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1.
Influenza Other Respir Viruses ; 17(9): e13199, 2023 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37752064

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic and the implemented control measures have impacted the circulation of respiratory-transmitted pathogens. In this report, we present data from a retrospective study that included 17,883 specimens conducted between 2018 and 2022 in our facility, describing the dynamics of circulation of the main respiratory viruses. We observed a significant decrease in all viral detections (other than SARS-CoV-2) starting from March 2020. However, rhinovirus maintained comparable levels to the pre-pandemic period. Additionally, influenza viruses were not detected during the 2020-2021 season, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exhibited a shift in its seasonality, with an epidemic peak occurring in the summer of 2021.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , España/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos
2.
Transpl Infect Dis ; 23(4): e13597, 2021 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33751753

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Immunomodulatory effects attributable to cytomegalovirus (CMV) would predispose to BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection after kidney transplantation (KT), although available evidence is conflicting. It has been suggested that (val)ganciclovir therapy may increase the risk of BKPyV viremia and BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) as a result of drug-induced T-cell impairment. METHODS: We investigated whether CMV replication and/or (val)ganciclovir exposure (either as prophylaxis or treatment) were associated with the development of BKPyV viremia or BKPyVAN in a prospective cohort of 399 KT recipients. CMV infection (any level or high-level viremia and area under the curve of DNAemia) and (val)ganciclovir exposure (any duration of therapy and cumulative days of treatment) during the first post-transplant year were explored through separate landmark survival analyses. RESULTS: Cumulative incidence of BKPyV viremia and BKPyVAN after a median follow-up of 551 days was 23.1% and 2.5%, respectively. One-year rates of CMV infection and (val)ganciclovir therapy were 47.4% and 54.1%, respectively. No differences were observed in BKPyV viremia- or BKPyVAN-free survival according to previous CMV infection or (val)ganciclovir exposure in any of the landmark analyses. Adjusted Cox models confirmed this lack of association. CONCLUSION: Our findings do not confirm the existence of a relevant impact of CMV infection or (val)ganciclovir therapy on the risk of post-transplant BKPyV events.


Asunto(s)
Virus BK , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Trasplante de Riñón , Nefritis Intersticial , Infecciones por Polyomavirus , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Ganciclovir/efectos adversos , Humanos , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Valganciclovir , Viremia/epidemiología
3.
J Med Virol ; 93(8): 4693-4703, 2021 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33527417

RESUMEN

The clinical significance of molecular detection of respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples is poorly defined. We performed an observational retrospective study including all patients who underwent a BAL procedure in our institution, regardless of the reason for bronchoscopy, from January 2015 to December 2018. Respiratory viruses were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction with a commercial multiplex panel, and a cell culture was performed to detect cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus. Positive results were correlated with clinical symptoms and patients' characteristics. Of 540 BAL samples analyzed, 113 (20.9%) were positive for any respiratory virus. Viral detection was significantly associated with respiratory symptoms (83.2% vs. 68.9%, p = .004) and radiological infiltrates (67.3% vs. 52.2%, p = .006). The most frequent viruses detected were rhinovirus (42/113, 37.2%), influenza virus (20/113, 17.7%), and parainfluenza virus (PIV) (16/113, 14.2%). Respiratory pathogens codetections were found in 51/113 (45.1%) BAL samples, including more than one virus (16/51, 31.4%), fungi (8/51, 15.7%), and bacteria (9/51, 17.6%). Viral detection was significantly higher in immunocompromised patients (26.5% vs. 16.9%; p = .022). PIV and human metapneumovirus were mostly observed in lung (50.0%, 8/16) and hemopoietic transplant recipients (25%, 2/8), respectively, with clinical repercussions. Our data underline that molecular diagnosis allows identification of viral agents as the etiology of respiratory infections; however, the high frequency of codetections hinders identification of the agent responsible for the current respiratory symptomatology. Immunocompromised patients are the target population in whom to investigate the presence of respiratory viruses in their BAL samples.


Asunto(s)
Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/virología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Virus/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , España/epidemiología , Virus/clasificación , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto Joven
4.
J Clin Virol ; 129: 104504, 2020 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32604038

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Retrospective diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection may be challenging mainly because of the high variable sensitivity of PCR on dried blood spots (DBS) samples. OBJECTIVES: To compare cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral load (VL) values in different samples obtained at birth from infants with cCMV infection. To evaluate dried umbilical cord (DUC) samples as an alternative to DBS. STUDY DESIGN: Saliva and/or urine, peripheral blood (PB), and DBS from 16 infants with confirmed cCMV infection were collected at birth. CMV VL were determined by DNA extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). In two cases, VL was determined from DUC samples. RESULTS: Six (37.5 %) of the 16 infants were symptomatic, and 10 (62.5 %) were asymptomatic. The CMV VL found in saliva (median: 1,958,525 [IQR: 597,683-3,483,843] IU/mL) and in urine (median: 691,865 [IQR: 188,489.5-3,175,696] UI/mL) were both higher than those found in PB (median: 1115 [IQR: 364-4,002] IU/mL), p: 0.0001). Symptomatic infants presented 100 % of detectable VL in PB and 50 % in DBS. Asymptomatic infants showed 75 % of detectable VL in PB and 30 % in DBS. The VL in DUC were 22,341, 9754 IU/mL and 994 IU/mL. CONCLUSIONS: When VL was detectable in PB, the values were lower than in saliva or urine, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of cCMV. The low sensitivity in DBS samples could be due to low blood volume content, making CMV VL undetectable even when using optimised extraction and PCR protocols. In our limited experience, DUC could play a complementary diagnostic role when DBS VL is undetectable.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Citomegalovirus , Citomegalovirus/genética , ADN Viral , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Tamizaje Neonatal , Estudios Retrospectivos , Saliva
5.
PLoS One ; 14(12): e0226403, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31881030

RESUMEN

Respiratory viral infections are the most frequent clinical syndrome affecting both children and adults, and early detection is fundamental to avoid infection-related risks and reduce the healthcare costs incurred by unnecessary antibiotic treatments. In this study, performance characteristics of two commercial methods, the Panther Fusion® assay (Hologic Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) were compared to Allplex™ respiratory panels (Seegene, Seoul, South Korea) for the detection of influenza A (Flu A), influenza B (Flu B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinovirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV) targets. A total of 865 specimens collected prospectively and retrospectively were included, and discordant results were further examined using another commercial product, R-GENE™ respiratory kits (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). There was high agreement between both methods, with 98.6% concordance and a kappa (k) value of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.89-0.92). A specific analysis of both methods for each viral agent demonstrated comparable sensitivity and specificity, both ranging from 0.83 to 1 with good predictive values for the prospective part of the study. Good agreement between both methods was also found for the κ values obtained (ranging from 97.55% to 98.9%), with the lowest for hMPV (k = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.91) and RV (k = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.65-0.81). Amplification efficiency, measured according to the value of the cycle threshold (Ct) obtained in each of the amplifications in both tests, was significantly better with Panther Fusion for Flu A, Flu B, hMPV and RV. Regarding discordant results, R-GENE showed higher agreement with Panther Fusion-positive specimens (negative for Allplex; n = 28/71, 34.9%) than with Allplex-positive samples (negative for Panther Fusion; n = 7/49, 14.3%). In summary, Panther Fusion proved to be a more efficient fully-automated methodology, requiring shorter hands-on and turnaround times than Allplex.


Asunto(s)
Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Virosis/diagnóstico , Adenoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Betainfluenzavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Metapneumovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Prospectivos , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/aislamiento & purificación , Respirovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
6.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis ; 38(10): 1969-1973, 2019 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31300905

RESUMEN

Automation of viral diagnosis has led to an increase of BK virus (BKV) viral load (VL) requests. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of serum creatinine (SCr) for controlling the demand and to study the clinical characteristics of BKV infection. This is a retrospective study including patients with BKV VL request during April-July 2017. Clinical records and SCr were analyzed. Five hundred samples from 333 patients were included; 61.4% of samples were from males (55.5 ± 14.8 years), and all belonged to transplant recipients (86.4% renal). BKV VL was detectable in 40 samples (8.0%) from 23 patients (6.9%), who presented high SCr (100% vs. 90.9%, P = 0.038). Most of detectable VLs (62.5%) belonged to patients in their first year post-transplant. Six patients with detectable VL (26.1%) developed clinical manifestations, most of them (83.3%) had a first BKV VL greater than 10,000 copies/mL (P = 0.001). In conclusion, SCr would be useful to identify suitable specimens for BKV VL testing without missing cases.


Asunto(s)
Virus BK/aislamiento & purificación , Servicios de Diagnóstico/estadística & datos numéricos , Utilización de Instalaciones y Servicios/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/diagnóstico , Carga Viral , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Creatinina/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Receptores de Trasplantes
7.
J Clin Virol ; 109: 50-56, 2018 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30500488

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Our study focuses on the role that human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) genotypes play in the development of disease. OBJECTIVES: (1) To analyze the frequency of various genotype envelope proteins (gB, gH) in a group of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients; (2) to assess their correlation with CMV disease; (3) to study the association between any of the genotypes and viral loads. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective observational study conducted by analyzing CMV gB and gH genotypes detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-specific assays in 162 CMV-positive blood samples from 62 SOT recipients. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were recorded. RESULTS: Mixed gB genotypes were associated with viral syndrome (70%, p = .004), earlier presentation of symptoms (48.27 ± 27.03 versus 74.33 ± 47.25 days, respectively, p = .001), and higher median of the plasma viral load log10 (UI/ml) than infection with a single genotype (p = .004). Furthermore, the gB3 genotype was detected more frequently in patients who presented with asymptomatic viremia (77.27%, p < .0001). The gH1 genotype was more frequent (65%) in patients who presented with asymptomatic viremia (p = .003), and it caused infection later than gH2 or the mixed genotype (84.88 ± 48.10 versus 57.91 ± 39.18 days, respectively, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who presented mixed gB genotypes more frequently developed clinical manifestations and earlier, higher, plasma viral loads. The detection of gB and gH genotypes by real-time PCR can provide relevant information to stratify the risk of SOT recipients to develop symptomatic infection by CMV.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Citomegalovirus/genética , Receptores de Trasplantes , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Adulto , Citomegalovirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/sangre , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , ADN Viral/sangre , ADN Viral/genética , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Carga Viral
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 34(5): 298-302, mayo 2016. tab
Artículo en Inglés | IBECS | ID: ibc-152543

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause an acute respiratory disease that occurs seasonally in epidemic waves. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the Sofia®Influenza A + B and the Sofia® RSV fluorescence immunoassays (FIAs), two novel rapid detection tests (RDTs) for influenza A and B and RSV. METHODS: Two hundred and nine breath samples were selected from patients with respiratory symptoms determined to be positive/negative for influenza A, influenza B or RSV using one of the reference diagnostic techniques, cell culture and/or RT-PCR (Simplexa™Flu A/B & RSV). The Sofia Influenza A + B FIA was tested on 123 samples (63 from children and 60 from adults) and the Sofia RSV FIA was tested on 86 pediatric samples. Sensitivity and specificity values of both assays were calculated assuming the reference techniques as the gold standard. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity values for the Sofia Influenza A + B FIA were 73.1% and 97.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity values for the Sofia RSV FIA were 87.5% and 86.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity results obtained for the two assays were considerably higher than those reported for other RDTs. In conclusion, the Sofia Influenza A + B and the Sofia RSV FIAs are appropriate tools for the rapid diagnosis of these viruses


INTRODUCCIÓN: Los virus influenza A y B y el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) causan infecciones respiratorias agudas de forma estacional en olas epidémicas. Este estudio restrospectivo se llevó a cabo para evaluar dos nuevos tests de diagnóstico rápido para detectar los virus influenza A y B y VRS: Sofia® Influenza A + B y Sofia® RSV Fluorescence Immunoassays (FIAs). MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 209 muestras respiratorias procedentes de pacientes con síntomas respiratorios en las que se había establecido el diagnóstico de presencia o ausencia de influenza A, influenza B o VRS mediante las técnicas de referencia: cultivo celular o RT-PCR PCR (Simplexa™Flu A/B & RSV). Sofia Influenza A + B se realizó en 123 muestras (63 de niños y 60 de adultos) y Sofia RSV en 86 muestras pediátricas. Se calcularon los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad de ambos test tomando las técnicas de referencia como gold standard. RESULTADOS: Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad de Sofia Influenza A + B fueron 73,1 y 97,8%. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad de Sofia RSV fueron 87,5 y 86,7%. CONCLUSIONES: Los valores de sensibilidad obtenidos para ambos tests son mayores que los descritos para otras técnicas de diagnóstico rápido. Por lo tanto, Sofia Influenza A + B FIA y Sofia RSV FIA son test adecuados para el diagnóstico rápido de influenza y VRS


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/microbiología , Haemophilus influenzae/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/microbiología , Fluoroinmunoensayo/métodos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
9.
J Clin Virol ; 77: 1-4, 2016 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26872325

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses RSV and influenza A and B viruses are responsible for important disease outbreaks during the winter season in temperate climate regions. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are assays designed to yield a rapid diagnosis, which facilitates patient management. The Sofia Influenza A+B Fluorescence Immunoassay and Sofia RSV Fluorescence Immunoassay are RDTs for Influenza and RSV detection that employ a new technology to enhance their sensitivity. OBJECTIVES: Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the assays were calculated compared with the reference diagnostic method: real-time RT-PCR. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective evaluation was carried out on 1065 respiratory samples for Sofia Influenza A+B FIA and on 261 samples for Sofia RSV FIA from November 2013 to April 2014. RESULTS: The sensitivities of the Sofia Influenza A+B FIA for influenza A and influenza B detection were, respectively, 75.3% (244/324) and 50.0% (8/16). The sensitivity of the Sofia RSV FIA was 92.1% (128/139). There were no differences in Sofia FIA performance depending on the virus subtype. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed high sensitivity and specificity values for influenza A and RSV detection, but values were lower for influenza B. More information is needed regarding the performance for influenza B given the small number of positive samples assessed.


Asunto(s)
Inmunoensayo/métodos , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Virus de la Influenza B/inmunología , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Gripe Humana/virología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virología , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano/inmunología , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Inmunoensayo/normas , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza B/genética , Estudios Prospectivos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano/genética , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
10.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 34(5): 298-302, 2016 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26139303

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause an acute respiratory disease that occurs seasonally in epidemic waves. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the Sofia(®) Influenza A+B and the Sofia(®) RSV fluorescence immunoassays (FIAs), two novel rapid detection tests (RDTs) for influenza A and B and RSV. METHODS: Two hundred and nine breath samples were selected from patients with respiratory symptoms determined to be positive/negative for influenza A, influenza B or RSV using one of the reference diagnostic techniques, cell culture and/or RT-PCR (Simplexa™Flu A/B & RSV). The Sofia Influenza A+B FIA was tested on 123 samples (63 from children and 60 from adults) and the Sofia RSV FIA was tested on 86 pediatric samples. Sensitivity and specificity values of both assays were calculated assuming the reference techniques as the gold standard. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity values for the Sofia Influenza A+B FIA were 73.1% and 97.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity values for the Sofia RSV FIA were 87.5% and 86.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity results obtained for the two assays were considerably higher than those reported for other RDTs. In conclusion, the Sofia Influenza A+B and the Sofia RSV FIAs are appropriate tools for the rapid diagnosis of these viruses.


Asunto(s)
Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Pruebas Respiratorias , Línea Celular , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A , Virus de la Influenza B , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
11.
Open Forum Infect Dis ; 2(4): ofv151, 2015 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26613094

RESUMEN

Background. Human cytomegalovirus is a leading cause of congenital infection, and there are limited data on prognosis markers in disease development. We aimed to study 3 virology targets (glycoprotein [g]B, gN, and UL144) to assess their correlation with congenital infection and various organ system involvement. Methods. Forty-eight congenital cases and 58 postnatally infected children were included (2003-2014). Genotyping for the 3 targets and distribution among the cohorts were investigated, and the relationship between the gB, gN, and UL144 types with clinical manifestations in congenital infection was also studied. Results. All of the genotypes were similarly represented among cohorts, and the most prevalent were the UL144B, gB1, and gN1 genotypes. The gB2 genotype was associated with abnormal image findings by ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance in congenital infection (odds ratio [OR], 6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-34.3; P = .036); the gN1 genotype was associated with an elevated risk of developing neurological disorders (OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.1-45.9; P = .043). Both gN1 and gB2 were independent factors for symptomatic infection. Statistical analyses showed no association between any UL144 genotype and disease severity. Conclusions. All of the genotypes can be involved in congenital infection, although the gB2 and gN1 genotypes might be associated with a more serious illness.

13.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 25(7): 596-601, 2006 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16804428

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To determine the rates of influenza-related hospitalization and to know the clinical manifestations and underlying diseases in children younger than 3 years who are hospitalized with influenza. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study (1996-2003), performed in a tertiary teaching hospital in Madrid. Data of hospitalized children, younger than 3 years, with influenza virus isolation from nasal aspirates were collected. Rates of hospitalization for every year were calculated. RESULTS: Overall, 146 children hospitalized with influenza were identified: 117 had community-acquired influenza as the only disease, 18 had community-acquired influenza and were coinfected with other pathogens, and 11 had nosocomial infection. Rates of influenza hospitalization for years 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 were 0.42, 0.11, 1.46, 1.54, 0.53, 0.25, 0.19, and 0.82, respectively, per 1000 children younger than 3 years of age. Children

Asunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/virología , Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Preescolar , Perros , Femenino , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Virus de la Influenza B , Gripe Humana/virología , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , España/epidemiología
14.
J Clin Microbiol ; 40(3): 1060-2, 2002 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11880439

RESUMEN

We have evaluated a real-time PCR procedure based on the LightCycler technology for rapid detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in genital lesions. Two sets of primers, corresponding to the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase regions, were used for the amplification reactions in separate capillaries containing the SYBR Green I dye as detection signal. In 28 of 118 samples (24%), HSV was isolated by conventional cell culture. All cell culture-positive samples were also positive by real-time PCR. Six additional cell culture-negative samples were positive by PCR with both sets of primers. Total processing time was less than 3 h. Real-time PCR using SYBR Green I as detection signal is a sensitive procedure for the rapid diagnosis of HSV in genital lesions.


Asunto(s)
ADN Viral/análisis , Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/virología , Enfermedades de los Genitales Masculinos/virología , Compuestos Orgánicos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Simplexvirus/aislamiento & purificación , Úlcera/virología , Benzotiazoles , Diaminas , Femenino , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Humanos , Masculino , Quinolinas , Simplexvirus/genética
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