Functional Restoration of BRCA1 Nonsense Mutations by Aminoglycoside-Induced Readthrough.

BRCA1 is a major tumor suppressor that functions in the accurate repair of DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination (HR). Nonsense mutations in BRCA1 lead to inactive truncated protein products and are associated with high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. These mutations generate premature termination codons (PTCs). Different studies have shown that aminoglycosides can induce PTC suppression by promoting stop codon readthrough and restoring full-length (FL) protein expression. The use of these compounds has been studied in clinical trials for genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with encouraging results. Here we show proof-of-concept data demonstrating that the aminoglycoside G418 can induce BRCA1 PTC readthrough and restore FL protein synthesis and function. We first demonstrate that G418 treatment restores BRCA1 FL protein synthesis in HCC1395, a human breast tumor cell line carrying the R1751X mutation. HCC1395 cells treated with G418 also recover HR DNA repair and restore cell cycle checkpoint activation. A set of naturally occurring BRCA1 nonsense variants encoding different PTCs was evaluated in a GFP C-terminal BRCA1 construct model and BRCA1 PTC readthrough levels vary depending on the stop codon context. Because PTC readthrough could generate FL protein carrying pathogenic missense mutations, variants representing the most probable acquired amino acid substitutions in consequence of readthrough were functionally assessed by a validated transcription activation assay. Overall, this is the first study that evaluates the readthrough of PTC variants with clinical relevance in the breast and ovarian cancer-predisposing gene BRCA1.

Single nucleotide polymorphism coverage and inference of N-acetyltransferase-2 acetylator phenotypes in wordwide population groups.

OBJECTIVE: Several algorithms have been proposed to reduce the genotyping effort and cost, while retaining the accuracy of N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) phenotype prediction. Data from the 1000 Genomes (1KG) project and an admixed cohort of Black Brazilians were used to assess the accuracy of NAT2 phenotype prediction using algorithms based on paired single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1041983 and rs1801280) or a tag SNP (rs1495741). METHODS: NAT2 haplotypes comprising SNPs rs1801279, rs1041983, rs1801280, rs1799929, rs1799930, rs1208 and rs1799931 were assigned according to the arylamine N-acetyltransferases database. Contingency tables were used to visualize the agreement between the NAT2 acetylator phenotypes on the basis of these haplotypes versus phenotypes inferred by the prediction algorithms. RESULTS: The paired and tag SNP algorithms provided more than 96% agreement with the 7-SNP derived phenotypes in Europeans, East Asians, South Asians and Admixed Americans, but discordance of phenotype prediction occurred in 30.2 and 24.8% 1KG Africans and in 14.4 and 18.6% Black Brazilians, respectively. Paired SNP panel misclassification occurs in carriers of NATs haplotypes *13A (282T alone), *12B (282T and 803G), *6B (590A alone) and *14A (191A alone), whereas haplotype *14, defined by the 191A allele, is the major culprit of misclassification by the tag allele. CONCLUSION: Both the paired SNP and the tag SNP algorithms may be used, with economy of scale, to infer NAT2 acetylator phenotypes, including the ultra-slow phenotype, in European, East Asian, South Asian and American populations represented in the 1KG cohort. Both algorithms, however, perform poorly in populations of predominant African descent, including admixed African-Americans, African Caribbeans and Black Brazilians.

A phase I study of mTOR inhibitor everolimus in association with cisplatin and radiotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced cervix cancer: PHOENIX I.

BACKGROUND: Cervix cancer (CC) represents the fourth most common cancer in women. Treatment involving cisplatin and radiotherapy has been the standard for locally advanced disease. Everolimus inhibits the aberrant activity of mTOR that is part of carcinogenesis in CC. Further everolimus inactivates the HPV E7 oncoprotein and inhibits its proliferation. Preclinical models have suggested that everolimus sensitizes tumoral cells and vasculature to cisplatin and radiotherapy. METHODS: In a 3 + 3 design, the trial aimed to treat three dose levels of at least three patients with daily doses of everolimus (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/day), cisplatin and radiotherapy delivered in a 9-week interval in CC patients, stage IIB, IIIA or IIIB. Patients received everolimus from day -7 up to the last day of brachytherapy. Primary objective was to evaluate safety, toxicity and the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of everolimus in association with cisplatin and radiotherapy. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and response rates were analyzed as secondary objectives. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were enrolled, 6 at 2.5 mg, 3 at 5 mg and 4 at 10 mg. Four patients did not complete the planned schedule, 1 at 2.5 mg presented grade 4 acute renal failure interpreted as dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and 3 at 10 mg: 1 with disease progression, and 2 with DLTs-1 grade 3 rash and 1 grade 4 neutropenia. PK results were characterized by dose-dependent increases in AUC and C max. CONCLUSIONS: The MTD of everolimus in combination with cisplatin and radiotherapy has been defined as 5 mg/day. The data regarding safety and response rates support further studies.

Aminoglycoside-induced suppression of CYP2C19*3 premature stop codon.

BACKGROUND: CYP2C19 is a polymorphic enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of 10% of clinically used drugs worldwide. The CYP2C19*3 allele is characterized by a premature stop codon that leads to a truncated nonfunctional protein and consequently a poor metabolizer phenotype. Aminoglycoside antibiotics have been shown to induce readthrough of premature stop codons and partial restoration of protein function. We investigated the ability of the aminoglycosides gentamicin and G418 to induce readthrough of CYP2C19*3 premature stop codon in human cells. METHODS: A CYP2C19*3 expression model in HeLa cells was used in all experiments. CYP2C19-EGFP expression was assessed by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and fluorescence microscopy, whereas CYP2C19 enzymatic activity was quantified by hydroxylation of 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin. RESULTS: G418 and gentamicin promoted readthrough of the CYP2C19*3 premature stop codon in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed a maximum 23% protein restoration with the highest aminoglycoside concentrations tested, namely 300 mg/ml G418 and 1000 mg/ml gentamicin. At these concentrations, G418 was more effective than gentamicin in restoring CYP2C19 expression in immunoblotting and fluorescence microscopy assays, as well as in restoring CYP2C19 enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration of readthrough of a stop codon in a pharmacogenetic target of clinical relevance, namely CYP2C19*3. The experimental models may be adapted to explore readthrough of stop codons in other genes of pharmacogenetic interest.

The genomic ancestry of individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil is more uniform than expected.

Based on pre-DNA racial/color methodology, clinical and pharmacological trials have traditionally considered the different geographical regions of Brazil as being very heterogeneous. We wished to ascertain how such diversity of regional color categories correlated with ancestry. Using a panel of 40 validated ancestry-informative insertion-deletion DNA polymorphisms we estimated individually the European, African and Amerindian ancestry components of 934 self-categorized White, Brown or Black Brazilians from the four most populous regions of the Country. We unraveled great ancestral diversity between and within the different regions. Especially, color categories in the northern part of Brazil diverged significantly in their ancestry proportions from their counterparts in the southern part of the Country, indicating that diverse regional semantics were being used in the self-classification as White, Brown or Black. To circumvent these regional subjective differences in color perception, we estimated the general ancestry proportions of each of the four regions in a form independent of color considerations. For that, we multiplied the proportions of a given ancestry in a given color category by the official census information about the proportion of that color category in the specific region, to arrive at a "total ancestry" estimate. Once such a calculation was performed, there emerged a much higher level of uniformity than previously expected. In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South. We propose that the immigration of six million Europeans to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries--a phenomenon described and intended as the "whitening of Brazil"--is in large part responsible for dissipating previous ancestry dissimilarities that reflected region-specific population histories. These findings, of both clinical and sociological importance for Brazil, should also be relevant to other countries with ancestrally admixed populations.

Exploring warfarin pharmacogenomics with the extreme-discordant-phenotype methodology: impact of FVII polymorphisms on stable anticoagulation with warfarin.

PURPOSE: To explore the pharmacogenomics of warfarin using the extreme-discordant-phenotype (EDP) methodology. METHODS: The target phenotype was the stable warfarin dose prescribed to 353 patients. Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms assessed were coagulation factor VII (FVII) -401G>T and FVII -402G>A, VKORC1 3673G>A, and CYP2C9*2, *3, *5, and *11 alleles. The EDP analyses contrasted the frequencies of these polymorphisms at different cutoff points (5th through 30th percentiles of the warfarin dose distribution) at opposite ends of the warfarin dose distribution. RESULTS: Significant differences existed in FVII -402G>A genotype frequency at the 5th percentile with an over-representation of the wildtype GG genotype at low warfarin doses and in VKORC1 3673G>A and CYP2C9 polymorphisms at all cutoff points where the variant alleles were overrepresented at low warfarin doses. CONCLUSION: The EDP methodology provides increased statistical power for detection of small contributions of genetic polymorphisms to multiple drug-response phenotypes, such as warfarin dose requirement for adequate anticoagulation.