Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in Holstein steers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in Holstein steers using electric stimulation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: A total of 15 Holstein steers aged 7.3 ± 1.2 months and weighing 121 ± 25 kg. METHODS: Animals were anesthetized with sevoflurane at 8% in oxygen at 5 L minute-1 via facemask and were intubated with an orotracheal tube of a compatible size. After 15 minutes of stabilization of the initial expired concentration of sevoflurane (Fe'Sevo) at 2.6%, electrical stimulation on the thoracic limb was initiated with a sequence of 2 × 10 ms followed by 2 × 3 second electrical currents of 50 V and 50 Hz, 5 seconds apart. Following each stimulus with a negative response, the Fe'Sevo was decreased by 0.2% and a 15 minute interval was awaited before the next stimulus. The procedure was repeated until the first Fe'Sevo value with a positive motor response was obtained. The Fe'Sevo was then increased by 0.1%, followed by a new stimulus, until a negative response was obtained. The value of MAC was calculated as the arithmetic mean between the lowest Fe'Sevo associated with a negative motor response and the highest Fe'Sevo associated with a positive response. RESULTS: The mean MAC for the 15 steers was 2.0 ± 0.3%, which corresponds to 2.1 ± 0.3% at sea level. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the proposed methodology, the MAC of sevoflurane for healthy Holstein steers is 2.1 ± 0.3% at sea level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This Fe'Sevo value can be used to guide depth of anesthesia in steers weighing approximately 120 kg in clinical practice.

Dexmedetomidine Alone or Combined With Morphine for Epidural Anesthesia in Bitches Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy.

The purpose of this study was to assess perioperative analgesia provided by the combination of epidural dexmedetomidine and morphine in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-four bitches were included in the study and allocated into 3 groups: GM, morphine 0.1 mg/kg; GD, dexmedetomidine 2 µg/kg; and GDM, dexmedetomidine and morphine at the same doses. All solutions were diluted in saline to a total of 0.36 mL/kg. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (FR) and systolic blood pressure (SAP) were recorded prior to epidural analgesia (TB), immediately following epidural analgesia (TEA), at surgical incision (TSI), at the first ovarian pedicle clamping (TOP1), at the second pedicle clamping (TOP2), at uterine stump clamping (TUC), at the start of abdominal cavity closure (TSC) and at the end of skin closure (TEC). Rescue analgesia with fentanyl was administered at 2 µg/kg IV if nociception corresponding to a 20% increase of any cardiorespiratory variables was noted. Postoperative pain assessment was performed using a modified composite Glasgow pain scale along the first 6 hours following the end of surgery. Numeric data were compared using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey test and ovarian ligament relaxation was analyzed using chi-square test under 5% significance. No differences were found on FR among times or groups, although HR showed significant differences between GM and GD at TSI, TOP1, TOP2, TSC and TEC and between GM and GDM at TEA and TSI (significantly lower HR values recorded in dexmedetomidine groups). Differences among time points were found on HR between TB and TEA in GD and on PAS between TOP1 and TSC in GM and between TOP1 and TUC in GDM (P < .05). Ovarian ligament relaxation was significantly more present in groups using dexmedetomidine, although the number of rescue analgesia administrations did not differ among groups. Kaplan-Meyer analysis failed to show significant differences on time of rescue analgesia administration among groups (P > .05). In conclusion, the combination of epidural dexmedetomidine and morphine is a more interesting choice for elective ovariohysterectomy in bitches for producing analgesia comparable to that of each drug alone, with noticeable relaxation of ovarian ligaments and lesser cardiovascular consequences.

Echocardiographic Assessment of Healthy Midazolam/Butorphanol or Midazolam/Morphine-Sedated Dogs.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of midazolam combined with morphine or butorphanol on echocardiographic variables of healthy dogs. Twenty-four dogs of various breeds aged 34.33 ± 23.41 months and weighing 8.1 ± 4.7 kg were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomly allocated in one of two experimental groups of sedation with intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) combined with butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (GB, n = 12) or morphine (0.3 mg/kg) (GM, n = 12). Transthoracic echocardiographic examinations comprised B-Mode, M-Mode, spectral Doppler and pulsed tissue Doppler assessment. Data were recorded before sedation (TB) and 20 minutes following intramuscular administration of either sedation protocol (TS). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's posthoc test. Shortening fraction, ejection fraction, left ventricular diameter and volume did not differ among groups and time points. The A and E' waves were decreased in GM at TS compared to TB. Isovolumic relaxation time, Ae/Ao ratio, aortic and pulmonary flows and S' wave did not differ among time points and groups. These sedation protocols did not cause clinically relevant changes in echocardiographic variables, therefore can be used for sedation of uncooperative dogs during echocardiographic evaluation.

Conventional Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Healthy Sevoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs Undergoing Continuous Rate Infusion of Nalbuphine.

Nalbuphine is an agonist-antagonist opioid with adequate analgesic properties and few depressant effects on the respiratory system. However, there are no detailed reports available on cardiovascular effects of nalbuphine in dogs. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of nalbuphine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Eighteen mixed-breed bitches aged 1-4 years and weighing 9.9 ± 3.8 kg were used. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: nalbuphine (GN, n = 9) and control (GC, n = 9). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (2V%) followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus of nalbuphine (0.3 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl at equal volume and then CRI of nalbuphine (0.4 mg/kg/h) or 0.9% NaCl at an equal infusion rate. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were determined at baseline and 20, 40, 60, and 80 minutes following start of CRI. No differences were found between groups for left ventricular systolic and diastolic variables obtained through conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Likewise, hemodynamic variables did not differ between groups. The E'/A' ratio significantly increased at 20 minutes compared to baseline only in GN. Nalbuphine given at a CRI does not influence left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in healthy sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

Cardiopulmonary effects of reverse Trendelenburg position at 5° and 10° in sevoflurane-anesthetized steers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cardiopulmonary effects caused by reverse Trendelenburg position (RTP) at 5° and 10° in sevoflurane-anesthetized yearling steers. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental study. ANIMALS: Eight Holstein steers aged (mean ± standard deviation) 12 ± 2 months and weighing 145 ± 26 kg. METHODS: In the first phase of the study, the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane was determined using electrical stimulation. In the second phase, the effects of RTP were assessed. The animals were anesthetized on three separate events separated by ≥7 days in an incomplete crossover design: control treatment using a table without tilt (RTP0); treatment with the table at 5° RTP (RTP5) and table tilted 10° RTP (RTP10). Subjects were physically restrained in dorsal recumbency on the table, which was already tilted according to each treatment. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane at 8% in 5 L minute-1 oxygen via face mask followed by maintenance with sevoflurane at 1.3 MAC and spontaneous breathing. Cardiopulmonary variables were obtained immediately after instrumentation (T0) and then after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes (T30, T60, T120 and T180, respectively). RESULTS: The mean sevoflurane MAC for the eight steers was 2.12 ± 0.31%. Cardiac output was lower at all time points and the systemic vascular resistance index was higher at T120 and T180 in RTP10 compared with RTP0. Oxygen consumption was lower at T0 and at T180 in RTP10 compared with RTP0 and at all time points except T30 compared with RTP5. Oxygen extraction was lower at T0 in RTP10 compared with RTP0 and RTP5, and at T60 and T180 compared with RTP5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: RTP 5° and 10° did not improve ventilatory and oxygenation variables in sevoflurane-anesthetized steers when compared with no tilt, however the cardiovascular variables were adversely affected in RTP10.

Eficácia e efeitos hemodinâmicos da anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína isobárica, hipobárica ou hiperbárica em cães anestesiados com isofluorano / Efficacy and hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia with isobaric, hypobaric or hyperbaric ropivacaine in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína em cães alterando a baricidade do anestésico local, investigando as alterações hemodinâmicas e complicações. Foram utilizados seis cães, Beagle, 4 anos, submetidos a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano e aos tratamentos: Ghipo = anestesia raquidiana hipobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 0,9% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Giso = anestesia raquidiana isobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 1,53% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Ghiper = anestesia raquidiana hiperbárica (0,5 mL glicose 10% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%). Após indução anestésica e manutenção com isofluorano, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito lateral direito para a passagem de um cateter de artéria pulmonar pela veia jugular esquerda. Após esse procedimento, a punção subaracnóide foi realizada entre L5-L6 com uma agulha espinhal 22G, seguida da administração de 1 mL de anestésico local em 1 min. Os animais foram mantidos por 60 minutos anestesiados em decúbito ventral. A FC, f, PAM, DC, PAPm e TºC apresentaram aumento progressivo em todos os grupos enquanto que a PCPm, apenas no GHIPO, aumentou ao longo de todos os momentos. O IRPT no GISO apresentou valores significativamente superiores no M1, M5 e M10 comparado aos demais grupos, exceto no M5, em que o GISO diferiu somente do GHIPER. O IRVP no GISO aumentou no M5 em comparação ao MB. Foram observados efeitos adversos como déficit motor unilateral, atonia vesical, excitação, dor aguda e quemose. De acordo com os dados obtidos no presente estudo pode-se concluir que os animais que receberam anestesia raquidiana com as soluções hiperbárica e isobárica apresentaram maior bloqueio motor comprovando que a baricidade influencia diretamente o tipo de fibra a ser bloqueada. A utilização de solução isobárica resulta em um bloqueio misto (motor e sensitivo). As alterações hemodinâmicas descritas na literatura como, bradicardia e hipotensão, não puderam ser evidenciadas neste estudo embora o volume de anestésico tenha sido baixo associado a influência dos efeitos do isofluorano. Em relação às complicações evidenciadas, sugere-se acompanhamento pós-anestésico dos animais submetidos à anestesia raquidiana a fim de que quaisquer alterações possam ser identificadas precocemente e tratadas.(AU)

The aim of the study was to assess hemodynamic changes and complications of spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine at different baricities. Six beagle dogs aged four years. The dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to the following treatments: Ghypo = spinal anesthesia with hypobaric ropivacaine (0.5mL of 0.9% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Giso = isobaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 0,906% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Ghyper = hyperbaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 10% glucose+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%). After induction to anesthesia and maintenance with isoflurane, animals were positioned in right lateral recumbency for pulmonary artery catheterization through the left jugular vein. Spinal anesthesia was carried out with injection of 1mL of local anesthetic using a 22G Quincke tip needle in the L5-L6 space along 1 minute. Dogs were maintained under inhalation anesthesia for 60 minutes in ventral recumbency. HR, FR, MAP, CO, mPAP and body temperature progressively increased in all groups, whereas PCWP increased only in GHYPO at all time points. The TPRI showed significantly higher values in GISO at M1, M5 and M10 compared to the other groups, except for M5, during which GISO differed only from GHYPER. The PVRI increased at M5 compared to MB in GISO. Side effects such as unilateral motor deficit, bladder atony, excitation, acute pain and chemosis were observed. The hemodynamic changes were not relevant, although inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane might have influenced the results. The changes observed in the study demonstrate that motor blockade is likely to be obtained with isobaric and hyperbaric ropivacaine, thereby confirming the influence of baricity on the type of nerve fibers on the spinal cord. The isobaric solution results in a mixed blockade (motor and sensory blockade). Hemodynamic changes such as hypotension and bradycardia were not evidenced in this study, although local anesthetics were administered in low volumes and together with isoflurane anesthesia. Regarding complications, post-anesthetic observation is warranted in order to identify and treat possible changes. Spinal anesthesia in the conditions studied did not cause hemodynamic changes in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs and is thus considered safe for routine practice, although a few complications are prone to occur.(AU)

Eficácia e efeitos hemodinâmicos da anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína isobárica, hipobárica ou hiperbárica em cães anestesiados com isofluorano / Efficacy and hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia with isobaric, hypobaric or hyperbaric ropivacaine in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane

The aim of the study was to assess hemodynamic changes and complications of spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine at different baricities. Six beagle dogs aged four years. The dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to the following treatments: Ghypo = spinal anesthesia with hypobaric ropivacaine (0.5mL of 0.9% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Giso = isobaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 0,906% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Ghyper = hyperbaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 10% glucose+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%). After induction to anesthesia and maintenance with isoflurane, animals were positioned in right lateral recumbency for pulmonary artery catheterization through the left jugular vein. Spinal anesthesia was carried out with injection of 1mL of local anesthetic using a 22G Quincke tip needle in the L5-L6 space along 1 minute. Dogs were maintained under inhalation anesthesia for 60 minutes in ventral recumbency. HR, FR, MAP, CO, mPAP and body temperature progressively increased in all groups, whereas PCWP increased only in GHYPO at all time points. The TPRI showed significantly higher values in GISO at M1, M5 and M10 compared to the other groups, except for M5, during which GISO differed only from GHYPER. The PVRI increased at M5 compared to MB in GISO. Side effects such as unilateral motor deficit, bladder atony, excitation, acute pain and chemosis were observed. The hemodynamic changes were not relevant, although inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane might have influenced the results. The changes observed in the study demonstrate that motor blockade is likely to be obtained with isobaric and hyperbaric ropivacaine, thereby confirming the influence of baricity on the type of nerve fibers on the spinal cord. The isobaric solution results in a mixed blockade (motor and sensory blockade). Hemodynamic changes such as hypotension and bradycardia were not evidenced in this study, although local anesthetics were administered in low [...](AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína em cães alterando a baricidade do anestésico local, investigando as alterações hemodinâmicas e complicações. Foram utilizados seis cães, Beagle, 4 anos, submetidos a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano e aos tratamentos: Ghipo = anestesia raquidiana hipobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 0,9% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Giso = anestesia raquidiana isobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 1,53% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Ghiper = anestesia raquidiana hiperbárica (0,5 mL glicose 10% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%). Após indução anestésica e manutenção com isofluorano, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito lateral direito para a passagem de um cateter de artéria pulmonar pela veia jugular esquerda. Após esse procedimento, a punção subaracnóide foi realizada entre L5-L6 com uma agulha espinhal 22G, seguida da administração de 1 mL de anestésico local em 1 min. Os animais foram mantidos por 60 minutos anestesiados em decúbito ventral. A FC, f, PAM, DC, PAPm e TºC apresentaram aumento progressivo em todos os grupos enquanto que a PCPm, apenas no GHIPO, aumentou ao longo de todos os momentos. O IRPT no GISO apresentou valores significativamente superiores no M1, M5 e M10 comparado aos demais grupos, exceto no M5, em que o GISO diferiu somente do GHIPER. O IRVP no GISO aumentou no M5 em comparação ao MB. Foram observados efeitos adversos como déficit motor unilateral, atonia vesical, excitação, dor aguda e quemose. De acordo com os dados obtidos no presente estudo pode-se concluir que os animais que receberam anestesia raquidiana com as soluções hiperbárica e isobárica apresentaram maior bloqueio motor comprovando que a baricidade influencia diretamente o tipo de fibra a ser bloqueada. A utilização de solução isobárica resulta em um bloqueio misto (motor e sensitivo). [...](AU)

Eficácia e efeitos hemodinâmicos da anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína isobárica, hipobárica ou hiperbárica em cães anestesiados com isofluorano

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to assess hemodynamic changes and complications of spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine at different baricities. Six beagle dogs aged four years. The dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to the following treatments: Ghypo = spinal anesthesia with hypobaric ropivacaine (0.5mL of 0.9% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Giso = isobaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 0,906% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Ghyper = hyperbaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 10% glucose+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%). After induction to anesthesia and maintenance with isoflurane, animals were positioned in right lateral recumbency for pulmonary artery catheterization through the left jugular vein. Spinal anesthesia was carried out with injection of 1mL of local anesthetic using a 22G Quincke tip needle in the L5-L6 space along 1 minute. Dogs were maintained under inhalation anesthesia for 60 minutes in ventral recumbency. HR, FR, MAP, CO, mPAP and body temperature progressively increased in all groups, whereas PCWP increased only in GHYPO at all time points. The TPRI showed significantly higher values in GISO at M1, M5 and M10 compared to the other groups, except for M5, during which GISO differed only from GHYPER. The PVRI increased at M5 compared to MB in GISO. Side effects such as unilateral motor deficit, bladder atony, excitation, acute pain and chemosis were observed. The hemodynamic changes were not relevant, although inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane might have influenced the results. The changes observed in the study demonstrate that motor blockade is likely to be obtained with isobaric and hyperbaric ropivacaine, thereby confirming the influence of baricity on the type of nerve fibers on the spinal cord. The isobaric solution results in a mixed blockade (motor and sensory blockade). Hemodynamic changes such as hypotension and bradycardia were not evidenced in this study, although local anesthetics were administered in low volumes and together with isoflurane anesthesia. Regarding complications, post-anesthetic observation is warranted in order to identify and treat possible changes. Spinal anesthesia in the conditions studied did not cause hemodynamic changes in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs and is thus considered safe for routine practice, although a few complications are prone to occur.

RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína em cães alterando a baricidade do anestésico local, investigando as alterações hemodinâmicas e complicações. Foram utilizados seis cães, Beagle, 4 anos, submetidos a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano e aos tratamentos: Ghipo = anestesia raquidiana hipobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 0,9% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Giso = anestesia raquidiana isobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 1,53% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Ghiper = anestesia raquidiana hiperbárica (0,5 mL glicose 10% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%). Após indução anestésica e manutenção com isofluorano, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito lateral direito para a passagem de um cateter de artéria pulmonar pela veia jugular esquerda. Após esse procedimento, a punção subaracnóide foi realizada entre L5-L6 com uma agulha espinhal 22G, seguida da administração de 1 mL de anestésico local em 1 min. Os animais foram mantidos por 60 minutos anestesiados em decúbito ventral. A FC, f, PAM, DC, PAPm e TºC apresentaram aumento progressivo em todos os grupos enquanto que a PCPm, apenas no GHIPO, aumentou ao longo de todos os momentos. O IRPT no GISO apresentou valores significativamente superiores no M1, M5 e M10 comparado aos demais grupos, exceto no M5, em que o GISO diferiu somente do GHIPER. O IRVP no GISO aumentou no M5 em comparação ao MB. Foram observados efeitos adversos como déficit motor unilateral, atonia vesical, excitação, dor aguda e quemose. De acordo com os dados obtidos no presente estudo pode-se concluir que os animais que receberam anestesia raquidiana com as soluções hiperbárica e isobárica apresentaram maior bloqueio motor comprovando que a baricidade influencia diretamente o tipo de fibra a ser bloqueada. A utilização de solução isobárica resulta em um bloqueio misto (motor e sensitivo). As alterações hemodinâmicas descritas na literatura como, bradicardia e hipotensão, não puderam ser evidenciadas neste estudo embora o volume de anestésico tenha sido baixo associado a influência dos efeitos do isofluorano. Em relação às complicações evidenciadas, sugere-se acompanhamento pós-anestésico dos animais submetidos à anestesia raquidiana a fim de que quaisquer alterações possam ser identificadas precocemente e tratadas.

Ultrasound-assisted periconal ocular blockade in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the benefit and specifically the feasibility of using ultrasound in ophthalmologic periconal block, and the occurrence of complications. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten healthy New Zealand White rabbits (6-8 months of age), weighing 2.0-3.5 kg. METHODS: Rabbits were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of acepromazine (1 mg kg(-1)), ketamine (30 mg kg(-1)) and xylazine (3 mg kg(-1)). Ultrasound-assisted periconal block with lidocaine was performed on 18 eyes. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry whereas corneal sensitivity was assessed using an esthesiometer, before and after each periconal anesthesia. RESULTS: In all 18 eyes, it was possible to adequately visualize the needle shaft within the periconal space, as well as muscular cone, optic nerve and local anesthetic solution spread. Lidocaine 2% without epinephrine (0.79 ± 0.19 mL) was injected into the periconal space. There was no statistical difference between the intraocular pressure (mean ± SD) measured before (10.9 ± 2.9 mmHg) and after (11.9 ± 3.8 mmHg) the periconal anesthesia (p = 0.38). The effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted technique was shown according to the values for corneal sensitivity, assessed before and after periconal anesthesia (p < 0.0001). Complications were not observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Eye ultrasonography allowed visualization of all anatomic structures necessary to perform a periconal block, as well as the needle insertion and anesthetic spread in real time. Further studies are required to prove the real potential of ultrasound for reducing the incidence of complications associated with ophthalmic blocks, especially when anatomic disorders of the eye could potentially increase the risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ultrasonography is a painless, noninvasive tool that may improve safety of ophthalmic regional blocks, potentially by reducing the prevalence of globe perforation or penetration of the optic nerve associated with the needle-based techniques.

Comparison of anesthetic efficacy and adverse effects associated with peribulbar injection of ropivacaine performed with and without ultrasound guidance in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the anesthetic efficacy and adverse effects associated with peribulbar injection of ropivacaine (1% solution) performed with and without ultrasound guidance (UG) in dogs. ANIMALS: 15 dogs without ophthalmologic abnormalities. PROCEDURES: Each dog was sedated and anesthetized. A peribulbar injection of ropivacaine (1% solution; 0.3 mL/kg) was performed with UG in 1 eye and without UG in the contralateral eye (control). For each eye, the intraocular pressure (IOP) immediately after eye centralization and number of punctures were recorded; ophthalmic complications, postinjection corneal sensitivity (determined by Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry), durations of the sensory and motor blockades (the latter determined as the interval to restoration of the vestibuloocular reflex, pupillary light reflex, and conjugate eye movement), and blockade quality were assessed in both eyes following anesthetic recovery. RESULTS: Needle placement was fully visualized in 8 of the 15 eyes injected with UG. For eyes injected with or without UG, there was no difference with regard to the number of punctures, postinjection corneal sensitivity, and sensory or motor blockade duration and quality; however, restoration of conjugate eye movement occurred later in control eyes. For eyes injected with UG, mean IOP was 18.6 mm Hg, compared with 23.3 mm Hg for control eyes. Incidence of subconjunctival hemorrhage was higher for control eyes; severity of chemosis and hyperemia varied over time within both groups of eyes. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs, peribulbar injection of ropivacaine with UG is feasible in dogs and provides effective sensory and motor blockades similar to those achieved with conventional techniques.

Tumescent local anesthesia with ropivacaine in different concentrations in bitches undergoing mastectomy: plasma concentration and post-operative analgesia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two concentrations of ropivacaine administered for tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in dogs undergoing mastectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Seventeen bitches of various breeds, aged 12 ± 2 years and weighing 10 ± 6.5 kg requiring total unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. METHODS: Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.04 mg kg(-1) ) and morphine (0.4 mg kg(-1) ) intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2.5 mg kg(-1) ) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg(-1) ) intravenously, followed by intubation and maintenance with isoflurane and TLA. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive TLA either with 0.1% ropivacaine (group G1) or with 0.05% ropivacaine (group G05). TLA was performed by insertion of a multihole needle under the skin and infusion of ropivacaine and lactated Ringer's solution at a fixed volume of 15 mL kg(-1) . Ropivacaine concentrations in arterial blood were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Post-operative pain was assessed using two scales (University of Melbourne pain scale and a modified composite measure pain scale) and von Frey filaments, 4 hours after TLA and at 1 hour intervals until sensitivity was regained. A score above 30% of the maximum possible score was considered a positive indicator of pain. RESULTS: Peak plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured 240 minutes after TLA in G1. Low concentrations were measured in G05 for 60 minutes, with subsequent increase. Analgesic rescue and return of sensitivity occurred at 7 ± 2.3 and 7 ± 1.9 hours (mean ± SD) after TLA for G1 and G05, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tumescent local anesthesia with ropivacaine provided satisfactory post-operative analgesia that lasted for several hours, with no difference in duration between the concentrations. No serious side effects were attributed to TLA. Results indicated that 0.05% ropivacaine provided adequate analgesia for mastectomy, however, more studies are required to support this conclusion.