Analysing food groups and nutrient intake in adults who met and did not meet the daily recommended vegetable intake of 350 g: the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan.

This study aimed to compare the differences in the intake of food groups and nutrients between Japanese adults who consumed the recommended daily vegetable intake (350 g/day) and those who did not. Dietary information was obtained from one-day dietary records collected from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, which was conducted in 46 prefectures in Japan. The participants aged ≥20 years (n = 21,606; 53.8% women) were classified into the < and ≥350 g/day groups. Inter-group differences for 17 food groups and 27 nutrients were assessed as percentages of consumers (food groups only) and energy-adjusted intake (units/MJ/d or % of total energy intake). Overall, 29% of participants consumed ≥350 g/day of vegetables. The ≥350 g/day group had a higher percentage of consumers and energy-adjusted intakes for all vegetable subgroups than the <350 g/day group. For other food groups, the ≥350 g/day group had higher percentages of consumers for all food groups, except for cereals, eggs, and condiments and seasonings, which showed no significant differences. However, the ≥350 g/day group had a significantly higher energy-adjusted intake for potatoes and other tubers, mushrooms, meats, and condiments and seasonings but a significantly lower value for cereals, eggs, savoury snacks and confectionaries, and beverages. The ≥350 g/day group had a significantly higher intake of almost all (25/27) nutrients, including sodium, than the <350 g/day group. Participants with vegetable intake ≥350 g/day might have a more favourable intake of food groups and nutrients; however, watching for salt intake is necessary when promoting vegetable intake.

Automatic feature engineering for catalyst design using small data without prior knowledge of target catalysis.

The empirical aspect of descriptor design in catalyst informatics, particularly when confronted with limited data, necessitates adequate prior knowledge for delving into unknown territories, thus presenting a logical contradiction. This study introduces a technique for automatic feature engineering (AFE) that works on small catalyst datasets, without reliance on specific assumptions or pre-existing knowledge about the target catalysis when designing descriptors and building machine-learning models. This technique generates numerous features through mathematical operations on general physicochemical features of catalytic components and extracts relevant features for the desired catalysis, essentially screening numerous hypotheses on a machine. AFE yields reasonable regression results for three types of heterogeneous catalysis: oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), conversion of ethanol to butadiene, and three-way catalysis, where only the training set is swapped. Moreover, through the application of active learning that combines AFE and high-throughput experimentation for OCM, we successfully visualize the machine's process of acquiring precise recognition of the catalyst design. Thus, AFE is a versatile technique for data-driven catalysis research and a key step towards fully automated catalyst discoveries.

Time Trends in Income-related Differences in Food Group Intakes: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan in 2010, 2014, and 2018.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to clarify whether differences in food group intake according to household income have changed over the last decade in Japanese people aged 20 years or older. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on the 2010, 2014, and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Japan. Food intake was assessed using a 1-day semi-weighed household dietary record. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their income. The mean of each food intake according to the income group was estimated by adjusting for age, occupation, and number of participants from the same household. The significance of the interaction terms between income and survey year was evaluated to assess the change in income-related differences in food intake over time. RESULTS: Cereal intake was lower in the middle- and the highest-income groups than in the lowest-income group, regardless of sex, and the interaction between income and year was nonsignificant for cereal intake. In the former two surveys, vegetable intake was higher among the highest-income women, while in the 2018 survey, the vegetable intake decreased in the women in the middle- and the highest-income groups. The interaction between income and year was significant for vegetable intake among the women. For other foods, the differences in intake among the income groups did not significantly change over time. CONCLUSION: The tendency for lower cereal intake in the higher-income groups was consistent over time in both the sexes, and the tendency for higher vegetable intake in the highest income women disappeared over time.

Cross-Sectional Association between Estimated Hardness of the Habitual Diet and Depressive Symptoms in Older Japanese Men.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between dietary hardness and depressive symptoms in older Japanese men. Participants were 1487 men aged 60-69 years enrolled in the baseline survey of the Hitachi Health Study II (2017-2020). Habitual dietary intake was estimated by a brief-type, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Dietary hardness was defined as the magnitude of masticatory muscle activity necessary to consume solid foods. The participants who scored ≥ 9 points on a short version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were considered to have depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 12.7%. The ORs (95% CIs) for depressive symptoms in the third tertile of dietary hardness were significantly lower after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle-related variables and mood-modulating nutrients (ORs [95% CIs]: 0.93 [0.63, 1.36] and 0.58 [0.35, 0.97] for the second and third tertile, respectively [p-value for trend = 0.04]). Dietary hardness was inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Japanese men. Future studies should confirm these findings and clarify the role of consuming a hard diet in preventing depressive disorders.

Association between Dietary Hardness and Cognitive Dysfunction among Japanese Men in Their 60s: A Cross-Sectional Study.

We aimed to examine the cross-sectional association between dietary hardness and cognitive dysfunction among Japanese men in their 60s. Participants were 1494 men aged 60-69 years from the baseline survey of Hitachi Health Study II (2017-2020). Dietary hardness was defined as an estimate of masticatory muscle activity involved in consuming solid foods. Habitual intake of these foods was assessed using a brief-type, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Cognitive dysfunction was defined as a score ≤ 13 points on the test battery for screening for Alzheimer's disease (MSP-1100). The mean (SD) age of participants was 63.5 (3.5) years. The prevalence of cognitive dysfunction was 7.5%. The ORs (95% CIs) for cognitive dysfunction in the second and third tertiles were: 0.77 (0.47, 1.26) and 0.87 (0.54, 1.41), respectively, after adjustment for socio-demographic factors (p for trend = 0.73). After further adjustment for protective nutrient intake against cognitive dysfunction, the corresponding figures were 0.72 (0.43, 1.21) and 0.79 (0.43, 1.46), respectively (p for trend = 0.57). Dietary hardness was not associated with the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction among Japanese men in their 60s. Future prospective studies are necessary to investigate the association between dietary hardness estimated by a validated questionnaire and cognitive dysfunctions.

Validation of Dietary Intake Estimated by Web-Based Dietary Assessment Methods and Usability Using Dietary Records or 24-h Dietary Recalls: A Scoping Review.

The goal was to summarize studies comparing the accuracy of web-based dietary assessments with those of conventional face-to-face or paper-based assessments using 24-h dietary recall or dietary record methods in the general population. Using two databases, mean differences and correlation coefficients (CCs) for intakes of energy, macronutrients, sodium, vegetables, and fruits were extracted from each study independently by the authors. We also collected information regarding usability from articles reporting this. From 17 articles included in this review, the mean dietary intake differences in the web-based dietary assessment compared to conventional methods, were -11.5-16.1% for energy, -12.1-14.9% for protein, -16.7-17.6% for fat, -10.8-8.0% for carbohydrates, -11.2-9.6% for sodium, -27.4-3.9% for vegetables, and -5.1-47.6% for fruits. The CC was 0.17-0.88 for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and sodium, and 0.23-0.85 for vegetables and fruits. In three out of four studies reporting usability, more than half of the participants preferred the web-based dietary assessment. In conclusion, % difference and CC of dietary intake were acceptable in both web-based dietary records and 24-h dietary recalls. The findings from this review highlight the possibility of wide-spread application of the web-based dietary assessment in the future.

Development of a Diet Quality Score for Japanese and Comparison With Existing Diet Quality Scores Regarding Inadequacy of Nutrient Intake.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have explored optimal diet quality scores in Japan. OBJECTIVES: We developed a Diet Quality Score for Japanese (DQSJ) and examined the associations of DQSJ and existing diet quality scores with inadequacy of nutrient intake in Japanese adults. METHODS: Candidate components of the DQSJ were extracted from well-established diet quality scores: Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (AMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). From candidates, we selected the components of the DQSJ, considering potential health effects of the components (from the Global Burden of Disease Study) and dietary intake in Japan. The DQSJ included 10 components: fruits, vegetables, whole grain, dairy, nuts, legumes, fish, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodium. We calculated the DQSJ, HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, AMED, DASH, and Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top score (JFGST) based on 4-d dietary records of 392 Japanese aged 20-69 y. Inadequate intakes of 21 nutrients were assessed using the DRIs for Japanese. Logistic regression was used to examine the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake according to quartiles of the scores. RESULTS: All examined scores except the JFGST were moderately to strongly correlated with each other (Spearman correlation coefficients: 0.52-0.84). They were inversely associated with the prevalence of inadequate intake of most nutrients (n = 16 for DQSJ and HEI-2015, n = 13 for AHEI-2010 and DASH, n = 17 for AMED, compared with n = 4 for JFGST). AMED was also positively associated with the prevalence of inadequate sodium intake, whereas no such associations were observed for the other scores. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, and DASH, the DQSJ was generally associated with the low prevalence of inadequate intake of most nutrients in Japanese adults. Further evaluations against biomarkers and health outcomes are warranted.

Trends in Food Group Intake According to Body Size among Young Japanese Women: The 2001-2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Unlike in many industrialised countries, the high proportion of young women who are underweight in Japan has been a long-term problem. We evaluated trends in food group intake according to body size among young Japanese women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001-2019. Overall, 13,771 Japanese women aged 20-39 years were included. A 1-day household-based dietary record was used to estimate food intake. Foods were classified into 34 groups based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan. The trend of food group intake was analysed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. The proportion of young women who were underweight was consistently around 20%, while obesity among young women increased between 2001 (10%) and 2019 (13%). A decreased trend in fish and shellfish and seaweed intake and an increased trend in meat and soft drink intake were observed among young women. Decreased trends in the intake of fruit and dairy products were observed in young women who were not obese. An increased trend in the intake of confectionaries was observed in young women who were obese. This study suggests that the types of unhealthy eating habits may differ according to body size among young Japanese women.

Development, Relative Validity, and Reproducibility of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Japanese.

We have developed a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use in assessing diet quality for Japan, with special reference to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Here, we assessed the ranking performance of this FFQ and its reproducibility. We developed a 28-item (21 food groups and 7 beverage) FFQ with consideration to both Japanese dietary culture and evidence of disease prevention. Twenty-four university faculty members participated in the validation study. They completed 3-day photographic food record and answered the FFQ on the next day of the last food record (time 1) and a week later (time 2). We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between intakes of food groups from photographic food records and the consumption frequency from the FFQs (ranking ability) and between the consumption frequency of food groups from the FFQs (time 1 and time 2) (reproducibility). Spearman correlation coefficients between the food records and FFQ (time 1) ranged from -0.12 to 0.86 (median 0.51). These values were comparable to those in comparison with FFQ (time 2). After energy adjustment of intakes from the food records, the corresponding values were somewhat weakened for many food groups. The correlation coefficients between two FFQs ranged from 0.14 to 0.96 (median 0.79). The short FFQ showed acceptable reproducibility and ability to rank the consumption of most food groups.

Association between Food Sources of Free Sugars and Weight Status among Children and Adolescents in Japan: The 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between food sources of free sugars and weight status among children and adolescents aged 2-19 years in Japan (1438 males and 1340 females) from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan. We estimated the percentage of energy intake (% E) from free sugars from total food sources (FStotal), solid foods (FSsolids), and beverages (FSliquids), using one-day weighed dietary record data. Weight status was determined based on body mass index (BMI) z-scores and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The mean energy intakes of FStotal, FSsolids, and FSliquids were 5.8%, 4.1%, and 1.8% in males and 6.2%, 4.6%, and 1.6% in females, respectively. After controlling for potential confounding factors, including energy intake, there was no association of free sugars intake from all food sources with BMI z-scores or with the prevalence of overweight and obesity, except for a marginal association between higher FSsolids and lower estimated BMI z-scores in females (p = 0.05). The present findings indicate that among children and adolescents in Japan, who have a relatively low mean intake of free sugars, consuming free sugars from any food source is unlikely to have an adverse effect on weight status.

Definitions and Assessment Methods of 'Home Cooking' in Studies with Dietary Variables: A Scoping Review.

Home cooking is a complex idea that involves multiple skills and behaviors and can be interpreted differently. Using six databases (two of which were Japanese), this scoping review examined the definitions and methods used in studies investigating the relationship between home cooking and dietary variables. Of the 40 studies (2 in Japanese) included in this review, 8 provided definitions but did not specify the extent or level that convenience foods can be allowed in food preparation. The methods were classified into two categories, namely, perception-dependent (n = 29) if using a self-reported instrument, or perception-independent (n = 11) if based on investigators' classification. Subsequently, indicators of home cooking were classified based on survey attributes (e.g., frequency, location). All but five studies used single indicators, primarily the preparation frequency (n = 18). Quality of analysis was also evaluated. Studies that used multiple indicators or perception-independent methods showed high or moderate overall quality. In contrast, studies that used single indicators based on perception-dependent methods tended to have a low overall quality. The consistency of the relationship between home cooking and dietary variables depended on study quality. In conclusion, the definitions of home cooking were inconsistent across studies, and lacked consensus for examining the association between dietary outcomes.

Association of daily nutrient intake with breakfast and snack consumption among young Japanese adults aged 20-39 years: data from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Eating frequency has been associated with nutrient intake and diet quality. The aim of this study was to examine the association between daily nutrient and food group intake and consumption of breakfast and/or snacks among young Japanese adults, as secondary analysis of the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan involved 1420 men and 1659 women aged 20-39 years. Dietary intake data were collected using a one-day semi-weighed household dietary record. Participants were classified into four groups based their breakfast and snack consumption, defined as the consumption of any food or beverage that contained energy based on participant-defined eating occasions; both breakfast and snack consumption (B+S+), breakfast consumption without snacking (B+S-), breakfast skipping and snack consumption (B-S+) and breakfast skipping without snacking (B-S-). The proportion of breakfast skippers among men and women was 11·8 % and 6·6 %, whereas that of snack consumers among men and women was 55·3 % and 68·2 %, respectively. Energy, Mg potassium (in both sexes), vitamin B2, Ca, (only men) and folate and dietary fibre (only women) intakes were higher among breakfast and snack consumers than in the B+S- group. The nutrient intake level of the B+S- group was similar to that of the B-S+ group, whereas the B-S- group had lower energy (both sexes), Cu, dietary fibre and potassium (only women) intakes than the B+S- group. Snack consumption could supplement nutrients that may not be adequately consumed by three meals among young Japanese adults.

Cross-Sectional Associations of Intakes of Starch and Sugars with Depressive Symptoms in Young and Middle-Aged Japanese Women: Three-Generation Study of Women on Diets and Health.

The relationship between the intakes of saccharide subtypes and depressive symptoms is unclear in Asian countries. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate this association among 3963 young (age of 18 years) and 3826 middle-aged (mean age of 47.8 years) Japanese women. The intakes of starch, total sugars, free sugars, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and total fructose were assessed using a validated diet history questionnaire. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.0% and 16.8% among young and middle-aged women, assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) score. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, higher starch intake was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in young women with an odds ratio (OR) of the fourth to the first quintiles of 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57, 0.99). Moreover, higher intakes of sugars (except for lactose) were associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in young women, with ORs (95% CI) of the fifth to the first quintiles ranging from 1.30 (0.995, 1.69) for glucose to 1.47 (1.12, 1.93) for sucrose. These associations were not observed in middle-aged women. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Trends in dietary salt sources in Japanese adults: data from the 2007-2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Identifying trends in dietary salt sources is essential for effectively reducing salt/Na intake. This study aimed to examine the trends in dietary salt sources among Japanese adults using the 2007-2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey data collected from 95 581 adults aged ≥ 20 years. Dietary intake was estimated using the 1-d household-based dietary record. Foods reported as potential sources of salt intake in Japan and other countries were categorised into twenty-one groups. Salt intake for each food group was adjusted using the density method based on the energy intake. Trends in dietary salt intake based on food sources by sex and age groups (20-39 years, 40-59 years and ≥ 60 years) were analysed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. Salt intake for each age group in both men and women decreased from 2007 (5·3 g/1000 kcal-6·4 g/1000 kcal) to 2019 (4·9 g/1000 kcal-5·6 g/1000 kcal). The major dietary source of salt continued to be seasonings such as soya sauce and soyabean paste (approximately 70 %). Salt intake from seasonings decreased over time in adults aged ≥ 40 years but did not change in those aged 20-39 years. Additionally, a decreasing salt intake from unprocessed fish and shellfish and an increasing salt intake from unprocessed meat were observed across all age categories for both sexes. This study demonstrated that a strategy targeting different age groups may be needed to reduce salt consumption from seasonings among the Japanese population. Further studies on salt content in seasonings and continued monitoring of trends in dietary salt sources are required.

A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies on Intake of Sugars in Geographically Dispersed Asian Countries: Comparison of Dietary Assessment Methodology.

Previous systematic reviews, which focused on sugar intake and its relation with health issues, were mainly conducted in Western countries, not Asian countries characterized by differences in dietary habits and disease prevalence. The scarcity of Asian studies may be attributed to the lack of assessment tools for estimating sugar intake. To provide an overview of the epidemiological studies on sugar intake in Asian countries, with a primary focus on dietary assessment methodology for estimating sugar intake, we conducted a scoping review of the epidemiological studies estimating sugar intake in Asian countries (the United Nations' definition) and Taiwan using PubMed and Web of Science. Study quality was evaluated based on its assessment of sugar intake in the whole diet, dietary assessment methods, and data sources used for estimating sugar content. We identified 143 studies from 136 publications from Eastern (n = 63), Southern (n = 30), South-Eastern (n = 26), and Western (n = 24) Asia. Total sugars were investigated in 95 studies, while 23-30 studies investigated sucrose, fructose, added sugars, and free sugars. The main aim of the selected studies was assessment of diet-disease relations (n = 85) and estimation of dietary intake (n = 40), and 62 studies assessed sugars as the primary exposure/outcome. A total of 120 studies assessed sugar intake in the whole diet, and 62 studies used validated FFQs or multiple-day dietary assessment methods. Only 41 studies used country-specific comprehensive food-composition databases or directly measured sugar content. Only 17 studies reported high-quality data. This review elucidated a sufficient number of epidemiological studies estimating sugar intake across Asian countries; however, most studies reported low-quality data. The results from our review showed that both feasible and validated dietary assessment methods, as well as comprehensive country-specific sugar-composition databases, are essential for producing high-quality studies with accurate sugar intake to examine its association with health outcomes.

Exploring culturally acceptable, nutritious, affordable and low climatic impact diet for Japanese diets: proof of concept of applying a new modelling approach using data envelopment analysis.

A future sustainable dietary pattern for Japanese is yet undefined. This study aimed to explore more sustainable Japanese diets that are nutritious, affordable and with low greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and particular emphasis on cultural acceptability. A newly developed data envelopment analysis (DEA) diet model was applied to 4-d dietary record data among 184 healthy Japanese men and 185 women volunteers aged 21-69 years. Alternative diets were calculated as the linear combinations of observed diets. Firstly, for each individual, four modelled diets were calculated that maximised cultural acceptability (i.e. minimise dietary change from observed diet), maximised nutritional quality assessed by the Nutrient-Rich Food Index (NRF), minimised monetary diet costs or minimised diet-related GHGE. The final modelled diet combined all four indicators. In the first four models, the largest improvement was obtained for each targeted indicator separately, while relatively small improvements or unwanted changes were observed for other indicator. When all indicators were aimed to optimise, the NRF score and diet-related GHGE were improved by 8-13 % with the lower monetary cost than observed diets, although the percentage improvement was a bit smaller than the separate models. The final modelled diets demanded increased intakes for whole grains, fruits, milk/cream/yogurt, legumes/nuts, and decreased intakes for red and processed meat, sugar/confectioneries, alcoholic and sweetened beverages, and seasonings in both sexes. In conclusion, more sustainable dietary patterns considering several indicators are possible for Japanese, while total improvement is moderate due to trade-offs between indicators and methodological limitation of DEA diet model.

[Hepatic MALT lymphoma associated with chronic hepatitis B in a patient on trial therapy of Entecavir and H. pylori eradication therapy - case report].

A 65-year-old woman with a history of chronic hepatitis B was referred to our hospital for the examination of abdominal lymphadenopathy and diffuse lesions in the liver. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and liver biopsy were performed, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma was found in both. Based on the results of various images, a diagnosis of primary hepatic MALT lymphoma, Ann Arbor classification stage IV was reached at. Entecavir administration, H. pylori eradication therapy, and chemotherapy were performed, and remission was induced. The tumor condition remained unchanged after H. pylori eradication therapy and Entecavir administration. Subsequently, she became symptomatic, so chemotherapy was performed, leading to remission. We herein report a case of hepatic MALT lymphoma associated with chronic hepatitis B.

Characterisation of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in the Japanese context: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterise different meal types by examining the contribution of specific meals to the total intakes and the nutritional quality of each meal. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted based on dietary data collected using 4-d dietary record. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3. SETTING: Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 20-81 years (n 639). RESULTS: Diet quality was, on average, highest for dinner, followed, in order, by lunch, breakfast and snacks. Breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks, on average, accounted for 21 %, 32 %, 40 % and 11 % of total energy intake, respectively. For many nutrients, the percentage contribution to total intake did not vary within each meal, broadly in line with that for energy: 18-24 % for breakfast, 26-35 % for lunch, 35-49 % for dinner and 4-15 % for snacks. However, intakes of many foods largely depended on one meal type. The foods mainly eaten at dinner were potatoes, pulses, total vegetables, fish, meat and alcoholic beverages (52-70 %), in contrast to noodles (58 %) at lunch and bread (71 %) and dairy products (50 %) at breakfast. The foods mainly eaten at snacks were confectioneries (79 %) and sugar-sweetened beverages (52 %). Conversely, rice and eggs were more evenly distributed across three main meals (19-41 % and 30-38 %, respectively), while fruit and non-energetic beverages were more evenly distributed across all meal types (17-30 % and 19-35 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide the background information on each meal type in Japanese and may help inform the development of meal-based guidelines and public health messages.

Low potency of fecal immunological surveillance testing soon after negative colonoscopy or resection of low-risk adenoma in average-risk patients.

BACKGROUND: Postcolonoscopy surveillance colonoscopy based on positive fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is often performed, although its long-term efficacy has not been established. The aim of this study was to clarify the low potency of FOBT surveillance at short intervals after colonoscopy. METHODS: Colonoscopy was performed in 1308 average-risk patients, based on positive results of immunological FOBT [fecal immunological test (FIT)]. Patients were stratified according to the length of time since their last colonoscopy and their colonoscopy results [no adenoma or 1-2 small (<10 mm) adenomas]. Tumor detection rates were determined. RESULTS: The baseline patients characteristics did not differ between the groups. The advanced lesion detection rate (ALDR) among the patients who had never undergone a colonoscopy was 21.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 19.1-25.0%]. Among the patients who had no adenoma detected in the previous colonoscopy within the past 5 years, the past 5-10 years and over 10 years, the ALDRs were 2.5% (95% CI, 1.0-5.5%), 4.1% (95% CI, 1.5-9.4%) and 9.3% (95% CI, 3.1-22.2%), respectively. Among the patients who had 1-2 small adenomas, the ALDRs were 7.4% (95% CI, 3.4-14.8%), 12.1% (95% CI, 4.2-27.9%) and 27.8% (95% CI, 12.2-51.2%), respectively. Invasive cancer was not observed in any patients within 5 years since the prior colonoscopy. CONCLUSION: In average-risk patients whose prior colonoscopy detected no adenomas or low-risk adenomas, postcolonoscopy surveillance by FIT has a low positive predictive value within a 5-year interval.

Constructing catalyst knowledge networks from catalyst big data in oxidative coupling of methane for designing catalysts.

Designing high performance catalysts for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction is often hindered by inconsistent catalyst data, which often leads to difficulties in extracting information such as combinatorial effects of elements upon catalyst performance as well as difficulties in reaching yields beyond a particular threshold. In order to investigate C2 yields more systematically, high throughput experiments are conducted in an effort to mass-produce catalyst-related data in a way that provides more consistency and structure. Graph theory is applied in order to visualize underlying trends in the transformation of high-throughput data into networks, which are then used to design new catalysts that potentially result in high C2 yields during the OCM reaction. Transforming high-throughput data in this manner has resulted in a representation of catalyst data that is more intuitive to use and also has resulted in the successful design of a myriad of catalysts that elicit high C2 yields, several of which resulted in yields greater than those originally reported in the high-throughput data. Thus, transforming high-throughput catalytic data into catalyst design-friendly maps provides a new method of catalyst design that is more efficient and has a higher likelihood of resulting in high performance catalysts.