artigos das bases de dados PudMed, Jane, Science Direct, Ovid, Medline, Proquest, publicados nos últimos cinco anos com evidências atua-lizadas em relação à reabilitação pulmonar de DPOC. Foram selecionados 53 artigos de interesse no assunto, atendendo aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: Os artigos selecionados abordam a te-mática da reabilitação pulmonar na DPOC, com a aplicação de protocolos que incluem questionários de avaliação respiratória. Dentre os resultados analisados, não há diferença demográfica significativa entre os grupos intervencionados, a incidência de participação é de 100 pacientes para cada programa de reabilitação pulmonar, a média de idade é de 59 anos, e os programas de reabilitação são desenvol-vidos em nível hospitalar, comunitário e ambulatorial. Conclusões: A implementação de programas de reabilitação pulmonar em pacientes com DPOC cons-titui elemento fundamental no manejo desta doen-ça, apresentando efeitos benéficos pela otimi-zação dos sintomas, capacidade de exercício, controle da doença e melhora da qualidade de vida.

Práctica del profesional de enfermería en salud reproductiva: una mirada etnográfica / Prática do profissional de enfermagem na saúde reprodutiva: um olhar etnográfico / Nursing professional practice in reproductive health: an ethnographic approach

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue descubrir los significados del cuidado de enfermería cultural de un grupo de enfermeras de la Unidad Clínica Materno Infantil de un hospital público de Venezuela. La propuesta metodológica es de naturaleza cualitativa bajo el enfoque fenomenológico. Se escogió la etnografía focalizada, y el método de etnoenfermería propuesto por Leininger, utilizando el análisis etnográfico de Spradley para el procesamiento de los datos. Las participantes fueron seis enfermeras que laboran en la unidad clínica materna en Venezuela. Las expresiones y experiencias suministradas por las profesionales de enfermería permitieron que surgieran esencias que describieron el fenómeno de estudio a través de las entrevistas a profundidad. Con base en el análisis de los datos, emergieron de este proceso dos dominios: "la Práctica de Enfermería Cultural, es el Modo de Hacer Arte del Cuidado", así como también, "Conociendo la Cultura, es el Modo de brindar Cuidados Humano Congruente". Estos aportes preliminares encontrados develan acciones de enfermería que ayudan a promover, así como también herramientas que les permiten a las enfermeras aplicar cuidados culturalmente adecuados a las embarazadas, puérperas y recién nacidos en este contexto. Se concluye que la enfermera en la prestación del cuidado engloba los conocimientos con el arte de cuidar, respetando sus creencias y valores a las usuarias ingresadas en el hospital público en Salud reproductiva

Resumo: O objectivo do estudo era descobrir os significados da cultura de cuidados de enfermagem de um grupo de enfermeiras na clínica Maternal and Child Unidade de uma abordagem metodológica Hospital Público Venezuela.Cuya é qualitativa sob a abordagem fenomenológica. A etnografia focalizada e o método etnoendérmico proposto por Leininger foi escolhido. Usando a análise etnográfica de Spradley para o processamento dos dados. Os participantes eram 06 enfermeiros que trabalham em unidade clínica humana do Hospital Central Dr. Plácido Daniel Rodriguez de San Felipe, Venezuela. Expressões e experiências proporcionadas pelos enfermeiros autorizados a surgir estudo essências descrito o fenômeno por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, com base na análise de domínios de dados surgiu desse processo: '' Practice La Cultural Enfermagem é o caminho para tornar os cuidados de arte, bem como, '' Conociendo Cultura é a forma de prestação de cuidados Congruent Humano. Estas contribuições preliminares encontrados desvendar ações de enfermagem que ajudam a promover, bem como ferramentas que lhes permitam aplicar enfermeiros culturalmente competentes para grávidas, pós-parto e ao recém-nascido neste contexto. Conclui-se que a enfermeira na prestação de cuidados abrange o conhecimento com a arte de cuidar, respeitando suas crenças e valores para os usuários internados no hospital público de Saúde Reprodutiva

Abstract: The objective of the study was to discover the meanings of cultural nursing care for a group of nurses of the Maternal and Child Clinical Unit of a public hospital of Venezuela. Its methodological proposal is of a qualitative nature under the phenomenological approach. Focused ethnography and the ethnoendermal method proposed by Leininger were chosen, using the ethnographic analysis of Spradley for the processing of the data. The participants were six nurses who work in the maternal clinical unit of Dr. Placido Daniel Rodríguez Central Hospital in San Felipe, Venezuela. The expressions and experiences provided by them allowed to describe the study object through in-depth interviews. Based on the analysis of the data, two domains emerged from this process: "The Practice of Cultural Nursing is the Way of Making Care an Art", as well as, "Knowing the Culture is the Way to Provide Congruent Human Care". These preliminary contributions reveal nursing actions that help to promote the concept, as well as tools that allow nurses to apply culturally appropriate care to pregnant and puerperal women and newborns in this context. It is concluded that the nurse, in the provision of care process, combines her knowledge with the art of caring, respecting the beliefs and values ​of the the users admitted to this public hospital

Sabedoria popular no uso de plantas medicinais pelos moradores do bairro do sossego no distrito de Marudá - PA / Folk wisdom in the use of medicinal plants by the residents of the quiet neighborhood in Marudá District - PA

RESUMO Na Amazônia as plantas medicinais são um dos principais recursos para o tratamento de diversas doenças, dado o contexto cultural, a falta de proximidade com os locais onde poderiam receber atendimento médico, confiabilidade e baixo custo em comparação aos medicamentos industriais. Nesse contexto, encontra-se o Distrito de Marudá, no Município de Marapanim, a 160 Km da capital Belém, onde é comum o uso de plantas medicinais para o tratamento de agravos à saúde. Este trabalho investigou a sabedoria popular no uso de plantas medicinais pelos moradores do bairro do Sossego no Distrito de Marudá - PA, ilustrando a sua importância em termos culturais, econômicos e ambientais. Para isso utilizou-se um levantamento etnofarmacêutico visando oferecer ferramenta de prospecção destas plantas utilizadas como recurso terapêutico pela população local.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon medicinal plants are a relevant resource for the treatment of several diseases, given the cultural context, access, reliability and low cost compared to industrial medicine. Inside this context, it is located the Marudá District, in the municipality of Marapanim,160 km far from Belém state of Pará, where it is common to use medicinal plants in order to treat health problems. In this sense, this work investigates the popular phytotherapy practice of herbal medicine practiced by the residents of the“Sossego” neighborhood in the District of Marudá-PA, illustrating the importance of medicinal plants for this human group in cultural, economic and environment context. For such purpose, we used a ethnopharmaceutical survey aiming to offer a prospecting tool of these plants employed as a therapeutic resource for the local population.

Resistencia a lambdacihalotrina y fenitrotión en una población de campo de Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) / Lambdacyhalothrin and fenitrothion resistance in a field population of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)

Introducción: Panstrongylus geniculatus es un triatomino silvestre, vector del Trypanosoma cruzi, intruso en domicilios humanos. Determinar la susceptibilidad a insecticidas de uso común en esta especie es indispensable para detectar prematuramente cepas resistentes. Objetivo: Este estudio se propuso analizar la susceptibilidad a lambdacihalotrina y fenitrotión en dos cepas (laboratorio y campo) de P. geniculatus. Metodología: se estableció la susceptibilidad a lambdacihalotrina y fenitrotión por aplicación tópica, en la cepa de laboratorio-Molagavita 2003 y en la población de campo-Chorreras 2012 en ninfas del primer estadio de P. geniculatus. Se calcularon valores de dosis letal 50 y dosis letal 99 (DL50 y la DL99) para cada insecticida. También se determinaron valores de grado de resistencia (GR) para cada insecticida: DL50 población de campo/DL50 cepa de laboratorio. Resultados: Las DL50 y DL99 en la población de campo y la cepa de laboratorio (en ng/i), fueron: 1,194; 5,764 y 0,024; 0,131 para lambdacihalotrina y 1,476; 7,354 y 0,482; 5,471 para fenitrotión, respectivamente. Los grados de resistencia fueron: GR= 48,9 para lambdacihalotrina y GR= 3,06 para fenitrotión. Conclusiones: La población de campo mostró resistencia a lambdacihalotrina y fenitrotión, probablemente como consecuencia del uso de agroquímicos en la zona. Implementar medidas para la detección temprana de resistencia en triatominos es importante en el diseño de programas de control vectorial.

Introduction: Panstrongylus geniculatus, is a wild triatomine, vector of Trypanosoma cruzy, intruder in human homes. To determine the susceptibility to insecticides commonly used in this specie is essential to detect resistant strains prematurely. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the susceptibility to lambdacyhalothrin and fenitrothion in two strains (laboratory and field) of P. geniculatus. Methodology: susceptibility was established to lambdacyhalothrin and fenitrothion by topical application in the laboratory strain - Molagavita 2003 and field population - Chorreras 2012 in first instar nymphs of P. geniculatus. Values were calculated for lethal dosis 50 and lethal dosis 99 (LD50 and LD99) for each insecticide. Also values were determined to degree of resistance (GR) for each insecticide: field population LD50/LD50 laboratory strain. Results: The LD50 and LD99 in the field population and the laboratory strain (in ng/i) were: 1,194, 5,764 and 0,024, 0,131 for lambdacyhalothrin and 1,476, 7,354 and 0,482, 5,471 to fenitrothion, respectively. The degrees of resistance were: GR=48.9 for lambdacyhalothrin and GR=3.06 for fenitrothion. Conclusions: The field population showed resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and fenitrothion, probably as a result of the use of chemicals in the area. Implement measures for early detection of resistance in triatomines is important in the design of vector control programs.

Insecticidal activity of a Melinis minutiflora grass extract on Stomoxys calcitrans flies / Actividad insecticida de un extracto del pasto Melinis minutiflora sobre moscas Stomoxys calcitrans / Atividade inseticida do extrato do pasto Melinis minutiflora sobre a mosca Stomoxys calcitrans

Several extraction methods were utilized to study the insecticidal activity of a Melinis minutiflora grass extract. Four concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80%) of the product which had the highest yield (i.e., a wax-free hexane extract) were tested to establish its insecticidal activity on S. calcitrans flies (adults and larvae). It is hypothesized that an 80% plant extract has a lethal effect similar to or higher than cypermethrin on flies and larvae. Mortality rates were assessed by survival analysis comparing the Kaplan-Meier mortality curves against the standard pyrethroid (cypermethrin) or against the solvent (ethyl acetate). The median mortality (time to kill 50% of the population) of adult flies exposed to cypermethrin over an eight-hour period was one hour, while it was three hours for the highest concentration of the extract tested. Both medians were significantly lower than those of the other treatments. The median mortality of larvae exposed to cypermethrin for a 30 minute period was four minutes, while it was eight minutes for the highest concentration (80%) of the plant extract. These values were significantly lower than the medians obtained for the other concentrations of the extract. These data suggest that extracts obtained from Melinis minutiflora grass could be a safe substitute for chemical insecticides.

Después de evaluar tres métodos para obtener un extracto del pasto Melinis minutiflora, cuatro concentraciones (10, 20, 40, 80%) del producto que tuvo el mayor rendimiento –un extracto hexanoico libre de ceras– fueron comparadas para establecer su actividad insecticida sobre moscas Stomoxys calcitrans (adultos y larvas). Se plantea como hipótesis de investigación, que una concentración de 80% del extracto, tiene un efecto letal similar o superior al de la cipermetrina. Las tasas de mortalidad se evaluaron mediante análisis de supervivencia comparando las curvas de mortalidad de Kaplan-Meier para un piretroide (cipermetrina) y el solvente (acetato de etilo). La mediana de la mortalidad (o sea el tiempo requerido para matar el 50% de la población) de las moscas adultas expuestas a cipermetrina durante un período de ocho horas fue de una hora, mientras que fue de tres horas para el extracto al 80%. Ambas medianas fueron significativamente menores que las de los otros tratamientos. La mediana de la mortalidad de larvas expuestas a cipermetrina para un período de 30 minutos fue de cuatro minutos y de ocho minutos para la concentración más alta (80%) del extracto del pasto. Estos valores fueron significativamente menores que las medianas obtenidas para las otras concentraciones del extracto.

Neste trabalho foram testados vários métodos de extração química para obter diferentes extratos do pasto Melinis minutiflora para estabelecer com qual obtém-se maior quantidade e maior atividade inseticida. O extrato obtido em maior quantidade foi o extrato hexânico livre de ceras em 0.60%, o qual determinou-se sua ação inseticida sobre larvas e adultos de S. calcitrans reproduzidas no laboratório. A mortalidade que produzem quatro concentrações (10, 20, 40, 80%) do extrato livre de ceras, percebe-se mediante a análise estatística de sobrevivência comparando as curvas de mortalidade de Kaplan-Meier frente ao padrão de referencia mosquicida cipermetrina (piretroide), e solvente acetato de etilo. As análise estatística da atividade inseticida das concentrações do extrato sobre S. calcitrans adultos em um período de oito horas, expressa pela mediana (tempo no qual se morrem o 50% da população), do efeito inseticida da cipermetrina foi de 1 hora, por enquanto na mediana do efeito inseticida do extrato à concentração de 80% sobre moscas adultas foi de 3.0 horas. Ambas as médias foram significativamente inferiores quando comparados com os dos demais tratamentos. Quanto à atividade inseticida de mortalidade, 50% das larvas expostas à cipermetrina ou acetato de etila por um prazo de 30 minutos a 4 minutos e a eficácia inseticida do extrato a 80% das larvas foi de 8 minutos, valores significativamente inferior ao de outras concentrações.

[Water pollution caused by pesticides in an area of Antioquia]. / Contaminación del agua por plaguicidas en un área de Antioquia.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the frequency of pesticide use in agricultural, pig and poultry production to understand its influence on water resources in the village of Monterredondo in the municipality of San Pedro de Los Milagros (Antioquia) and diagnosing its quality. METHODS: 100 % of the households in the village were surveyed regarding chemical use. Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of three water samples was carried out in the Universidad de Antioquia's Environmental Engineering laboratory using standardised methods. RESULTS: The Hato stream was contaminated by 1,600 x 103 NMP/100ml coliforms and 220 x 10 NMP/100 ml E. coli. The Fray Juana stream had 1,600 x 103 NMP/100ml coliform contamination. Water sources were also contaminated by the use of pesticides such as Lorsban (chlorpyriphs), Burst (chlorpyriphs), Whip (chlorpyriphs), Neguvon (metriphonate) and Furadan (carbophuran) and insecticides like Ganabaño (cypermethryn) and disinfectants and Limpido (6 % sodium hypochlorite). CONCLUSION: Agricultural, pig and poultry production in the village has been producing a negative impact on water resources due to its reduced availability and pollution. The water from the samples analysed here was not suitable for human consumption.

Contaminación del agua por plaguicidas en un área de Antioquia / Water pollution caused by pesticides in an area of Antioquia

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de uso de plaguicidas en la producción agropecuaria, porcícola y avícola, para comprender su influencia en el recurso hídrico en la vereda Monterredondo del municipio San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia) y establecer un diagnostico de su calidad. Métodos Se aplicó una encuesta domiciliaria al 100 por ciento de las familias de la vereda, sobre el uso de productos químicos y se realizaron dos análisis, el fisicoquímico y el microbiológico a tres muestras de agua en el laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad de Antioquia bajo métodos estandarizados. Resultados La quebrada El Hato presenta una contaminación por Coliformes de 1 600x103 NMP/100ml y por E.coli de 220x10 NMP/100ml. La quebrada Fray Juana presenta un grado de contaminación de 1 600x103 NMP/100ml de Coliformes. Se encontró igualmente una contaminación de las fuentes hídricas por el uso de diversos plaguicidas como: Lorsban® (Clorpirifos), Ráfaga® (Clorpirifos), Látigo® (Clorpirifos), Neguvón® (Metrifonato), Furadán® (Carbofurán). Con insecticidas como, Ganabaño® (Cibermetrina) y desinfectantes como, Límpido® (Hipoclorito de sodio 6 por ciento). Conclusión La producción agropecuaria, porcícola y avícola en la vereda, está generando impactos negativos en el recurso hídrico, por la disminución y la contaminación de éste. Las aguas de las muestras analizadas, no son aptas para el consumo de seres vivos.

Objective Determining the frequency of pesticide use in agricultural, pig and poultry production to understand its influence on water resources in the village of Monterredondo in the municipality of San Pedro de Los Milagros (Antioquia) and diagnosing its quality. Methods 100 percent of the households in the village were surveyed regarding chemical use. Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of three water samples was carried out in the Universidad de Antioquia's Environmental Engineering laboratory using standardised methods. Results The Hato stream was contaminated by 1,600x103 NMP/100ml coliforms and 220x10 NMP/100ml E. coli. The Fray Juana stream had 1,600x103 NMP/100ml coliform contamination. Water sources were also contaminated by the use of pesticides such as Lorsban (chlorpyriphs), Burst (chlorpyriphs), Whip (chlorpyriphs), Neguvon (metriphonate) and Furadan (carbophuran) and insecticides like Ganabaño (cypermethryn) and disinfectants and Limpido (6 percent sodium hypochlorite). Conclusion Agricultural, pig and poultry production in the village has been producing a negative impact on water resources due to its reduced availability and pollution. The water from the samples analysed here was not suitable for human consumption.

Estudio sobre automedicación en la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia / Self-Medication in an University Population in Medellín, Colombia

Se presenta una investigación exploratoria descriptiva de corte transversal sobre la automedicación en la Universidad de Antioquia. Se plantea que diversas variables asociadas a los medicamentos pueden contribuir a problemas de salud pública por el uso no óptimo de los mismos. Se pretende dar a conocer a la comunidad universitaria cuál es su situación al respecto y obtener información preliminar para futuras investigaciones como base para formular estrategias que permitan incentivar la utilización sana de los medicamentos. Según diversos estudios, la cantidad de fármacos automedicados crece continuamente en el país y en el mundo. A este fenómeno parece no escaparse la Universidad de Antioquia. Este hábito tiene importantes repercusiones en la salud y en el rol del Químico Farmacéutico (QF) como integrante del sistema de salud. A pesar de que la comunidad universitaria conoce las implicaciones, riesgos y desventajas del uso inapropiado de medicamentos, se halló que el 97 por ciento de las personas se automedican, a pesar de que el 88 por ciento informan que conocen el posible riesgo de este hábito. También usan las medicinas alternativas aunque consultan con frecuencia al médico.