The effect of CO2 9.3 µm short-pulsed laser irradiation in enamel erosion reduction with and without fluoride applications-a randomized, controlled in vitro study.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the protective effect of short-pulsed CO2 9.3 µm laser irradiation against erosion in human enamel without and combined with TiF4 and AmF/NaF/SnCl2 applications, respectively, as well as compared to the protective effect of these fluoride treatments alone. After polishing, ninety enamel samples (3 × 3mm) were used for 9 different treatment groups: 4% TiF4 gel (pH 1.5, 24,533 ppm F-); AmF/NaF/SnCl2 rinse (pH 4.5; 500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2); CO2 laser (average power 0.58 W); CO2 laser (0.58 W) + TiF4; CO2 laser (0.58 W) + AmF/NaF/SnCl2; CO2 laser (0.69 W); CO2 laser (0.69 W) + TiF4; CO2 laser (0.69 W) + AmF/NaF/SnCl2; negative control (deionized water). TiF4 gel was brushed on only once before the first erosive cycling, while samples treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 were daily immersed in 5 ml of the solution before cycling. Laser treatment occurred with a CO2 laser (wavelength 9.3 µm, pulse repetition rate 100 Hz, pulse duration 14.6 µs/18 µs, average power 0.58 W/0.69 W, fluence 1.9 J/cm2/2.2 J/cm2, beam diameter 0.63 mm, irradiation time 10 s, air cooling). TiF4 was applied only once, while AmF/NaF/SnCl2 was applied once daily before the erosive challenge. Surface loss (in µm) was measured with optical profilometry immediately after treatment, and after 5 and 10 days of erosive cycling (0.5% citric acid, pH 2.3, 6 × 2 min/day). Additionally, scanning electron microscopy investigations were performed. All application measures resulted in loss of surface height immediately after treatment. After 5 days, significantly reduced surface loss was observed after applying laser irradiation (both power settings) followed by applications of TiF4 or AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (p < 0.05; 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test) compared to fluoride application alone. After 10 days, compared to after 5 days, a reduced tissue loss was observed in all groups treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution. This tissue gain occurred with the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 application alone and was significantly higher when the application was combined with the laser use (p < 0.05). Short-pulsed CO2 9.3 µm laser irradiation followed by additional application of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution significantly reduces the progression of dental enamel erosion in vitro.

Frequency of Application of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 Solution and Its Potential in Controlling Human Enamel Erosion Progression: An in situ Study.

Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution in inhibiting dental erosion progression, measures for further improvement in its effectiveness are paramount. Thus, this in situ study evaluated whether the protective effect promoted by the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution would be enhanced by increasing its frequency of use. The study was conducted with 12 volunteers, a 4-phase (5 days each) randomized, crossover model. Extraoral erosive challenges (0.5% citric acid, pH 2.6, 6 × 2 min/day) and rinsing protocol (1 or 2 × 2 min/day) were performed. Before the in situ phase, human enamel samples were subjected to an in vitro surface softening (1% citric acid, pH 4.0, for 3 min). Four treatment protocols were tested using samples in replicas (n = 12): group G1 - deionized water (negative control); G2 - NaF solution (positive control, 500 ppm F-, pH 4.5); G3 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH 4.5) once a day; G4 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution twice a day. Tissue loss and morphological changes were determined by optical profilometry (n = 12) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 3) analysis, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA with subsequent pairwise comparison of treatments. Tissue loss means (±SD in µm) for each treatment protocol and statistical differences were found as follows: G1 4.55 ± 2.75, G2 4.59 ± 2.13, G3 2.64 ± 1.55, and G4 1.34 ± 1.16. Although there was no difference between the 2 AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution application regimens (once or twice a day), application of the product twice a day was the only treatment that was able to control erosion progression, differing from the control groups.

Central and peripheral fat body mass have a protective effect on osteopenia or osteoporosis in adults and elderly?

UNLABELLED: This cross-sectional study involves randomly selected men aged 50 to 99 years and postmenopausal women. Either central fat mass or peripheral fat mass were associated to osteoporosis or osteopenia independently from fat-free body mass and other confounding factors. INTRODUCTION: Obesity and osteoporosis are public health problems that probably share common pathophysiological mechanisms. The question if body fat mass, central or peripheral, is protective or harmful for osteoporosis or osteopenia is not completely resolved. This study aims to investigate the association between osteoporosis or osteopenia, and fat body mass (central and peripheral) independently from fat-free body mass, in men aged 50 to 99 years old and postmenopausal women randomly selected in the community. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional investigation with a random sample of registered population in Niterói Family Doctor Program (FDP), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Bone mineral density (BMD) and fat-free mass were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: There was statistically significant bivariate association between bone loss with gender, age, skin color, alcohol consumption at risk dose, use of thiazide, fat-free body mass, and fat body mass (central and peripheral). In the multiple analysis of fat-free body mass, central and peripheral fat body mass showed an independent and protective effect on the presence of osteoporosis or osteopenia (p value <0.001). CONCLUSION: Since both obesity and osteoporosis are public health problems worldwide, strategies aimed at preventing both conditions should be encouraged during aging.

Comparison of intrarectal ozone, ozone administered in acupoints and meloxicam for postoperative analgesia in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Since all analgesics currently available for use in dogs have been associated with some adverse effects, the search for an effective analgesic that does not cause harm is important. This study investigated the postoperative analgesic effects of ozone administered either intrarectally or into acupoints in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OH). Twenty-four healthy adult bitches were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments 10 min after sedation, as follows: 0.2mg/kg of intramuscular (IM) meloxicam (M); rectal insufflation of 10 mL of 30 µg/mL ozone (OI), or acupoint injection of 0.5 mL ozone (30 µg/mL; OA). Following sedation with acetylpromazine, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and fentanyl and maintained with isoflurane/O2. Pain was assessed using the modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) on the day before surgery, before anaesthesia, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h after surgery. Rescue analgesia was performed using 0.5mg/kg of morphine IM if MGPS was >3.33 points. No statistically significant differences in pain scales were found among the three analgesic protocols or the time points in each group (P>0.05). Two dogs treated with OA required rescue analgesia. Meloxicam, rectal insufflation of ozone and ozone injected into acupoints provided satisfactory analgesia for 24h in bitches undergoing elective OH. Ozone had no measurable adverse effects and is an alternative option to promote pain relief.

Behavioural/emotional problems in Brazilian children: findings from parents' reports on the Child Behavior Checklist.

Background. To compare Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) findings for a large Brazilian general population sample with those for US children considering: (a) mean problem item ratings; (b) fit of the US-derived CBCL 8-syndrome model; (c) scale internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alphas; (d) effects of society, age, gender on CBCL problem scores; and (e) ability to discriminate referred from non-referred children. Methods. Parents of 1228 non-referred 6-to-11-year-olds from three different regions of Brazil and 247 referred 6-to-11-year-olds from one clinic rated their children's behavioural and emotional problems using the CBCL/6-18. Results. Results for mean item ratings and scale internal consistencies were very similar to those found in the US and in Uruguay. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that Brazilian data showed the best fit to the US 8-syndrome model of all countries studied to date. Gender patterns were comparable to those reported in other societies, but mean problem scores for non-referred Brazilian children were higher than those for US children. Therefore, the CBCL discriminated less well between non-referred and referred children in Brazil than in the US. Conclusions. Overall, our findings replicated those reported in international comparisons of CBCL scores for 31 societies, thereby providing support for the multicultural robustness of the CBCL in Brazil.

Estudo de biocompatibilidade in vivo e in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico de Cissus sicyoides L. - Vitaceae em ratos / Study of in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility of Cissus sicyoides L. - Vitaceae hydroalcoholic extracts in rats

Biocompatibilidade é a capacidade de um material exercer funções específicas quando aplicado em contato com tecidos vivos de determinado hospedeiro, sem, contudo, causar danos ou prejuízo ao mesmo. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a biocompatibilidade in vivo e in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico do Cissus sicyoides L - Vitaceae. Foram utilizados 30 ratos (Rattus novergicus albinus wistar), com idade entre 45 e 90 dias e pesando entre 170 e 260 g. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos (A1, A2 e A3) de 6 animais cada para o teste in vivo, os quais foram sacrificados com 2, 4 e 6 dias, respectivamente. Para o teste in vitro, foram utilizados 12 animais para obtenção do índice de aderência e da capacidade fagocítica dos macrófagos de ratos do grupo controle e do grupo experimental. Nos resultados encontrados no teste in vivo, conclui-se que o extrato apresentou-se biocompatível, visto que não provocou alterações significativas no tecido. Já no teste in vitro, o mesmo não se apresentou biocompatível, pois o extrato puro apresentou índice de aderência baixo (7,1) e taxa de fagocitose elevada (35,7), indicando diferença significante quando comparado ao controle. Porém, quando diluído, o extrato se mostrou inócuo, devido ao aumento dos valores do índice de aderência nas concentrações de 1/10 (61,4) e 1/100 (74,3) nos ensaios, as quais não apresentaram diferença significante quando comparadas ao controle. Após a análise dos dados, concluiu-se que a solução diluída do extrato hidroalcoólico do Cissus sicyoides L. não causa danos ou prejuízos. Entretanto, como nem todos os efeitos farmacológicos foram testados no presente trabalho, não se pode inferir automaticamente que ele é biocompatível em todos os casos.

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform specifictasks when applied to living tissues without causing damage or injuries to it. Thus, this study aimed at determining the in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility of Cissus sicyoides L. - Vitaceae hydroalcoholic extracts. A total of 30 rats (Rattus norvegicus Albinus Wistar), with ages ranging from 45 to 90 days and weighing between 170 and 260g were used. The animals were divided into 3 groups (A1, A2 and A3) with 6 animals each, for the in vivo test, which were sacrificed after 2, 4 and 6 days, respectively. For in vitro test, 12 animals were used to obtain the index of adherence and phagocytic ability of macrophages of rats from the control and the experimental groups. In results found for the in vivo test, it was concluded that the extract was biocompatible, whereas no significant changes were observed in the tissue. As to the in vitro test, the extract was not biocompatible, since the pure extract showed a low rate of adherence (7.1) and a high rate of phagocytosis (35.7), indicating a significant difference when compared to the control group. However, when diluted, the extract was shown to be harmless, due to an increase in the values of the adherence index at the following concentrations : 1/10 (61.4) and 1/100 (74.3) in the tests, which showed no significant differences when compared to the control group. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that since the infusion of the plant is a kind of dilution, its use does not cause any harm to the body. A new study is necessary at the moment to possibily demonstrate its effects on the long term.

Utilização da tomografia computadorizada quantitativa como teste de resistência para avaliação de placas ósseas / Quantitative computed tomography as a test of endurance for evaluation of bony plates

Quantitative computed tomography was used to determine the radiodensity of bony plates. The CT scans provided information regarding radiodensity of bony plates and allowed to verify the uniformity of bone mineral density in their scope. The proposed methodology should be considered as another tool for determining the resistance of these biomaterials.

Efeitos da eletroacupuntura, aquapuntura e farmacopuntura em cadelas anestesiadas com isofluorano e submetidas à ovário-histerectomia / Effects of electroacupuncture, aquapuncture and farmacopuntura in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and submitted to ovariohysterectomy

Avaliaram-se os efeitos analgésicos da eletroacupuntura, aquapuntura e farmacopuntura com morfina nos acupontos VB41 e TA5 de 24 cadelas hígidas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos (G) de igual número - GDest, GMorf, GElet e GC - e anestesiados com acepromazina, propofol e isofluorano. Após a estabilização do plano anestésico, os animais do GDest receberam 0,5mL de água destilada em cada acuponto; os do GMorf receberam 0,1mg/kg de morfina distribuído nos quatro acupontos; os do GElet foram submetidos à eletroacupuntura; e os do GC, acupuntura em pontos sham. Os animais do GC receberam, após o término do procedimento cirúrgico e antes do início da avaliação pelas escalas de dor, 2,0mg/kg de tramadol. Foram avaliadas: frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal e glicemia. A dor foi avaliada por duas escalas, uma de analogia numérica e outra contagem variável, por três observadores. A avaliação iniciou-se imediatamente após a extubação e foi realizada a cada 15 minutos, durante duas horas. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos em todas as variáveis. Pode-se concluir que eletroacupuntura, aquapuntura e farmacopuntura com morfina resultaram em analgesia similar ao tramadol no pós-operatório imediato de cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia eletiva.

In order to evaluate the analgesic effects of electro-acupuncture, aquapuncture and morphine pharmacopuncture on VB41and TA5 acupoints, 24 healthy bitches were anesthetized with acepromazine, propofol and isoflurane and underwent ovariohysterectomy. The animals were equally divided into four groups: GDest, GMorf, GElet and CG. After anesthetic stabilization, GDest animals received pure water (0.5ml per acupoint); GMorf received morphine (0.1mg/kg); electroacupuncture was performed in GElet animals, and CG animals were submitted to acupuncture on Sham points. The CG animals received 2.0mg/kg of tramadol after the end of surgery and before the postoperative evaluation through pain scales. Data recorded were: heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature and blood glucose. Pain was assessed using two different scales, one using numerical analogy and another using variable counting, both performed by three different professionals. Evaluation started immediately after the animal was extubated and was performed every 15 minutes, for 2 hours. There was no statistical difference between groups in all variables studied. It is concluded that electro-acupuncture, aquapuncture and morphine pharmacopuncture produce analgesia similar to tramadol in the postoperative period of bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.

High embryonic recovery rates with in vivo and ex vivo techniques in the bitch.

The embryonic collection techniques in dogs present a vast methodological variation and low recovery rates. The objectives were to compare and describe two techniques as to the recovery of canine embryos, on the 12th day after the first mating or artificial insemination. Embryos were recovered through uterine horn flushing in vivo, before performing the ovariohysterectomy (OHE) (Group 1; n = 9) or ex vivo, immediately after the OHE (Group 2; n = 9). In total, 43 and 47 embryonic structures were recovered in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between groups on recovery rates (72.8% and 81.0%, respectively). We inferred that both in vivo and ex vivo techniques allow a high rate of embryonic recovery; in the collection technique prior to the OHE, it is essential to carefully handle the reproductive system during the trans-surgical period and that the 12th day (D12) after the first mating/artificial insemination is an efficient option for the high recovery rate of morulae and blastocysts.

Técnicas de acesso cirúrgico vascular destinadas à monitoração invasiva em cães / Técnicas de acceso quirúrgico vascular para el monitoreo invasivo en perros / Surgical vascular access techniques for the dog invasive monitoring

A monitoração é essencial durante os procedimentos anestésicos, e pode ser realizada por métodos invasivos ou não-invasivos. A monitoração invasiva é obtida mediante a colocação de instrumentos no interior do corpo do animal, principalmente em vasos sanguíneos. Desse modo, objetivou-se com este estudo apresentar técnicas de abordagem cirúrgica vascular destinadas a monitoração invasiva em cães, descrever os acessos dos principais vasos sanguíneos, como as artérias femoral, safena medial, carótida comum, metatársica e sublingual e das veias jugular externa, femoral e safena medial e revisar os materiais necessários para a canulação destes vasos, bem como, as principais complicações dessas técnicas de abordagem cirúrgica.

Monitoring is essencial during anhestesic procedures, and can be performed by invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive monitoring is anchieved with the insert of instruments inside the animal body, mainly in blood vessels. Thus, it was aimed with this study to present techniques of vascular surgical approach for invasive monitoring of dogs, describe the access of the main blood vessels, as the femoral artery, medial saphenous artery, carotid artery, metatarsal artery and sublingual artery, and the extern jugular vein, femoral and saphenous veins. Besides, the materials needed for vessel canulation are revised, and also the main complications of these surgical approach techniques.

El monitoreo es esencial durante los procedimientos anestésicos, y puede realizarse por métodos invasivos o no-invasivos. El monitoreo invasivo se logra mediante la colocación de instrumentos en el interior del cuerpo del animal, principalmente en vasos sanguíneos. Así, se buscó con este estudio presentar técnicas de abordaje quirúrgica vascular destinadas al monitoreo invasivo en perros, describir los accesos de los principales vasos sanguíneos, como las arterias femoral, safena medial, carótida común, metatársica y sublingual y de las venas yugular externa, femoral y safena medial, también revisar los materiales necesarios para canulación de estos vasos, así como las principales complicaciones de esas técnicas de abordaje quirúrgica.

Eletroacupuntura no reparo do tendão calcanear comum em coelhos após enxertia com peritônio bovino / Eletro-acupuncture in the rabbit acchiles tendon repair using bovine peritoneum graft

Avaliou-se o efeito da eletroacupuntura (EA) sobre os aspectos macroscópicos e microscópicos em 36 coelhos que tiveram o tendão calcanear comum seccionado e que, após 30 dias, receberam enxerto de peritônio bovino conservado em solução saturada de sal. Após a cirurgia, os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos de igual número: os do grupo E10 foram estimulados pela EA do segundo ao 11º dia de pós-operatório, os do grupo E20 do 11º ao 31º dia de pós-operatório e os do grupo C não foram estimulados. Posteriormente, os animais foram redistribuídos em três subgrupos de igual número, os quais foram observados no pós-operatório por 11, 31 e 91 dias. Nos coelhos do E10 e E20, ocorreu diminuição de aderência da área enxertada aos tecidos circunvizinhos. Aos 31 dias de pós-operatório, observou-se nos do E10 tecido conjuntivo. Verificou-se intensa neovascularização no local enxertado em todos os animais que receberam estímulo pela EA. Nos coelhos do E10, aos 91 dias, verificou-se intensa quantidade de tecido conjuntivo, com fibras colágenas organizadas e paralelas ao eixo do tendão. O estímulo pela EA na fase precoce do pós-operatório estimulou a maturação cicatricial com mínima reação inflamatória.

The effects of eletro-acupuncture (EA) were evaluated on clinical and histological aspects in 36 rabbits that had the acchiles tendon sectioned and grafted after 30 days using bovine peritoneum graft preserved in saturated salt solution. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups. They were stimulated by EA from the 2nd to the 11th post-operative day (S10 group), from the 11th to the 31st post-operative day (S20 group), and were not stimulated (C group). Then, the rabbits were distributed into three sub-groups and were observed for 11, 31, and 91 days. The rabbits from S10 and S20 groups presented decreased adhesions between graft and adjacent tissues. The rabbits from S10 group showed connective tissue at 31 days of the post-operative period. Intense graft neovascularization was observed in all animals stimulated by EA. Large amounts of connective tissue with organized and parallel to the tendon axis collagen fibers were detected on the day 91st in the S10 group animals. The early EA stimulation during the post-operative period stimulated the tendon healing with minimal inflammatory reaction.

Epidermal nevus syndrome: an unusual cerebellar involvement.

The epidermal nevus syndrome is characterized by several developmental anomalies associated with an epidermal nevus. In addition to the skin, other organs commonly affected include the brain, eyes and musculoskeletal system. We report here on a 24-year-old woman with this syndrome who presented with hemifacial hypertrophy, hearing abnormalities, arrhythmia and an unusual infratentorial brain involvement.

Multiple focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver associated with spinal and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is frequently found incidentally in liver imaging but multiple FNH, especially when associated with systemic vascular malformations, are rare. We report on the case of a patient with lumbar sciatalgia and paraparesis. Spinal magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed a spinal cord arteriovenous shunt (SCAVS), its arterial feeders and venous drainage, which were later confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). MRA of the spine offers promising results in the characterization of SCAVS. Thoracoabdominal CT and MRI revealed multiple hepatic FNH and a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Indeed, this is the first reported case of the rare multiple FNH syndrome associated with a spinal AVM.

Blefaroplastia em coelhos por meio de cartilagem auricular alógena conservada em solução saturada de NaCl / Rabbits eyelid repair by means of alogen auricular cartilage preserved in NaCl saturated solution

Avaliou-se a reconstrução da pálpebra inferior de coelhos, com cartilagem auricular alógena, conservada em solução saturada de NaCl em 12 coelhos, adultos, de ambos os sexos. Os animais receberam acepromazina (0,5mg/kg/IM) e tiletamina e zolazepam (7,0mg/kg/IM), após o que removeu-se um fragmento de 1,0x0,5cm das pálpebras inferiores, esquerda e direita. A pálpebra esquerda foi reparada pela técnica de blefaroplastia em H (GC) e a direita por um retalho de cartilagem auricular associado a blefaroplastia em H (GE). Aos sete dias de pós-operatório (PO), as feridas cirúrgicas dos animais do GC apresentavam retração cutânea. Aos 15 dias de PO, observou-se que as feridas nos coelhos do GE estavam cicatrizadas, mas 30 por cento das do GC apresentavam deiscência e retração cicatricial. Aos 30 dias de PO, as feridas nos animais do GE e GC apresentavam-se cicatrizadas, mas, 30 por cento nos do GC não apresentavam as bordas das feridas coaptadas. O enxerto de cartilagem auricular diminuiu a retração cicatricial, possibilitando reparo anatômico à pálpebra

The rabbit inferior eyelid repair was evaluated using NaCl satured-stored alogenous auricular cartilage. Twelve adult male and female rabbits had a 1.0x0.5cm fragment removed from the left and right inferior eyelids after pre-medication with acepromazine (0.5mg/kgIM) and tiletamine-zolazepan (7.0mg/kgIM) anesthesia. The "H" plasty technique was used to the left eyelid repair (CG) and the right one was repaired with auricular cartilage associated with the "H" plasty technique (GG). The CG wounds presented cutaneous retraction at day 7th of the post-operative period. The GG wounds were healed on the day 15th, while the CG wounds presented 30 percent of deiscence and cicatricial retraction. The GG and CG wounds were healed at day 30th of the post-operative period, but 30 percent of the CG wounds did not present the edges lined up. It was concluded that the auricular cartilage graft decreases cicatricial retraction and improves anatomical eyelid repair

Alterações hemodinâmicas e intracranianas em cães com hemorragia aguda, anestesiados com isofluorano / Hemodynamic and intracranial alterations in dogs with acute hemorrhage anesthetized with isoflurane

Estudaram-se possíveis alterações hemodinâmicas e intracranianas em cães submetidos à hemorragia aguda e anestesiados pelo isofluorano. Verificou-se também a influência do anestésico no mecanismo de auto-regulação cerebral. Utilizaram-se 20 cães adultos que foram induzidos à anestesia geral com isofluorano por máscara naso-oral a 3,5V por cento (volume por cento). Após a intubação orotraqueal, reajustou-se o vaporizador para 2,1V por cento. Induziu-se a hipovolemia retirando-se volume total de 35ml/kg de sangue. Avaliaram-se pressão intracraniana (PIC), temperaturas intracraniana (TIC) e corpórea (T), pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC), pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), freqüências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), índices cardíaco (IC) e sistólico (IS), pressão venosa central (PVC), pressão da artéria pulmonar (PAP), concentração de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração (ETCO2) e saturação de oxihemoglobina (SpO2). Imediatamente após a hipovolemia, houve redução significativa da PIC, PPC, PAS, PAD, PAM, IC, IS e PAP. Após 10 minutos, houve aumento gradativo das médias, permanecendo neste patamar até o final do período experimental. Concluiu-se que a hemorragia aguda promoveu redução das variáveis hemodinâmicas, sendo possível verificar a ativação de mecanismos compensatórios. Além disso, houve redução da perfusão sangüínea e ativação do mecanismo de auto-regulação cerebral, conseqüentes à hipovolemia associada à anestesia com isofluorano.

Intracranial and hemodynamic alterations in 20 adult dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and submitted to acute hemorrhage were studied. Anesthetic influence on cerebral auto-regulation mechanism was also observed. General anesthesia was induced with at 3.5V percent (volume percent) isoflurane. Thereafter, orotracheal intubation was performed and vaporizer was calibrated to 2.1V percent. To induce hypovolemia, a total amount of 35 ml/kg-1 of blood was taken from each dog. Intracranial pressure (ICP); intracranial (ICT) and body temperatures (BT); cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP); systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean arterial pressures (MAP); heart (HR) and respiratory rates (RR); cardiac (CI) and stroke indexes (SI); central venous pressure (CVP); pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP); end tidal dioxide carbon (ETCO2); and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were evaluated. Immediately after hypovolemia, there was significative reduction of ICP, CPP, SAP, DAP, MAP, CI, SI, and PAP. Ten minutes after, the values increased gradually until the end of the experimental period. Indeed, acute hemorrhage caused reduction of hemodynamic variables and activation of the compensatory mechanisms. Cerebral blood perfusion was reduced and cerebral auto-regulation mechanism was activated due to hypovolemia associated to isoflurane anesthesia.

Artroscopia da articulação fêmoro-tíbio-patelar de cão / Arthroscopy of stifle joint in dogs

Artroscopia diagnóstica ou terapêutica foi realizada em 51 articulações fêmoro-tíbio-patelar (FTP) de cão. Os animais foram submetidos à anestesia geral e empregou-se solução Ringer lactado para distensão articular após a coleta do líquido sinovial. Endoscopicamente, a FTP foi dividida em cinco compartimentos: o recesso suprapatelar, articulação fêmoropatelar, compartimento medial, área intercondilar e compartimento lateral. Ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial foi a mais freqüente patologia observada (46 casos) que em três casos estava associada a prolapso de menisco, em três casos observou-se sinovite e em dois osteocondrose dissecante do côndilo lateral. Dificuldades de introdução do artroscópio, de visibilização das estruturas e infiltração excessiva do tecido subcutâneo foram complicações observadas. Verificou-se, ainda, um caso de necrose tecidual grave. Nos casos crônicos, a observação das estruturas foi dificultada pela presença dos elementos celulares. A ampliação das imagens possibilitou o diagnóstico de lesões ainda em fase incipiente e daquelas não conclusivas ao exame radiográfico.

Diagnostic or therapeutic arthroscopy of stifle joint (SJ) was performed in 51 dogs. Animals were submitted to general anesthesia and ringer lactate solution was injected for articular distention after synovial fluid punction. SJ was divided in five main areas according to endoscopies: suprapatellar pouch, femuropatellar joint, medial compartment, intercondilar notch and lateral compartment. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture was most frequent (46 cases) detected pathology. In three cases it was related to medial meniscus prolapse. Synovitis was observed in three cases and dissecant osteocondrosis of the lateral femure condyle in two animals. Difficulties for arthroscope introduction, visualization of the structures and excessive infiltration of the subcutaneous tissue were complications observed. It was also noted a case of severe tissue necrosis. In chronic cases, the observation of the structures was affected by the presence of cellular elements. Images magnification allowed the diagnosis of the lesions that was not clear by either clinical or radiographic examinations.

Sulfato de condroitina e hialuronato de sódio no tratamento da doença articular degenerativa experimental em cäes. Aspectos clínicos e radiológicos / Chondroitin sulfate and sodium hialuronate in treatment of the degenerative joint disease in dogs: clinical and radiological aspects

Avaliaram-se clínica e radiograficamente os efeitos do sulfato de condroitina e do hialuronato de sódio no tratamento da articulaçäo femorotibiopatelar de cäes com doença articular degenerativa (DAD) induzida experimentalmente. Foram utilizados 15 cäes, sem raça definida, de ambos os sexos, pesando entre 18 e 25 kg, submetidos à secçäo artroscópica do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) para desestabilizaçäo articular e induçäo da DAD. Após três semanas de instabilidade articular, o LCCr foi substituído utilizando-se a técnica intra-articular com emprego da fáscia lata. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos de cinco. Nos do grupo I fez-se somente a substituiçäo do LCCr. Os do grupo II receberam 24mg/animal de sulfato de condroitina, via IM, de cinco em cinco dias, totalizando seis aplicaçöes. Os do grupo III foram tratados com hialuronato de sódio na dose de 20mg/animal, via IV, de cinco em cinco dias, num total de três aplicaçöes. Os animais foram observados por 90 dias, e avaliados clinicamente quanto à claudicaçäo, à capacidade de suportar peso no membro afetado, à mensuraçäo da atrofia muscular e à amplitude de movimento articular. Ao final, foram encaminhados para novo exame radiográfico. Os resultados demonstraram que os animais que receberam hialuronato de sódio apresentaram menor grau de claudicaçäo quando comparados com os demais. Ao exame radiográfico observaram-se osteofitose periarticular e esclerose óssea subcondral. Essas alteraçöes foram evidenciadas de forma mais acentuada nos animais tratados com hialuronato de sódio. Clinicamente, pôde-se observar melhor resultado com o hialuronato de sódio do que nos demais grupos, possivelmente devido à sua maior açäo na membrana sinovial, reduzindo a dor e o grau de claudicaçäo. O exame radiográfico näo foi compatível com a sintomatologia clínica nos cäes tratados com hialuronato de sódio

[Malformations in cortical development in patients with epilepsy. Neuroimaging of 17 cases]. / Malformações do desenvolvimento cortical em doentes com epilepsia. Estudo neuroimagiológico de 17 casos.

This article reviews Malformations of Cortical Development (MCD) diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in a series of patients with epilepsy. This study spans a five year period. The frequency of these malformations was 7.1%. Most of these were focal or multifocal and the most common ones were polymicrogyria (35.3% of the patients), heterotopia (29.4%), and focal cortical dysplasia (29.4%). The frontal lobes were the most frequently affected regions. The various MCD encountered reflect the wide spectrum of MCD leading to epilepsy.

Cytogenetic characterization of Brazilian Paspalum accessions.

Chromosome number, pairing relationship and meiotic behavior were evaluated in 24 Brazilian accessions of different Paspalum species as an initial screening to determine which of them might be useful in an interspecific hybridization program. The analysis showed that six were diploids, 16 tetraploids and two hexaploids. The pairing relationship was typical for the ploidy level and agreed with reported data. However, the meiotic behavior after diakinesis was much more abnormal than expected considering the pairing relationship. There was a high frequency of abnormal tetrads in the majority of accessions.