The use of digital technology to improve and monitor handwashing among children 12 years or younger in educational settings: a scoping review.

Our scoping review aimed to identify and describe the application of digital technology in hand hygiene research among children in educational settings. We searched for articles in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science. Original hand hygiene research with a form of digital technology used among children ≤12 years in educational settings was eligible for inclusion. Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria and the data were extracted by two teams of independent co-authors for narrative synthesis. Ten studies used digital technology as an intervention tool and two for monitoring purposes. Three main digital technologies were identified including computer games (n = 2), videos (n = 8), and video cameras (n = 2). Digital technologies found in our scoping review were reported to be effective in hand hygiene studies over short temporal periods especially when used in combination with other measures. Future research may demonstrate the effectiveness of digital technology in helping children develop sustainable handwashing behaviors.

Economic evaluations of interventions against influenza at workplaces: systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The burden of influenza is mostly felt by employees and employers because of increased absenteeism rates, loss of productivity and associated direct costs. Even though interventions against influenza among working adults are effective, patronage and compliance to these measures especially vaccination are low compared to other risk groups. AIMS: This study was aimed to assess evidence of economic evaluations of interventions against influenza virus infection among workers or in the workplace setting. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) reporting guideline for systematic reviews was followed. Three databases, PubMed, Web of Science and EconLit, were searched using keywords to identify relevant articles from inception till 25 October 2020. Original peer-reviewed papers that conducted economic evaluations of influenza interventions using cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analysis methods focused on working-age adults or work settings were eligible for inclusion. Two independent teams of co-authors extracted and synthesized data from identified studies. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles were included: 21 were cost-benefit analyses and 3 examined cost-effectiveness analyses. Two papers also presented additional cost-utility analysis. Most of the studies were pharmaceutical interventions (n = 23) primarily focused on vaccination programs while one study was a non-pharmaceutical intervention examining the benefit of paid sick leave. All but two studies reported that interventions against influenza virus infection at the workplace were cost-saving and cost-effective regardless of the analytic approach. CONCLUSIONS: Further cost-effectiveness research in non-pharmaceutical interventions against influenza in workplace settings is warranted. There is a need to develop standardized methods for reporting economic evaluation methods to ensure comparability and applicability of future research findings.

TMJ online: Investigating temporomandibular disorders as "TMJ" on YouTube.

As the understanding of temporomandibular disorders' (TMDs) aetiologies and treatments develops from non-evidence-based to evidence-based approaches, the availability of sound information will likewise grow and need to be disseminated. The purpose of this study is to describe the content most commonly viewed in YouTube videos related to TMDs or "TMJ" and see whether videos from different sources have different content. Video information was gathered by searching YouTube for the term "TMJ," and data were recorded related to descriptive information as well as content. Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Spearman's Rho and univariate logistic regression. The sources of upload were Consumer (n = 62), Professional (n = 29) and News (n = 9). There were almost no statistically significant differences in content distribution among video sources. Videos garnered a total of 4 749 360 views, with an overall median of 7014.5 views. About two-thirds of the videos (68/100) explained what "TMJ" is, with a surprising third of Professional videos (9/29) not covering the subject. Roughly half of the videos mentioned at least one reason "TMJ" occurs (55/100), and seven in ten mentioned some kind of treatment (70/100). Video names mentioned a cure or treatment in 64 cases, while the other 36 referred to TMJ anatomy or "TMJ" aetiology. Future research should focus on ways to popularise professional videos with reliable information for those who are searching on YouTube for advice related to "TMJ."

YouTube as a source of information on skin bleaching: a content analysis.

BACKGROUND: Skin bleaching is a common, yet potentially harmful body modification practice. AIM: To describe the characteristics of the most widely viewed YouTube™ videos related to skin bleaching. METHODS: The search term 'skin bleaching' was used to identify the 100 most popular English-language YouTube videos relating to the topic. Both descriptive and specific information were noted. RESULTS: Among the 100 manually coded skin-bleaching YouTube videos in English, there were 21 consumer-created videos, 45 internet-based news videos, 30 television news videos and 4 professional videos. Excluding the 4 professional videos, we limited our content categorization and regression analysis to 96 videos. Approximately 93% (89/96) of the most widely viewed videos mentioned changing how you look and 74% (71/96) focused on bleaching the whole body. Of the 96 videos, 63 (66%) of videos showed/mentioned a transformation. Only about 14% (13/96) mentioned that skin bleaching is unsafe. The likelihood of a video selling a skin bleaching product was 17 times higher in internet videos compared with consumer videos (OR = 17.00, 95% CI 4.58-63.09, P < 0.001). Consumer-generated videos were about seven times more likely to mention making bleaching products at home compared with internet-based news videos (OR = 6.86, 95% CI 1.77-26.59, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The most viewed YouTube video on skin bleaching was uploaded by an internet source. Videos made by television sources mentioned more information about skin bleaching being unsafe, while consumer-generated videos focused more on making skin-bleaching products at home.

An exploratory assessment of weight loss videos on YouTube™.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the variation in contents between different video sources on YouTube ™ regarding weight loss. STUDY DESIGN: The 100 most widely viewed weight loss videos on YouTube™ were selected for manual coding. METHODS: Videos were manually coded based on sources and contents, we also identify themes for each of the videos. Univariate logistic regression was used to assess difference in contents between videos from different sources. RESULTS: After excluding two videos, a sample of 98 videos remained. Among them, there were 74 consumer-generated videos, 12 news videos, and 12 from commercial television and companies. Collectively, the 98 videos were viewed more than 365 million times. The odds of mentioning ongoing lifestyle that includes long-term changes in daily eating was 90% less in commercial and company videos compared to consumer videos (odds ratio [OR] = 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.85, P = 0.03). The odds of showing a female talking in the video about weight loss was 81% less in news videos compared to consumer videos (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.68, P = 0.01). In addition, commercial and company videos were found to be 18 times as likely to carry a theme on workout as consumer videos (OR = 18.13, 95% CI 3.60-91.22, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Public health professionals need to be more creative to make their videos popular if they want to reach a wide audience.