RESUMEN
This work shows how the tunnel-effect based magnetoresistance (TMR) technology can be used as a competitive sensing method in electrical current and power processors. The sensor is arranged in a Wheatstone bridge topology, and each magnetoresistance was composed of a series connection of 360 magnetic tunnel junction elements with the following structure (thickness in nm): 100 SiO2/5 Ta/15 Ru/5 Ta/15 Ru/5 Ta/5 Ru/20 IrMn/2 CoFe30/0.85 Ru/2.6 CoFe40B20/1.2 MgO/2 CoFe40B20/0.21 Ta/4 NiFe/0.20 Ru/6 IrMn/2 Ru/5 Ta/10 Ru. First, the electrical and thermal characteristics of the sensor were evaluated by analyzing its response to DC current sweeps at various temperatures, controlled using a climatic chamber. Nominal values of current sensitivity S (0.324 mV/A), bridge output offset voltage Vo,s,o (-37.1 mV), bridge input resistance Rinp,bridge (0.958 kΩ), and their thermal behavior were obtained (0.0036 mV/A°C, 0.079 mV/°C, and -0.31 Ω/°C). Second, an instrumentation system is introduced to characterize the sensor, measuring its sensitivity to AC line currents from the mains up to 10 Arms. Finally, an electronic wattmeter was developed showing the relevant quantities of its design. The circuit is able to interface a TMR Wheatstone bridge to an analog processor. Power and current measurements were obtained from a 150 Vrms AC mains 1.5 kW load with resistive and capacitive components, achieving less than 1% deviation over the expected values. The circuit shown can be used to interface these signals to more complex smart digital engines with active or reactive energy processing capabilities, while providing inherent high voltage isolation, thanks to its TMR measurement technology.
RESUMEN
O estudo de prevalência da infecção por rotavírus em bezerros abrangeu 51 rebanhos leiteiros, escolhidos ao acaso, localizados em uma região produtora de leite do estado de São Paulo. Entre 31 de maio e 20 de outubro de 2003, foram colhidas 103 amostras de fezes de bezerros com diarreia e 308 amostras de animais sem diarreia, com idade entre um e 45 dias. As amostras foram analisadas pelas técnicas de ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE) e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE). Pelo EIE foi observada prevalência de rotavírus de 21,6 por cento (11/51) nos rebanhos e 6,7 por cento (27/404) nos bezerros. Foram diagnosticados animais infectados por rotavírus tanto em bezerros diarreicos (18,4 por cento; 19/103) quanto em bezerros assintomáticos (2,7 por cento; 8/301). A maior frequência de infecção foi determinada em bezerros com idade entre um e 15 dias, sendo estabelecida uma relação inversa entre a frequência de positividade e a idade dos animais (P<0,05). Além da idade, o sistema de alimentação - fornecimento manual do leite ou bezerro com a mãe, o tipo de instalação - baias individuais ou baias coletivas - e o tamanho do rebanho -, número de matrizes foram fatores que influenciaram significativamente a frequência da infecção (P<0,05). O RNA extraído de 27 amostras pelo PAGE foi classificado em sete eletroferótipos, indicando grande diversidade genômica de rotavírus. A genotipagem das amostras positivas para rotavírus foi realizada pelo método de transcrição reversa-reação da polimerase em cadeia, destacando a presença de infecções pelos genótipos G6P[5] e G10P[11].
The study on rotavirus infection prevalence in calves was undertaken in 51 dairy cattle herds, randomly selected, in a dairy area in the state of São Paulo. One hundred and three samples of feces from calves with diarrhea and 308 samples of feces from calves free from the disease, age ranging from 1 to 45 days, were collected from May 31st to October 20th 2003. Stool samples were analyzed through immunoenzymatic assay techniques (IEA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Rotavirus prevalence rate of 21.6 percent (11/51) was detected by IEA in cattle herds and 6.7 percent (27/404) in calf population. Rotavirus infection was diagnosed in calves with diarrhea (18.4 percent; 19/103) and in clinically healthy calves (2.7 percent; 8/301). The highest infection frequency was found in calves aged 1 to 15 days. There is an inverse relationship between positive frequency and age of animals (P<0.05). Factors which may affect rotavirus prevalence in herds, such as type of meals (manual milk supply or calf with dame), enclosure (individual or collective pens), herd size (number of matrixes) and age have been analyzed by the chi-square test, and significantly affected infection frequency (p<0.05). RNA from 27 positive samples by PAGE were classified in seven electrophorotypes and showed the rotavirus' extensive genomic diversity. Rotavirus positive samples genotyping was undertaken through the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), underpinning infections by special genotypes G6P[5] and G10P[11].