Utilidad de la combinación de biomarcadores de respuesta inflamatoria y escalas clínicas para la estratificación del riesgo en pacientes atendidos en urgencias por sospecha de infección / Usefulness of combining inflammatory biomarkers and clinical scales in an emergency department to stratify risk in patients with infections

Objetivo. Investigar si la combinación de biomarcadores de respuesta inflamatoria (BMRI) y escalas clínicas mejora la estratificación pronóstica de pacientes atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) por sospecha de infección. Método. Estudio analítico, observacional y prospectivo que incluyó pacientes con sospecha de infección atendidos en un SUH. Se recogieron variables demográficas, comorbilidades, datos clínicos a la llegada al SUH, foco de infección y los siguientes BMRI: leucocitos, proteína C reactiva, procalcitonina, lactato y región medial de la proadrenomodulina (MR-proADM). Se calcularon los valores de las escalas SIRS (síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica), qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) y NEWS (National Early Warning Score). La variable de resultado principal fue una compuesta que incluía mortalidad a 30 días o necesidad de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Resultados. Se incluyeron 473 pacientes, con una edad media de 70 (DE 19) años y el 54,3% (257). Hubo 31 fallecimientos (6,6%) y 16 (3,4%) ingresos en UCI. La variable de resultado se produjo en 45 (9,5%) pacientes. La MR-proADM mostró la mejor área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ABC-COR) en comparación con el resto de biomarcadores y escalas clínicas [0,739 (IC 95% 0,671-0,809)], aunque sin diferencias respecto a lactato (p = 0,144) ni a la escala NEWS (p = 0,064). Al combinar MR-proADM con los diferentes biomarcadores y escalas clínicas, no se obtuvo ninguna combinación que mejore significativamente la precisión pronóstica individual del MR-proADM. Conclusiones. La estratificación del riesgo de los pacientes con infección es una cuestión clave para la toma de decisiones en los SUH. La determinación de MR-proADM supera a otros BMRI y escalas clínicas para la estratificación pronóstica de los pacientes a corto plazo en los SUH... (AU)

Objective. To determine whether combining biomarkers of inflammatory response and clinical scales can improve risk stratification of patients with suspected infection in a hospital emergency department (ED). Methods. Prospective observational study of ED patients treated for infections. We collected the following information on arrival: demographic and baseline clinical data, comorbidities, the focus of infection, and values for the following inflammatory biomarkers: leukocyte counts, and C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) concentrations. Scores on the following clinical scales were recorded based on the variables gathered: the SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria, the qSOFA (Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), and the NEWS (National Early Warning Score). The main outcome was a composite measure that included 30-day death or need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Results. A total of 473 patients with a mean (SD) age of 70.3 (19.2) years were included. The majority were men (257, 54.3%). Thirty-one (6.6%) died within 30 days and 16 (3.4%) were admitted to the ICU. The composite outcome (death or ICU admission) occurred in 45 patients (9.5%). The MR-proADM concentration, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.739 (95% CI, 0671-0.809) was a better predictor than the other biomarkers or clinical scales, although the differences between MR-proADM and either lactate concentration or the NEWS were not significant in the comparisons (P = .064). Combining the MR-proADM concentration with any of the scales did not significantly improve risk prediction. Conclusions. Risk stratification of patients with infection is a key part of ED decision-making. MR-proADM concentration is superior to other biomarkers and clinical prediction scales for predicting short-term prognosis in the ED... (AU)

Utilidad de la combinación de biomarcadores de respuesta inflamatoria y escalas clínicas para la estratificación del riesgo en pacientes atendidos en urgencias por sospecha de infección / Usefulness of combining inflammatory biomarkers and clinical scales in an emergency department to stratify risk in patients with infections

Objetivo. Investigar si la combinación de biomarcadores de respuesta inflamatoria (BMRI) y escalas clínicas mejora la estratificación pronóstica de pacientes atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) por sospecha de infección. Método. Estudio analítico, observacional y prospectivo que incluyó pacientes con sospecha de infección atendidos en un SUH. Se recogieron variables demográficas, comorbilidades, datos clínicos a la llegada al SUH, foco de infección y los siguientes BMRI: leucocitos, proteína C reactiva, procalcitonina, lactato y región medial de la proadrenomodulina (MR-proADM). Se calcularon los valores de las escalas SIRS (síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica), qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) y NEWS (National Early Warning Score). La variable de resultado principal fue una compuesta que incluía mortalidad a 30 días o necesidad de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Resultados. Se incluyeron 473 pacientes, con una edad media de 70 (DE 19) años y el 54,3% (257). Hubo 31 fallecimientos (6,6%) y 16 (3,4%) ingresos en UCI. La variable de resultado se produjo en 45 (9,5%) pacientes. La MR-proADM mostró la mejor área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ABC-COR) en comparación con el resto de biomarcadores y escalas clínicas [0,739 (IC 95% 0,671-0,809)], aunque sin diferencias respecto a lactato (p = 0,144) ni a la escala NEWS (p = 0,064). Al combinar MR-proADM con los diferentes biomarcadores y escalas clínicas, no se obtuvo ninguna combinación que mejore significativamente la precisión pronóstica individual del MR-proADM. Conclusiones. La estratificación del riesgo de los pacientes con infección es una cuestión clave para la toma de decisiones en los SUH. La determinación de MR-proADM supera a otros BMRI y escalas clínicas para la estratificación pronóstica de los pacientes a corto plazo en los SUH... (AU)

Objective. To determine whether combining biomarkers of inflammatory response and clinical scales can improve risk stratification of patients with suspected infection in a hospital emergency department (ED). Methods. Prospective observational study of ED patients treated for infections. We collected the following information on arrival: demographic and baseline clinical data, comorbidities, the focus of infection, and values for the following inflammatory biomarkers: leukocyte counts, and C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) concentrations. Scores on the following clinical scales were recorded based on the variables gathered: the SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria, the qSOFA (Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), and the NEWS (National Early Warning Score). The main outcome was a composite measure that included 30-day death or need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Results. A total of 473 patients with a mean (SD) age of 70.3 (19.2) years were included. The majority were men (257, 54.3%). Thirty-one (6.6%) died within 30 days and 16 (3.4%) were admitted to the ICU. The composite outcome (death or ICU admission) occurred in 45 patients (9.5%). The MR-proADM concentration, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.739 (95% CI, 0671-0.809) was a better predictor than the other biomarkers or clinical scales, although the differences between MR-proADM and either lactate concentration or the NEWS were not significant in the comparisons (P = .064). Combining the MR-proADM concentration with any of the scales did not significantly improve risk prediction. Conclusions. Risk stratification of patients with infection is a key part of ED decision-making. MR-proADM concentration is superior to other biomarkers and clinical prediction scales for predicting short-term prognosis in the ED... (AU)

Usefulness of combining inflammatory biomarkers and clinical scales in an emergency department to stratify risk in patients with infections. / Utilidad de la combinación de biomarcadores de respuesta inflamatoria y escalas clínicas para la estratificación del riesgo en pacientes atendidos en urgencias por sospecha de infección.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether combining biomarkers of inflammatory response and clinical scales can improve risk stratification of patients with suspected infection in a hospital emergency department (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of ED patients treated for infections. We collected the following information on arrival: demographic and baseline clinical data, comorbidities, the focus of infection, and values for the following inflammatory biomarkers: leukocyte counts, and C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) concentrations. Scores on the following clinical scales were recorded based on the variables gathered: the SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria, the qSOFA (Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), and the NEWS (National Early Warning Score). The main outcome was a composite measure that included 30-day death or need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. RESULTS: A total of 473 patients with a mean (SD) age of 70.3 (19.2) years were included. The majority were men (257, 54.3%). Thirty-one (6.6%) died within 30 days and 16 (3.4%) were admitted to the ICU. The composite outcome (death or ICU admission) occurred in 45 patients (9.5%). The MR-proADM concentration, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.739 (95% CI, 0671-0.809) was a better predictor than the other biomarkers or clinical scales, although the differences between MR-proADM and either lactate concentration or the NEWS were not significant in the comparisons (P = .064). Combining the MR-proADM concentration with any of the scales did not significantly improve risk prediction. CONCLUSION: Risk stratification of patients with infection is a key part of ED decision-making. MR-proADM concentration is superior to other biomarkers and clinical prediction scales for predicting short-term prognosis in the ED. Combining MR-proADM measurement with other scales or measures does not improve the yield.

OBJETIVO: Investigar si la combinación de biomarcadores de respuesta inflamatoria (BMRI) y escalas clínicas mejora la estratificación pronóstica de pacientes atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) por sospecha de infección. METODO: Estudio analítico, observacional y prospectivo que incluyó pacientes con sospecha de infección atendidos en un SUH. Se recogieron variables demográficas, comorbilidades, datos clínicos a la llegada al SUH, foco de infección y los siguientes BMRI: leucocitos, proteína C reactiva, procalcitonina, lactato y región medial de la proadrenomodulina (MR-proADM). Se calcularon los valores de las escalas SIRS (síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica), qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) y NEWS (National Early Warning Score). La variable de resultado principal fue una compuesta que incluía mortalidad a 30 días o necesidad de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 473 pacientes, con una edad media de 70 (DE 19) años y el 54,3% (257). Hubo 31 fallecimientos (6,6%) y 16 (3,4%) ingresos en UCI. La variable de resultado se produjo en 45 (9,5%) pacientes. La MR-proADM mostró la mejor área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor (ABC-COR) en comparación con el resto de biomarcadores y escalas clínicas [0,739 (IC 95% 0,671-0,809)], aunque sin diferencias respecto a lactato (p = 0,144) ni a la escala NEWS (p = 0,064). Al combinar MR-proADM con los diferentes biomarcadores y escalas clínicas, no se obtuvo ninguna combinación que mejore significativamente la precisión pronóstica individual del MR-proADM. CONCLUSIONES: La estratificación del riesgo de los pacientes con infección es una cuestión clave para la toma de decisiones en los SUH. La determinación de MR-proADM supera a otros BMRI y escalas clínicas para la estratificación pronóstica de los pacientes a corto plazo en los SUH. La combinación con otros biomarcadores o escalas clínicas no mejora su capacidad pronóstica.

Association between hormone therapy and short-term cardiovascular events in women with spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Changes in sex hormone levels are a known triggering factor for spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) in women. However, it is unknown whether exposure to exogenous hormone therapy (HT) at the time of SCAD presentation modifies the clinical course of this condition. We investigated the association between HT in female patients presenting with SCAD and short-term clinical outcomes. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive patients presenting with SCAD from the DISCO-IT/SPA (dissezioni spontanee coronariche Italian-Spanish) registry. Women on HT (estrogens, progestagens, or gonadotropins) at the time of presentation were identified, and their clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes were compared with those not receiving active HT. The outcome measure was nonfatal myocardial infarction and/or unplanned percutaneous coronary intervention during the first 28 days after the index catheterization. RESULTS: Of 224 women presenting with SCAD (mean age 52.0±10.0 years), 39 (17.4%) were currently using HT while 185 (82.6%) were not. No significant differences were noted in the baseline demographics, clinical presentation, angiographic features, or initial treatment received between the 2 groups. All patients on systemic HT (n=36, 92%) discontinued it at the time of diagnosis. The composite outcome occurred in 7 (17.9%) patients with prior HT compared with 14 (7.6%) without (P=.039). After multivariable adjustment, HT remained associated with the composite outcome recorded in the first 28 days of follow-up (HR, 3.53; 95%CI, 1.30-9.61; P=.013). CONCLUSIONS: In women with SCAD, exposure to HT at the time of clinical presentation was associated with short-term recurrent cardiovascular events such as nonfatal myocardial infarction and/or unplanned percutaneous revascularization.

Efficiency of screening for human immunodeficiency virus infection in emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. / Eficiencia del cribado de VIH en urgencias: revisión sistemática y metanálisis.

OBJECTIVES: The rates of undiagnosed and late-diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are high. Screening for HIV infection in hospital emergency departments (EDs) could offer a way to increase the number of diagnoses. Our aim was to analyze whether universal hospital ED screening for HIV is efficient. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We followed the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). PubMed, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Web of Science were searched using the following terms: "HIV infections/epidemiology," "AIDS serodiagnosis," "emergency service, hospital," "prevalence," and "mass screening/methods." The searches were limited to a 5-year time frame (2016-2020); only publications in English or Spanish were collected. We included studies of universal HIV screening among hospital ED patients and evaluated them using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RESULTS: A total of 273 articles were identified. Twelve met the inclusion criteria. The studies analyzed 103 731 patient samples and yielded 652 new HIV diagnoses. A random effects model estimated an overall new-diagnosis prevalence of 0.60% (95% CI, 0.39%-0.84%). The heterogeneity statistic I2 was high, at 90.02% (P .001). Estimates of prevalence based on studies carried out in Europe, the United States, and Africa were, respectively, 0.48% (95% CI, 0.13%-1.03%), 0.54% (95% CI, 0.33%-0.40%), and 5.6% (95% CI, 3.37%-9.2%). The studies received quality ratings of moderate or strong. CONCLUSION: Although the reviewed studies applied various screening strategies to identify new HIV diagnoses, our findings support the conclusion that universal screening is efficient.

OBJETIVO: Existe una elevada tasa de infección oculta y diagnóstico tardío en el virus de la inmunodeficiencia hu mana (VIH). La realización de pruebas diagnósticas de infección por VIH en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) puede representar una oportunidad para aumentar el número de diagnósticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si el cribado universal para el VIH realizado en los SUH es eficiente. METODO: Se realiza una revisión sistemática y metanálisis siguiendo la normativa PRISMA en la base de datos de Pubmed, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus, EMBASE y WOS utilizando una combinación de términos MESH: "HIV Infections/ epidemiology", "AIDS Serodiagnosis", "Emergency Service, Hospital", "Prevalence", "Mass screening/methods". Los criterios de la búsqueda se centraron en los últimos 5 años (2016-2020) y en los artículos publicados en inglés y en español. Se incluyeron los estudios de pruebas de cribado universal mediante test de cribado de VIH realizadas en los SUH. Para evaluar la calidad de los artículos se utilizó el cuestionario "Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies". RESULTADOS: Se identificaron un total de 273 artículos de los cuales se analizaron finalmente 12 que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios incluidos representan un total de 103.731 muestras analizadas obteniéndose un total de 652 nuevos diagnósticos de VIH. La prevalencia conjunta obtenida a través del modelo de efectos aleatorios fue de 0,60% (IC 95%: 0,39-0,84) y el valor del I2 revela una presencia elevada de heterogeneidad (I2 90,02%; p 0,001). La prevalencia conjunta en los estudios incluidos realizados en Europa, América y África fue de 0,48% (IC 95%: 0,13-1,03), 0,54% (IC 95%: 0,33-0,40) y 5,6% (IC 95%: 3,37-9,2), respectivamente. La evaluación de la calidad de los estudios fue de moderada a fuerte. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque las pruebas del VIH pueden realizarse utilizando diferentes estrategias, nuestros datos avalan que una estrategia de cribado universal es eficiente.

The relationship between retinal layers and brain areas in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease: an exploratory analysis.

BACKGROUND: Two main genetic risks for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) are a family history and ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E. The brain and retina are part of the central nervous system and share pathophysiological mechanisms in AD. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study with 30 participants without a family history of sporadic AD (FH-) and noncarriers of ApoE ɛ4 (ApoE ɛ4-) as a control group and 34 participants with a family history of sporadic AD (FH+) and carriers of at least one ɛ4 allele (ApoE ɛ4+). We analyzed the correlations between macular volumes of retinal layers and thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with the brain area parameters measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in participants at high genetic risk of developing AD (FH+ ApoE ɛ4+). RESULTS: We observed a significant volume reduction in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ group compared with the control group in some macular areas of (i) macular RNFL (mRNFL), (ii) inner plexiform layer (IPL), (iii) inner nuclear layer (INL), and (iv) outer plexiform layer (OPL). Furthermore, in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ group, the retinal sectors that showed statistically significant volume decrease correlated with brain areas that are affected in the early stages of AD. In the same group, the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) did not show statistically significant changes in thickness compared with the control group. However, correlations of these sectors with the brain areas involved in this disease were also found. CONCLUSIONS: In cognitively healthy participants at high genetic risk of developing sporadic forms of AD, there are significant correlations between retinal changes and brain areas closely related to AD such as the entorhinal cortex, the lingual gyrus, and the hippocampus.

Eficiencia del cribado de VIH en urgencias: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Efficiency of screening for human immunodeficiency virus infection in emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo. Existe una elevada tasa de infección oculta y diagnóstico tardío en el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La realización de pruebas diagnósticas de infección por VIH en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) puede representar una oportunidad para aumentar el número de diagnósticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si el cribado universal para el VIH realizado en los SUH es eficiente. Método. Se realiza una revisión sistemática y metanálisis siguiendo la normativa PRISMA en la base de datos de Pubmed, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus, EMBASE y WOS utilizando una combinación de términos MESH: “HIV Infections/ epidemiology”, “AIDS Serodiagnosis”, “Emergency Service, Hospital”, “Prevalence”, “Mass screening/methods”. Los criterios de la búsqueda se centraron en los últimos 5 años (2016-2020) y en los artículos publicados en inglés y en español. Se incluyeron los estudios de pruebas de cribado universal mediante test de cribado de VIH realizadas en los SUH. Para evaluar la calidad de los artículos se utilizó el cuestionario “Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies”. Resultado. Se identificaron un total de 273 artículos de los cuales se analizaron finalmente 12 que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios incluidos representan un total de 103.731 muestras analizadas obteniéndose un total de 652 nuevos diagnósticos de VIH. La prevalencia conjunta obtenida a través del modelo de efectos aleatorios fue de 0,60% (IC 95%: 0,39-0,84) y el valor del I2 revela una presencia elevada de heterogeneidad (I2 90,02%; p < 0,001). La prevalencia conjunta en los estudios incluidos realizados en Europa, América y África fue de 0,48% (IC 95%: 0,13- 1,03), 0,54% (IC 95%: 0,33-0,40) y 5,6% (IC 95%: 3,37-9,2), respectivamente. La evaluación de la calidad de los estudios fue de moderada a fuerte. [...]

Background and objective. The rates of undiagnosed and late-diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are high. Screening for HIV infection in hospital emergency departments (EDs) could offer a way to increase the number of diagnoses. Our aim was to analyze whether universal hospital ED screening for HIV is efficient. Methods. We followed the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). PubMed, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Web of Science were searched using the following terms: “HIV infections/epidemiology,” “AIDS serodiagnosis,” “emergency service, hospital,” “prevalence,” and “mass screening/methods.” The searches were limited to a 5-year time frame (2016–2020); only publications in English or Spanish were collected. We included studies of universal HIV screening among hospital ED patients and evaluated them using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Results. A total of 273 articles were identified. Twelve met the inclusion criteria. The studies analyzed 103731 patient samples and yielded 652 new HIV diagnoses. A random effects model estimated an overall new-diagnosis prevalence of 0.60% (95% CI, 0.39%–0.84%). The heterogeneity statistic I2 was high, at 90.02% (P < .001). Estimates of prevalence based on studies carried out in Europe, the United States, and Africa were, respectively, 0.48% (95% CI, 0.13%–1.03%), 0.54% (95% CI, 0.33%–0.40%), and 5.6% (95% CI, 3.37%–9.2%). The studies received quality ratings of moderate or strong. Conclusion. Although the reviewed studies applied various screening strategies to identify new HIV diagnoses, our findings support the conclusion that universal screening is efficient.

Craniectomías descompresivas en el traumatismo craneoencefálico: la visión del intensivista / Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: the intensivist's point of view

Objetivo Realizar una escala con parámetros clínicos y radiológicos precoces tras un TCE que identifique a los enfermos que en su evolución posterior van a someterse a una CD. Método Estudio observacional de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes que tras un TCE ingresan en la Sección de Neurocríticos del Servicio de Medicina Intensiva de nuestro hospital durante un periodo de 5 años (2014-2018). Detección de variables clínicas y radiológicas y creación de todos los modelos posibles con las variables significativas, clínicamente relevantes y de fácil detección precoz. Selección del que presentaba valores más bajos de criterios de información bayesiano y de Akaike para la creación de la escala. Calibración y validación interna mediante la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow y análisis bootstrapping con 1.000 re-muestreos. Resultados Se realizaron 37 CD en 153 enfermos que ingresaron tras un TCE. El modelo final resultante incluía desviación de línea media, GCS y colapso ventricular con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0,84 (IC95% 0,78-0,91) y Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0,71. La escala desarrollada detectaba bien a los enfermos que iban a precisar una CD precoz (en las primeras 24horas) tras un TCE (2,5±0,5) pero no a aquellos que la necesitarían en una fase más tardía de su enfermedad (1,7±0,8). Sin embargo, parece prevenirnos sobre los enfermos que si bien no precisan inicialmente una CD sí tienen probabilidades de necesitarla posteriormente en su evolución (CD tardía vs. no precisan CD, 1,7±0,8 vs. 1±0,7; p=0,002). Conclusión Hemos desarrollado una escala pronóstica que permite detectar en nuestro medio, con una buena sensibilidad y especificidad y usando criterios clínico-radiológicos precoces, aquellos pacientes que tras un TCE van a precisar una CD (AU)

Objetive To perform a score with early clinical and radiological findings after a TBI that identifies the patients who in their subsequent evolution are going to undergo DC. Method Observational study of a retrospective cohort of patients who, after a TBI, enter the Neurocritical Section of the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital for a period of 5 years (2014-2018). Detection of clinical and radiological criteria and generation of all possible models with significant, clinically relevant and easy to detect early variables. Selection of the one with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion and Akaike Information Criterion values for the creation of the score. Calibration and internal validation of the score using the Hosmer-Lemeshow and a bootstrapping analysis with 1,000 re-samples respectively. Results 37 DC were performed in 153 patients who were admitted after a TBI. The resulting final model included Cerebral Midline Deviation, GCS and Ventricular Collapse with an Area under ROC Curve: 0.84 (95% IC 0.78-0.91) and Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.71. The developed score detected well those patients who were going to need an early DC (first 24hours) after a TBI (2.5±0.5) but not those who would need it in a later stage of their disease (1.7±0.8). However, it seems to advice us about the patients who, although not requiring an early DC are likely to need it later in their evolution (DC after 24hours vs do not require DC, 1.7±0.8 vs 1±0.7; p=0.002). Conclusion We have developed a prognostic score using early clinical-radiological criteria that, in our environment, detects with good sensitivity and specificity those patients who, after a TBI, will require a DC (AU)

Prognostic Value of the PROFUND Index for 30-Day Mortality in Acute Heart Failure.

Background and Objectives: The prevalence and incidence of heart failure (HF) have been increasing in recent years as the population ages. These patients show a distinct profile of comorbidity, which makes their care more complex. In recent years, the PROFUND index, a specific tool for estimating the mortality rate at one year in pluripathology patients, has been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the PROFUND index and of in-hospital and 30-day mortality after discharge of patients admitted for acute heart failure (AHF). Materials and Methods: A prospective multicenter longitudinal study was performed that included patients admitted with AHF and ≥2 comorbid conditions. Clinical, analytical, and prognostic variables were collected. The PROFUND index was collected in all patients and rates of in-hospital and 30-day mortality after discharge were analyzed. A bivariate analysis was performed with quantitative variables between patients who died and those who survived at the 30-day follow-up. A logistic regression analysis was performed with the variables that obtained statistical significance in the bivariate analysis between deceased and surviving subjects. Results: A total of 128 patients were included. Mean age was 80.5 +/- 9.98 years, and women represented 51.6%. The mean PROFUND index was 5.26 +/- 4.5. The mortality rate was 8.6% in-hospital and 20.3% at 30 days. Preserved left ventricular ejection fraction was found in 60.9%. In the sample studied, there were patients with a PROFUND score < 7 predominated (89 patients (70%) versus 39 patients (31%) with a PROFUND score ≥ 7). Thirteen patients (15%) with a PROFUND score < 7 died versus the 13 (33%) with a PROFUND score ≥ 7, p = 0.03. Twelve patients (15%) with a PROFUND score < 7 required readmission versus 12 patients (35%) with a PROFUND score ≥ 7, p = 0.02. The ROC curve of the PROFUND index for in-hospital mortality and 30-day follow-up in patients with AHF showed AUC 0.63, CI: 95% (0.508-0.764), p <0.033. Conclusions: The PROFUND index is a clinical tool that may be useful for predicting short-term mortality in elderly patients with AHF. Further studies with larger simple sizes are required to validate these results.

Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: The intensivist's point of view.

OBJETIVE: To perform a score with early clinical and radiological findings after a TBI that identifies the patients who in their subsequent evolution are going to undergo DC. METHOD: Observational study of a retrospective cohort of patients who, after a TBI, enter the Neurocritical Section of the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital for a period of 5 years (2014-2018). Detection of clinical and radiological criteria and generation of all possible models with significant, clinically relevant and easy to detect early variables. Selection of the one with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion and Akaike Information Criterion values for the creation of the score. Calibration and internal validation of the score using the Hosmer-Lemeshow and a bootstrapping analysis with 1000 re-samples respectively. RESULTS: 37 DC were performed in 153 patients who were admitted after a TBI. The resulting final model included Cerebral Midline Deviation, GCS and Ventricular Collapse with an Area under ROC Curve: 0.84 (95% IC 0.78-0.91) and Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.71. The developed score detected well those patients who were going to need an early DC (first 24h) after a TBI (2.5±0.5) but not those who would need it in a later stage of their disease (1.7±0.8). However, it seems to advice us about the patients who, although not requiring an early DC are likely to need it later in their evolution (DC after 24h vs. do not require DC, 1.7±0.8 vs. 1±0.7; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: We have developed a prognostic score using early clinical-radiological criteria that, in our environment, detects with good sensitivity and specificity those patients who, after a TBI, will require a DC.

Low use of condom and high STI incidence among men who have sex with men in PrEP programs.

OBJECTIVE: Since the recent introduction of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), several studies have reported a decrease in the use of condoms and a rise in STIs among users. This rise in risk behavior associated with the advent of PrEP is known as "risk compensation." The aim of this study is to measure clinical and behavioral changes associated with the introduction of PrEP by analyzing condom use for anal intercourse, number of sexual partners, sexualized drug use and STI incidence. METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive study of PrEP users followed every 3months over a 2-year period spanning 2017-2019 in a referral clinic specializing in STI/HIV in Madrid, Spain. One hundred ten men who have sex with men and transgender women underwent regular screening for STIs and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral data were gathered for all subjects studied. RESULTS: The risk compensation observed in this study consisted primarily of a lower rate of condom use, while the number of sexual partners and recreational drug consumption remained stable. We observed a very high incidence of STIs in this sample, particularly rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia. The factors shown to be independently associated with the presence of an STI on multivariate analysis were age below 30 years and over 10 sexual partners/month. CONCLUSION: The incidence of STI acquisition was higher than expected, indicating a need for strategies to minimize this impact, particularly among younger individuals with a higher number of sexual partners.

Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: the intensivist's point of view. / Craniectomías descompresivas en el traumatismo craneoencefálico: la visión del intensivista.

OBJETIVE: To perform a score with early clinical and radiological findings after a TBI that identifies the patients who in their subsequent evolution are going to undergo DC. METHOD: Observational study of a retrospective cohort of patients who, after a TBI, enter the Neurocritical Section of the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital for a period of 5 years (2014-2018). Detection of clinical and radiological criteria and generation of all possible models with significant, clinically relevant and easy to detect early variables. Selection of the one with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion and Akaike Information Criterion values for the creation of the score. Calibration and internal validation of the score using the Hosmer-Lemeshow and a bootstrapping analysis with 1,000 re-samples respectively. RESULTS: 37 DC were performed in 153 patients who were admitted after a TBI. The resulting final model included Cerebral Midline Deviation, GCS and Ventricular Collapse with an Area under ROC Curve: 0.84 (95% IC 0.78-0.91) and Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.71. The developed score detected well those patients who were going to need an early DC (first 24hours) after a TBI (2.5±0.5) but not those who would need it in a later stage of their disease (1.7±0.8). However, it seems to advice us about the patients who, although not requiring an early DC are likely to need it later in their evolution (DC after 24hours vs do not require DC, 1.7±0.8 vs 1±0.7; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: We have developed a prognostic score using early clinical-radiological criteria that, in our environment, detects with good sensitivity and specificity those patients who, after a TBI, will require a DC.

Hiperfrecuentación en Atención Primaria e hiperfrecuentadores en Urgencias / Frequent attenders in Primary Health Care Centres and frequent attenders in Emergency Departments

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores predictores de hiperfrecuentación en Atención Primaria (AP) en una muestra de pacientes hiperfrecuentadores (HF) en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). DISEÑO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo multicéntrico. PARTICIPANTES: Se seleccionaron pacientes mayores de 14 años HF en el SUH entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2013. Emplazamiento: se reclutaron pacientes atendidos en los SUH de 17 hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid. MÉTODO: Se recogieron variables relativas a la visita índice del SUH. Se analizó la muestra en función de ser o no HF en AP. Se considera HF al paciente que realizó al menos 10 visitas en cada nivel asistencial durante un año. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.284 pacientes HF en SUH. Se analizaron 423 (32,9%) HF en AP con 16 visitas (RIC 12-25) frente a 861 (67,1%) pacientes no HF en AP con 4 visitas (RIC 2-6). Factores independientes predictores de HF en AP fueron la edad > 65 años (OR: 1,51; IC 95%: 1,07-2,13; p = 0,019), el deterioro cognitivo (OR: 1,63; IC 95%: 1,01-2,65; p = 0,049), el número de fármacos ≥3 (OR: 1,56; IC 95%: 1,06-2,30; p = 0,025) y vivir en la comunidad frente a vivir institucionalizado o en la calle (OR: 3,05; IC 95%: 1,14-8,16; p = 0,026). CONCLUSIONES: En una muestra de pacientes HF en los SUH, el hecho de ser mayor de 65 años, tomar 3 o más fármacos, presentar deterioro cognitivo y vivir en la comunidad se consideran factores predictores de ser HF también en AP

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of frequent attenders (HF) in Primary Health Care (PHC) centres in a sample of frequent attenders (HF) in Emergency Departments (ED). DESIGN: This was an observational, retrospective, multicentre cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: The HF patients were selected from patients seen in the ED between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Setting Patients were recruited from 17 public hospitals of the Community of Madrid, Spain. METHOD: Variables on the index visit to the ED were collected. The sample was analysed in terms of being or not being an HF user in PHC. An HF user is considered a patient who made at least 10 visits in each level of care for a year. RESULTS: A total of 1284 HF patients were included. An analysis was performed on 423 (32.9%) HF users in ED with 16 (12-25) visits to PHC vs. 861 (67.1%) non-HF users in ED, with 4 (2-6) visits to PHC. Independent predictors of HF in PHC: over 65 years (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.07-2.13; P=.019), cognitive impairment (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.01-2.65; P = .049), taking > 3 drugs (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06-2.30; P = .025), and living in the community vs. nursing home or homeless (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.14-8.16; P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: Among HF patients in the ED, the fact that of being over 65 years, taking 3 or more drugs, suffering cognitive impairment, and living in the community, are also considered to be predictors of HF in PHC

[Frequent attenders in Primary Health Care Centres and frequent attenders in Emergency Departments]. / Hiperfrecuentación en Atención Primaria e hiperfrecuentadores en Urgencias.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of frequent attenders (HF) in Primary Health Care (PHC) centres in a sample of frequent attenders (HF) in Emergency Departments (ED). DESIGN: This was an observational, retrospective, multicentre cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: The HF patients were selected from patients seen in the ED between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Setting Patients were recruited from 17 public hospitals of the Community of Madrid, Spain. METHOD: Variables on the index visit to the ED were collected. The sample was analysed in terms of being or not being an HF user in PHC. An HF user is considered a patient who made at least 10 visits in each level of care for a year. RESULTS: A total of 1284 HF patients were included. An analysis was performed on 423 (32.9%) HF users in ED with 16 (12-25) visits to PHC vs. 861 (67.1%) non-HF users in ED, with 4 (2-6) visits to PHC. Independent predictors of HF in PHC: over 65 years (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.07-2.13; P=.019), cognitive impairment (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.01-2.65; P=.049), taking >3 drugs (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06-2.30; P=.025), and living in the community vs. nursing home or homeless (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.14-8.16; P=.026). CONCLUSIONS: Among HF patients in the ED, the fact that of being over 65 years, taking 3or more drugs, suffering cognitive impairment, and living in the community, are also considered to be predictors of HF in PHC.

Evaluation of the Alere i Influenza A&B assay for rapid identification of influenza A and influenza B viruses.

The Alere i Influenza A&B assay is a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay capable of detecting and differentiating influenza A and B viruses in approximately 15 min with minimal hands-on time. This study was conducted in order to assess the performance of the Alere i Influenza A&B assay compared to molecular techniques, considered to be gold standard methods, to evaluate the results. A total of 119 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from inpatients with influenza-like illness were included in the study using both archived and prospectively collected samples from adults and children. Prospectively collected samples were also compared to the Alere BinaxNOW® Influenza A & B Card. The overall sensitivity for detection of influenza A and B viruses compared to those of molecular techniques were 65.96 % and 53.33 % respectively, while the specificity was 98.51 % and 95.96 %. Compared to the Alere BinaxNOW® Influenza A & B Card, the Alere i assay is considerably more sensitive for detection of influenza A and B viruses, although both tests demonstrated excellent specificity for diagnosis of influenza viruses.

Pacientes frecuentadores/as en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios / Frequent users of hospital emergency departments

No disponible

Analysis of a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism of the human diamine oxidase gene (ref. SNP ID: rs1049793) in patients with Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the possible influence of a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) on genetic susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective, case-control study, 210 unrelated Caucasian consecutive CD patients were recruited at the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit of a single tertiary centre (Hospital Clínico San Carlos) in Madrid, Spain. A total of 261 healthy volunteers from the same geographic area were also recruited and matched with patients. Both cases and controls were analysed for the presence of a non-synonymous SNP (rs1049793) of DAO using amplification-restriction procedures of the genotype obtained in a blood sample. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the distribution of carriers of the non-synonymous SNP of DAO between CD patients and controls (OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.9-1.6; p=0.3)). Nor were any differences found between carriers and non-carriers of the non-synonymous SNP in demographic characteristics, phenotypes, complications or treatment of CD. CONCLUSIONS: The study of a non-synonymous SNP (rs1049793) of DAO does not seem to be of use in assessing susceptibility to CD, either as a marker of disease activity or as a marker of clinical behaviour in patients with the disease.

[Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms related with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Study of 1804 men aged 40 or older in Madrid]. / Prevalencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior relacionados con la hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Estudio de 1804 hombres de 40 años o más residentes en Madrid durante 1999-2000.

INTRODUCTION: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are present nowadays in approximately 20 to 30% of the Spanish male population from the age of 50 onwards. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with LUTS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed, between 1999 and 2000, among 1,804 men aged 40 or older who were living in Madrid. Subjects were interviewed by telephone; socio-demographic information was requested and the presence of LUTS was assessed using the International Prostate Symptoms Score. Informed consent was requested, Association between qualitative variables was evaluated by chi2 or Fisher's test. A logistic regression model was performed to control confusion. RESULTS: Prevalence of moderate/severe LUTS was 16.6% (95%CI: 14.8-18.3). Nearly 90% of the subjects consumed olive oil, 71.5% alcohol, 63.1% did not smoke and 96.9% did not consume drugs. A 27.7% of the subjects had hypertension and 8.8% referred diabetes. Men aged 70 or older had a threefold increased frequency of serious symptoms compared to younger men (OR: 3.31; 95%CI: 2.10-5.22). Low level of studies increased this frequency by a factor of 2.2 (95%CI: 1.42-3.46) and men who consumed only seed oil had twice more serious symptoms than those who consumed olive oil (OR: 1.86; 95%CI: 0.98-3.55). CONCLUSIONS: Family history of urological diseases, age, low level of studies, hypertension, diabetes and seed oil consumption were independently associated with more serious symptoms, while medium alcohol consumption and mild smoking habit were associated with slighter symptoms.

Prevalencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior relacionados con la hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Estudio de 1804 hombres de 40 años o más residentes en Madrid durante 1999-2000 / Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms related with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Study of 1804 men aged 40 or older in Madrid

Introducción: Los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (STUI) asociados con la hiperplasia benigna de próstata están presentes en el 20-30% de la población española masculina de 50 años o más. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con STUI. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado entre los años 1999 y 2000 en 1804 hombres de 40 años o más residentes en Madrid. Mediante entrevista telefónica se recabó información sociodemográfica de los participantes y se evaluó la presencia de STUI mediante el I-PSS (International Prostate Symptoms Score). La asociación entre variables cualitativas se evaluó con el test χ2 o el exacto de Fisher. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la probabilidad de tener STUI moderados/severos controlando la confusión. Resultados: La prevalencia de STUI moderados/severos fue del 16,6% (IC95%: 14,8-18,3). Cerca del 90% de los participantes consumían aceite de oliva, el 71,5% alcohol, el 63,1% no fumaba y el 96,9% no consumían drogas. Un 27,7% refería hipertensión y un 8,8% diabetes. Los hombres de 70 años o más tenían una frecuencia de STUI moderados/severos tres veces mayor que los hombres más jóvenes (OR: 3,31; IC95%: 2,10-5,22). El nivel bajo de estudios, frente al alto, mostró una frecuencia 2,2 veces mayor de STUI moderados/severos (IC95%: 1,42-3,46), así como el consumo de aceite de semillas, frente al de oliva (OR: 1,86; IC95%: 0,98-3,55). Conclusiones: La historia familiar de enfermedades urológicas, la edad, el nivel bajo de estudios, la hipertensión, la diabetes y el consumo de aceite de semillas se asociaron de forma independiente con la presencia de STUI más severos, mientras el consumo moderado de alcohol y tabaco se asoció de forma independiente a la presencia de STUI leves (AU)

Introduction: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are present nowadays in approximately 20 to 30% of the Spanish male population from the age of 50 onwards. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with LUTS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed, between 1999 and 2000, among 1,804 men aged 40 or older who were living in Madrid. Subjects were interviewed by telephone; socio-demographic information was requested and the presence of LUTS was assessed using the International Prostate Symptoms Score. Informed consent was requested. Association between qualitative variables was evaluated by χ2 or Fisher’s test. A logistic regression model was performed to control confusion. Results: Prevalence of moderate/severe LUTS was 16.6% (95%CI: 14.8-18.3). Nearly 90% of the subjects consumed olive oil, 71.5% alcohol, 63.1% did not smoke and 96.9% did not consume drugs. A 27.7% of the subjects had hypertension and 8.8% referred diabetes. Men aged 70 or older had a threefold increased frequency of serious symptoms compared to younger men (OR: 3.31; 95%CI: 2.10-5.22). Low level of studies increased this frequency by a factor of 2.2 (95%CI: 1.42-3.46) and men who consumed only seed oil had twice more serious symptoms than those who consumed olive oil (OR: 1.86; 95%CI: 0.98-3.55). Conclusions: Family history of urological diseases, age, low level of studies, hypertension, diabetes and seed oil consumption were independently associated with more serious symptoms, while medium alcohol consumption and mild smoking habit were associated with slighter symptoms (AU)