LIMA to LAD grafting returns patient survival to age-matched population: 20-year outcomes of MIDCAB surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have demonstrated the safety and excellent short-term and mid-term survival after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB). We reviewed the long-term outcomes up to 20 years, including overall survival and freedom from reintervention. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent MIDCAB between February 1997 and August 2020 were identified. Demographic details, operative information and long-term outcomes were obtained. The Australian National Death Index database was accessed to obtain long-term mortality data. RESULTS: A total of 271 patients underwent an MIDCAB procedure during the study period. There were no intraoperative deaths and only one 30-day mortality (0.4%). The mean length of follow-up was 9.82 ± 8.08 years. Overall survival at 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year survival was 91.9%, 84.7%, 71.3% and 56.5%, respectively. Patients with single-vessel disease [left anterior descending artery (LAD) only] had significantly better survival compared to patients with multivessel disease (P = 0.0035). During long-term follow-up, there were no patients who required repeat revascularization of the LAD territory. Sixty-nine patients died with the cause of death in 15 patients (21.7%) being attributable to ischaemic heart disease. An analysis comparing the isolated LAD disease MIDCAB cohort survival with the expected survival among an age/gender/year matched sample of the Australian reference population, using the standardized mortality ratio, demonstrated that the rate of survival returned to that of the reference population (standardized mortality ratio = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: MIDCAB is a safe and effective revascularization strategy which can be successfully performed in a carefully selected patient population with low morbidity and excellent long-term results. The survival of MIDCAB patients returns to that of their age/gender/year-matched counterparts within the normal population and hence should be offered as an alternative to coronary stenting when counselling patients with ischaemic heart disease.

Correlation of ventricular septal defect height and outcomes after complete atrioventricular septal defect repair.

OBJECTIVES: There are limited data available on the height of the ventricular component of the septal deficiency (VSD) in patients undergoing complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) repair. VSD height may influence optimal choice of repair strategy with potential consequences for long-term outcomes. We aimed to measure VSD height using 2-dimensional echocardiography and review its association with postoperative outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative echocardiograms of 45 consecutive patients who underwent CAVSD repair between May 2010 and December 2015 at a single centre. VSD height and left ventricular length on the four-chamber view were measured. Demographic details and early and late outcomes including reoperation and long-term survival were studied. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent modified single-patch repair and 25 patients underwent double-patch repair of CAVSD. VSD height in the modified single-patch group ranged from 4.2 to 11.7 mm and in the double-patch group ranged from 5.1 to 14.9 mm. Nine patients had a deep 'scoop' with a VSD height of >10 mm, (7 double patch, 2 modified single patch). VSD height did not correlate with a specific Rastelli classification. There was no significant difference in the VSD height (P = 0.51) or the VSD height-to-left ventricular length ratio (P = 0.43) between the 2 repair groups. There was no 30-day mortality. Eight patients required reoperation; however, VSD height was not a significant predictor of reoperation (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.69-1.33; P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: There was no correlation between VSD height and risk of reoperation after CAVSD repair. A deep ventricular scoop is uncommon in CAVSD patients.

In patients with lung cancer is combined endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound superior to conventional mediastinoscopy in staging the mediastinum?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'In patients with lung cancer, is combined endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound (EBUS + EUS) superior to cervical mediastinoscopy (CM) in staging the mediastinum?' Altogether more than 110 papers were found, of which one meta-analysis, two RCTs, and two cohort studies represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Studies directly comparing EBUS + EUS and CM are limited in number and quality, with the majority of studies focusing on comparing endosonographic techniques or a single technique with surgical staging. Moreover, in four out of five studies, surgical staging of the mediastinum was undertaken following a negative EBUS + EUS result, limiting the utility of comparing endosonography alone. Regardless of this, the initial EBUS + EUS approach followed by surgical staging if negative resulted in greater sensitivity and detection of N2/3 metastases as well as greater sampling in the majority of studies, resulting in higher likelihood of upstaging and treatment alterations for patients. There was also improved quality of life demonstrated in the EBUS + EUS group with significant reductions in futile thoracotomies and less complications when compared with exclusive CM staging. We conclude that a combined approach of combined endosonography in the first instance, followed by CM staging of the mediastinum results in greater sensitivity of nodal disease and subsequent greater accuracy in upstaging and determining treatment plans with a concurrent reduction in complication rates and futile procedures.

Does lung cancer screening with low-dose computerized tomography improve survival?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'Does lung cancer screening with low-dose computerised tomography (LDCT) improve survival?' More than 963 papers were found, of which 8 randomized control trials and 1 meta-analysis represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. The majority of studies trended towards greater incidence of early lung cancer detection, and subsequent curative treatment, in the LDCT screening populations with appropriately powered randomized control trials (NELSON and NLST) demonstrating survival benefits of >20% in lung cancer-specific mortality. However, this reduction must be evaluated against the potential harms associated with screening, including complications from diagnostic procedures, and costs of overdiagnosis, as evidenced in several studies. We conclude that in high-risk populations, lung cancer screening with LDCT results in earlier detection of low-stage cancers and improved survival when compared to usual clinical care or screening with a chest X-ray.

How to do it: Plasmapheresis via venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit for thyroid storm.

Thyrotoxicosis-induced cardiomyopathy is a rare complication occurring in <1% of the population, which can require mechanical circulatory support (VA-ECMO) as a bridge to anti-thyroid therapies. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an alternative treatment used to rapidly reduce thyroid hormone levels in refractory cases of thyrotoxic crisis without clinical improvement from other therapies. We describe a novel technique of facilitating plasmapheresis via a VA-ECMO circuit in a 26-year-old man with thyroid storm and subsequent circulatory collapse.

Predictors of reoperation and mortality after complete atrioventricular septal defect repair.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies investigating risk factors associated with reoperation or mortality after repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) often have not included sizeable cohorts undergoing modified single-patch repair. Both double patch and modified single-patch techniques have been widely used in Australia since the 1990s. Using a large multi-institutional cohort, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with reoperation or mortality following CAVSD repair. METHODS: Between January 1990 and December 2015, a total of 829 patients underwent biventricular surgical repair of CAVSD in Australia at 4 centres. Patients with associated tetralogy of Fallot and other conotruncal abnormalities were excluded. Demographic details, postoperative outcomes including reoperation and survival, and associated risk factors were analysed. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (6.8%) required early reoperation (≤30 days) for significant left atrioventricular valve regurgitation or residual septal defects. Freedom from reoperation at 10, 15 and 20 years was 82.7%, 81.1% and 77%, respectively. Patients without Down syndrome and moderate left atrioventricular valve regurgitation on postoperative echocardiogram were found to be independent risk factors for reoperation. Operative mortality was 3.3%. Overall survival at 10, 15 and 20 years was 91.7%, 90.7% and 88.7%, respectively. Prior pulmonary artery banding was a predictor for mortality, while later surgical era (2010-2015) was associated with a reduction in mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: Improved survival in the contemporary era is in keeping with improvements in surgical management and higher rates of primary CAVSD repair over time. The presence of residual moderate left atrioventricular valve regurgitation on postoperative echocardiography is an important factor associated with reoperation and close surveillance is essential to allow timely reintervention. Primary CAVSD repair at age <3 months should be preferenced to palliation with pulmonary artery banding due to the association of pulmonary artery banding with mortality in the long-term.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome following open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a variant of cardiovascular autonomic disorder characterised by an excessive heart rate on standing and orthostatic intolerance. We present a rare case of a 38-year-old man who underwent open repair of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm for a chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection whose recovery was complicated by POTS. He received blood transfusions and was commenced on metoprolol, fludrocortisone and ivabradine with significant improvement in his symptoms. Correct assessment of postoperative tachycardia including postural telemetry is the key to identifying this condition and its successful management.

Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture is a potentially fatal condition that requires urgent surgical intervention. We report a case of right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture into the right atrium in a patient with a monocuspid aortic valve successfully managed with femoral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest to facilitate complete surgical repair. The patient made a full recovery and was discharged home with no neurologic deficit and had no limitations at the 1-year follow-up. This case highlights the utility of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in facilitating successful surgical repair when patients present in extremis.

Should cardiac surgery be delayed in patients with uncorrected hypothyroidism?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: 'should cardiac surgery be delayed in patients with uncorrected hypothyroidism?' A total of 1412 papers were found using the reported search, of which 7 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. There was limited high-quality evidence with the majority of the studies being retrospective. One propensity-matched analysis and 6 cohort studies provided the evidence that there was no significant difference in the rate of major adverse cardiac events including mortality based on thyroid status. However, hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were associated with higher rates of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that cardiac surgery should not be delayed to allow achievement of euthyroid status.

Comparison of novel oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for post-operative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'Does the use of Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) result in more complications than Warfarin for treatment of post-operative atrial fibrillation (AF) following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?' Altogether more than 93 papers were found using the reported search with 4 studies representing the best evidence to answer the clinical question, including 1 randomised trial and 3 retrospective case-control studies. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. Timing for initiation of anticoagulation was similar across the studies, with both demonstrating longer hospital stays and greater time to reach therapeutic anticoagulation in the warfarin cohort. Three studies reported similar safety between the two groups. One study revealed significantly more invasive interventions for pleural or pericardial effusions in the NOAC group, whilst in contrast another study demonstrated a higher rate of major bleeding in the warfarin cohort. Cost-analysis revealed that NOACs were overall more cost-effective compared to warfarin despite the higher cost for the medication itself. In conclusion, the use of NOACs after CABG for post-operative AF can be used as an alternative to warfarin, however, one should remain vigilant for possible pericardial or pleural effusions which may require reintervention. Further dedicated research and larger appropriately powered randomised control trials are needed to confirm the safety of NOACs in post-cardiac surgery patients.

'Is totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting compared with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting associated with superior outcomes in patients with isolated left anterior descending disease?'

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'Is totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting compared with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting associated with superior outcomes in patients with isolated left anterior descending disease?' Altogether more than 118 papers were found using the reported search, of which 4 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question, which included 2 prospective cohort studies and 2 retrospective observational studies. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. There is a significant variation within the MIDCAB and TECAB techniques amongst the studies-including the experience of the surgeon, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, patient selection, and target vessel grafting strategies-highlighting the complexity of comparing these two minimally invasive procedures. Operative times were comparable across all studies, with TECAB patients having higher transfusions rates and conversion rates to either a median sternotomy or MIDCAB procedure. Overall safety was comparable between the two cohort groups, with similar length of stay and 30-day mortality. However, the TECAB group were more likely to require re-operation for bleeding and reintervention for early revascularisation with greater total hospital costs than the MIDCAB patients. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that TECAB is associated with a higher rate of transfusions, conversion to median sternotomy or MIDCAB, early graft failure and reintervention compared to the MIDCAB approach. We advise caution in adopting a TECAB approach.

In patients undergoing dialysis who require a valve replacement is a bioprosthetic valve superior to a mechanical prosthesis in terms of long-term survival and morbidity?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'In [dialysis patients undergoing a valve replacement] is [a bioprosthetic valve superior to a mechanical prosthesis] for [long-term survival and morbidity]'. Altogether more than 501 papers were found using the reported search, of which five represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. There was limited high-quality evidence with all studies being retrospective. One meta-analysis and four cohort studies provided the evidence that there was no significant difference in long-term survival based on prosthesis type. However, the majority of studies demonstrated a significantly higher rate of valve-related complications including bleeding and thromboembolism, and readmission to hospital in the mechanical valve prosthesis group, likely related to the requirement for long-term anticoagulation. We conclude that overall long-term survival in dialysis-dependent patients is poor. While prosthesis type does not play a significant contributing role to long-term survival, bioprosthetic valves were associated with significantly fewer valve-related complications. Based on the available evidence, a bioprosthetic valve may be more suitable in this high-risk group of patients as it may avoid the complications associated with long-term anticoagulation without any reduction in long-term survival.

Outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy in septuagenarians.

BACKGROUND: Spread of technology and increased surveillance have led to more patients with lung cancers being identified than ever before. Increasingly, patients from the elderly population are referred for surgery; however, many studies do not focus on this patient group. We reviewed the outcomes of septuagenarians who underwent lobectomy via an open thoracotomy (OT) or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach to determine whether the VATS approach would result in superior post-operative outcomes. METHODS: Between January 2010 and June 2016, a total of 96 patients aged 70 years or older underwent a lobectomy for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Patients who underwent resection for metastatic disease, small cell lung cancer or neuroendocrine tumour were excluded. Demographic details, early and late post-operative outcomes including post-operative arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, cerebrovascular events, infection, prolonged air leak, delirium, readmission and 30-day mortality were studied. Mean follow-up duration was 23 ± 19.1 months. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients underwent lobectomy via a VATS approach and 21 patients underwent lobectomy via an OT approach. There was no 30-day mortality and no difference in overall survival between the two techniques (P = 0.25). There was no significant difference between the two techniques with regard to post-operative stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, pneumonia, delirium or bronchopleural fistula. VATS patients had a significantly shorter mean hospital length of stay (VATS 4.7 days, OT 9.3 days, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Septuagenarians with non-small cell lung carcinoma can successfully undergo curative lung resection with a low incidence of post-operative complications.

Modified-Single Patch vs Double Patch Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects.

Biventricular repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) is largely achieved using the double-patch (DP) or modified single-patch (MSP) techniques in the current era; however, long-term results following MSP repair are not well defined. We aimed to compare long-term outcomes including reoperation and mortality after CAVSD repair using DP and MSP techniques, and identify the risk factors associated with adverse outcomes. A retrospective cohort study was performed including all patients who underwent CAVSD repair using DP and MSP techniques at our institution between 17 May 1990 and 14 December 2015. Demographic details, early (≤30 days) and late (>30 days) outcomes (reoperation, mortality) were studied. Competing risks analysis with cumulative incidence function was used for survival analyses. Overall, 273 consecutive patients underwent CAVSD repair (120 DP and 153 MSP) and 41 patients required reoperation during follow-up. Competing risks analysis showed no association between repair technique and reoperation (P = 1.0) or mortality (P = 0.9). Considering competing risks due to mortality, the cumulative incidence of reoperation at 5, 10, and 15 years was 14%, 17%, and 17% for DP and 12%, 13%, and 16% for MSP, respectively. Non-Down syndrome and moderate or greater left atrioventricular valve regurgitation were predictors for reoperation. Pulmonary artery banding was predictive of mortality, though strongly associated with earlier surgical era. Median follow-up duration was 8.0 years (interquartile range 3.9-20.8) for DP and 11.6 years (interquartile range 5.4-16.1) for MSP (P = 0.4). Event-free survival is similar after DP and MSP repair of CAVSD indicating either repair technique can be safely utilized.

Complete atrioventricular septal defect repair in Australia: Results over 25 years.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the long-term outcomes of modified-single-patch (MSP) repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect are equivalent to double-patch (DP) repair with respect to survival and risk of reoperation for left atrioventricular valve regurgitation or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. METHODS: All patients who underwent biventricular repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in Australia from 1990 to 2015 using either a MSP or DP technique were identified. Demographic characteristic details, operative data, and outcomes were analyzed. A propensity score analysis was performed to balance the 2 treatment groups according to several baseline covariates. Survival and freedom from reintervention between the 2 groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. RESULTS: A total of 819 patients underwent repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect (252 MSP and 567 DP) during the study period. There was no significant difference in unmatched survival (P = .85) and event-free survival (P = .49) between MSP and DP repair. Propensity score matching resulted in a total of 223 matched pairs. Matched analysis found no difference in overall survival (P = .59) or event-free survival (P = .90) between repair techniques, with an estimated event-free survival at 5, 10, and 15 years of 83%, 83%, and 74% for DP and 83%, 80%, and 77% for the MSP group, respectively. There was no significant difference between repair techniques in reoperation for left atrioventricular valve regurgitation or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or need for permanent pacemaker. CONCLUSIONS: Overall and event free survival are similar following either MSP or DP repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect. There is no increased risk of reoperation for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with the MSP technique.

Is the modified single-patch repair superior to the double-patch repair of complete atrioventricular septal defects?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was, 'Is the modified single-patch repair superior to the double-patch repair of complete atrioventricular septal defects?'. A total of 634 papers were found using the reported search, of which 9 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question, which included 1 meta-analysis and 8 cohort studies. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. There was limited high-quality evidence available, with all the included studies being retrospective and observational in nature. One meta-analysis and 8 cohort studies provided evidence that there was no significant difference in survival or other postoperative outcomes based on a surgical technique during follow-up ranging from 6 months to 4.2 years. Surgical reintervention for development of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, left atrioventricular valve dysfunction or residual septal defects after the initial repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect was not significantly different between cohorts in almost all studies. Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were significantly shorter with the modified single-patch repair compared to the double-patch repair in all studies that examined these variables, but this did not correspond to a difference in outcomes. We conclude, based on the available evidence, that the modified single-patch repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect is similar to the double-patch repair in terms of postoperative outcomes. However, this conclusion is limited by the retrospective nature of all studies, small cohort sizes and short durations of follow-up in addition to lack of statistical analysis in 1 study.

Surgical Management of Caseous Calcification of the Mitral Annulus.

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (CCMA) is a rare variant of mitral annular calcification; it can manifest with conduction abnormalities or systemic embolization. It typically involves the posterior mitral annulus, and surgery is indicated for severe mitral valve dysfunction, for embolic complications or when the diagnosis is not certain. We describe a structured approach to the surgical management of CCMA using bovine pericardium to repair the defect.