Translation and transcultural adaptation of the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) to Brazilian Portuguese. / Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para o português brasileiro.

PURPOSE: To translate and adapt the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) protocol for post-stroke patients into Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: This is an initial stage of the Brazilian Portuguese Modified Swallowing Assessment validation process. Translation was performed by two bilingual speech therapists and the translations synthesis evaluations by two external dysphagia experts. The synthesis version in the target language (Portuguese) was back-translated into the source language (English). After the synthesis of the translated versions, the instrument was applied to 22 post-stroke individuals. RESULTS: Health professionals discussed all the results of the study stages considering the instrument concept and the target population. The semantic, linguistic and conceptual equivalences found in the translation and adaptation process were adequate, not requiring modifications since the items were consistent with the Brazilian culture. CONCLUSION: MSA was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (MSA-BR). The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process included all the items of the original protocol and maintained the standards and characteristics of the instrument.

OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar para o português brasileiro o protocolo Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma etapa inicial do processo de validação do Modified Swallowing Assessment para o português brasileiro. Foi realizada a tradução por dois fonoaudiólogos bilíngues e a síntese das traduções por dois avaliadores externos, especialistas em disfagia. A versão síntese no idioma alvo (português) foi retrotraduzida para o idioma fonte (inglês). Após a síntese das versões traduzidas, o instrumento foi aplicado em 22 indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral. RESULTADOS: Os avaliadores debateram sobre todos os resultados das etapas do estudo considerando o conceito do teste e o público alvo. As discrepâncias semânticas, linguísticas e conceituais encontradas no processo de tradução e adaptação foram adequadas, para que os itens fossem compatíveis com a cultura brasileira. CONCLUSÃO: O MSA foi traduzido e adaptado para o português brasileiro (MSA-BR). O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural manteve todos os itens do protocolo original, preservando-se os padrões e as características do instrumento original.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para o português brasileiro / Translation and transcultural adaptation of the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) to Brazilian Portuguese

RESUMO Objetivo Traduzir e adaptar para o português brasileiro o protocolo Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) para pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral. Método Trata-se de uma etapa inicial do processo de validação do Modified Swallowing Assessment para o português brasileiro. Foi realizada a tradução por dois fonoaudiólogos bilíngues e a síntese das traduções por dois avaliadores externos, especialistas em disfagia. A versão síntese no idioma alvo (português) foi retrotraduzida para o idioma fonte (inglês). Após a síntese das versões traduzidas, o instrumento foi aplicado em 22 indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral. Resultados Os avaliadores debateram sobre todos os resultados das etapas do estudo considerando o conceito do teste e o público alvo. As discrepâncias semânticas, linguísticas e conceituais encontradas no processo de tradução e adaptação foram adequadas, para que os itens fossem compatíveis com a cultura brasileira. Conclusão O MSA foi traduzido e adaptado para o português brasileiro (MSA-BR). O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural manteve todos os itens do protocolo original, preservando-se os padrões e as características do instrumento original.

ABSTRACT Purpose To translate and adapt the Modified Swallowing Assessment (MSA) protocol for post-stroke patients into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods This is an initial stage of the Brazilian Portuguese Modified Swallowing Assessment validation process. Translation was performed by two bilingual speech therapists and the translations synthesis evaluations by two external dysphagia experts. The synthesis version in the target language (Portuguese) was back-translated into the source language (English). After the synthesis of the translated versions, the instrument was applied to 22 post-stroke individuals. Results Health professionals discussed all the results of the study stages considering the instrument concept and the target population. The semantic, linguistic and conceptual equivalences found in the translation and adaptation process were adequate, not requiring modifications since the items were consistent with the Brazilian culture. Conclusion MSA was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (MSA-BR). The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process included all the items of the original protocol and maintained the standards and characteristics of the instrument.

Relationship between oropharyngeal dysphagia, nutritional status, antioxidant vitamins and the inflammatory response in adults and elderly: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) can lead to a deficiency of antioxidant micronutrients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between OD and nutritional status, antioxidant vitamins (ß-carotene, vitamin E and C) and serum markers of the inflammatory response [C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6] in adults and elderly. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 69 individuals: 22 in the control group (CG) and 47 in the OD group (ODG). The ODG was subdivided into ODG-mild = normal oral feeding (OF, n = 14), ODG-moderate (OF-modified, n = 22) and ODG-severe (OF-suspended, n = 11). Associations were investigated using multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) was higher in the ODG compared to the CG (p = 0.008), independently of sex, age, energy intake (EI) and score on the Functional Independence Measure. BMI was significantly lower in the ODG-severe compared to the ODG-mild (p = 0.012). OD was associated with lower concentrations of ß-carotene (p < 0.001) and vitamin C (p < 0.001), independently of sex, age and EI, and higher concentrations of MPO (p = 0.008) and NOx (p = 0.011), independently of sex, age and the presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Adults and elderly with OD have lower levels of antioxidant vitamins (ß-carotene and vitamin C) and a high inflammatory response (MPO and NOx). The evaluation of antioxidant vitamins could be incorporated in nutritional status assessment in this population.

Relationships between high comorbidity index and nutritional parameters in patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and comorbidities can exert an influence on nutritional status and contribute to mortality. The aim of the present study was to examine relationships between high Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores and OD outcomes, including OD severity, feeding route, nutritional status and one-year mortality rate in adults and elderly individuals. METHODS: A longitudinal study, whose the final sample comprised 110 patients with OD and 75 of whom were evaluated for one-year mortality outcome. Swallowing (videofluoroscopy), nutritional status [body mass index (BMI)], CCI, type of feeding route, medications and hospitalization were evaluated. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to calculate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Overall sample of the study were adults and elders with a median age (years) of 61.3 [interquartile range (IQR): 58.4-64.2]. The median CCI was 2.3 (IQR: 2.1-2.6) and the mortality rate was 10.8%. Hospitalization was significantly associated with underweight (p = 0.013) and number of medications (p = 0.023). After adjustment, sex/age and nº-Medications/Hospitalization (nº-M/H), CCI ≥3 was associated with nasogastric tube feeding (OR 4.57, 95%CI 1.59-13.1 and OR 3.39, 95%CI 1.21-9.51 respectively) and swallowing performance (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.59-0.90 and OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.61-0.90 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A high CCI was associated with OD severity and feeding route, but not with nutritional status or mortality.

The relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with clinical variables in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The relationship between vitamin D and oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration in patients with OD and to verify its association to nutritional status, functional independence measure (FIM), time of clinical signs (TCS) and OD severity. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with outpatients. Body mass index (BMI), FIM, TCS, causes of OD, comorbidities, penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) and severity scale were evaluated. METHODS: A multiple linear regression and effect size were performed to evaluate the association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and independent variables. RESULTS: Forty-eight participants were included, with a mean age of 60.1 ± 15.3 years. The mean of the 25(OH)D concentration was 26.10 ± 12.0 ng/mL. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (<30 ng/mL) was 73%. In the multiple linear regression analysis (adjusted for sex, age, BMI, dietary intake and solar radiation), 25(OH)D concentration was significantly related with the TCS (p = 0.01, f2 = 0.48). Patients with hypovitaminosis D had a moderate effect (p = 0.08, δ = 0.36) for a lower FIM score. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that serum 25(OH)D concentration may be related to the TCS and the functional capacity of patients with OD.

Immediate Effect of Dry Swallowing Maneuver in Patients with Neurogenic Dysphagia.

BACKGROUND: Compensatory deglutition strategies such as change of posture, swallowing maneuvers, and sensory stimulation have been used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to alter oral and pharyngeal biodynamics. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the immediate effect of the dry swallowing maneuver in patients with neurogenic dysphagia. METHODOLOGY: The participants were 11 individuals with neurogenic dysphagia who underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing study while performing dry swallow maneuvers for different consistencies. The amount of pre- and post-maneuver residue was measured for the tongue base, vallecula, posterior pharyngeal wall, and pyriform sinus. Two experienced SLPs analyzed the videos blindly as to the timing, pre- or post-maneuver, and information about the videos. In cases of disagreement between the judges, a third judge broke the tie for each structure whose analysis was in disagreement. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction of residue after dry swallowing maneuvers on the tongue and vallecula. There was no significant difference in the amount of pre- and post-maneuver residue for the posterior pharyngeal wall and pyriform sinus. The amount of pre- and post-maneuver residue showed no significant interference from the different consistencies tested. CONCLUSION: The dry swallowing maneuver showed an immediate improvement effect for the clearance of residues on the base of tongue and vallecula.

The association between temporal measures of swallowing with penetration and aspiration in patients with dysphagia: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Temporal features of swallowing physiology vary with age in healthy normals and have the potential to impact swallow safety and efficiency in patients with dysphagia. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relation between temporal features of swallowing with penetration, aspiration and residue in adult patients with dysphagia regardless of etiology. METHODS: Operational definitions of relevant terms were defined a priori. A search of 5 databases was conducted to November 2016 without restriction to language. Two independent raters reviewed abstracts and full articles, with discrepancies resolved by consensus. All accepted articles advanced to data extraction and critical appraisal according to Cochrane standards. Analysis of pooled data compared measures between groups. RESULTS: Of the 11 articles accepted, the temporal measures used in three or more studies were grouped into morphofunctional categories: bolus transit time; pharyngeal response time; laryngeal closure time; and upper esophageal opening time. Across all selected articles, definitions varied for abnormal swallow and only 4 articles reported rater blinding and reliability for measures related to timing. Pooled data identified two main findings: a. longer pharyngeal response time was associated with penetration and/or aspiration (MD = 0.40 95% CI 0.59 - 0.22), and longer upper esophageal opening duration was associated with only aspiration (PAS ≥ 6) (MD = 0.09 95% CI 0.16 - 0,02). No studies were found that related temporal measures and residue. CONCLUSION: Our pooled findings identified an association of two temporal measures with penetration and/or aspiration but none with residue. The current evidence remains limited due to the heterogeneity across studies in how swallow measures were operationalized. Future work with a standardized and reproducible approach is direly needed.

Análise acústica do tempo de deglutição através do Sonar Doppler / Acoustic analysis of swallowing time through Doppler Sonar

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o parâmetro acústico de tempo da deglutição orofaríngea nos adultos e idosos, nas diferentes consistências e volumes, através do Sonar Doppler. Métodos: a pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira foi aplicado o Protocolo de Triagem de Risco para Deglutição. Na segunda os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação da deglutição com o Sonar Doppler. Os indivíduos receberam as seguintes consistências alimentares durante a avaliação - deglutição seca (saliva), líquida, néctar, mel e pudim, nos volumes de 5 ml, 10 ml e deglutição livre. O parâmetro acústico analisado neste estudo foi o Tempo acústico da deglutição (T). Resultados: dados objetivos e mensuráveis foram obtidos; a diferença do tempo de deglutição entre adultos e idosos em relação à consistência e o volume foi, na maioria, significante. Conclusão: verificou-se que há modificação do tempo da deglutição, tanto em relação à consistência quanto a volume do bolo alimentar, quando comparados idosos e adultos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the acoustic oropharyngeal swallowing time parameter in adult and elderly subjects, in different consistencies and volumes, using Doppler Sonar. Methods: the study was conducted in two stages. Firstly, the Screening Protocol of Swallowing Risk was applied. In the second stage, the individuals were submitted to a swallowing assessment with Doppler Sonar. The subjects received the following food consistencies during the assessment: dry swallowing (saliva), liquid, nectar, honey and pudding, in the volumes of 5 ml, 10 ml and free swallowing. The acoustic parameter analyzed in this study was Acoustic Swallowing Time (T). Results: objective and measurable outcomes were obtained; the difference in swallowing time between the adult and elderly subjects in relation to the consistency and the volume was mostly significant. Conclusion: a change in swallowing time was observed both in relation to the consistency and the volume of the food bolus when the elderly and adult subjects were compared.

Onset locations of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing: meta-analysis. / Locais de início da fase faríngea da deglutição: meta-análise.

PURPOSE: Literature review on the onset locations of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults and elderly people. RESEARCH STRATEGIES: Research was conducted in the PubMed, BIREME and SciELO databases through the descriptors fluoroscopy (fluoroscopia), deglutition (deglutição) and pharynx (faringe). SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies published between 2005 and 2015, carried out with adults and elderly people who underwent swallowing videofluoroscopy (SVF), and citing the onset location of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. DATA ANALYSIS: Descriptive analysis and meta-analysis were performed, evaluating the heterogeneity and the measures grouped with random effects through I2 statistics. For ratio calculation in the meta-analysis, the locations described in the articles were classified according to the Modified Barium Swallowing protocol - Measurement Tool for Swallowing Impairment (MBSImp). RESULTS: Twelve articles were selected for descriptive analysis and seven for meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was found between studies, especially due to clinical and methodological differences. The random effect indicated predominance (58%) of the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing at levels 0 and 1 of the MBSImP. In asymptomatic individuals, the onset of the pharyngeal phase was observed in the oral cavity, base of the tongue, dorsum of the tongue and vallecula. In symptomatic individuals, onset was mainly observed in the oropharynx, vallecula, hypopharynx and pyriform sinus. CONCLUSION: We noted a greater frequency of the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in the vallecula. The onset of the pharyngeal phase in the hypopharynx and pyriform sinus was more often observed among elderly individuals or with comorbidities that could alter swallowing.

Oral dietary intake level in thrombolysed and non-thrombolysed patients after ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia can be a stroke sequelae and may impact patient prognosis. Thrombolytic therapy has been used as a treatment of choice which aims to reduce sequelae. OBJECTIVE: Assess the ability of dietary intake orally in subjects undergoing thrombolytic therapy and compare it with non-thrombolytic subjects post-ischemic stroke. METHODS: Documentary cross-sectional study with 87 post-ischemic stroke patients. Subjects were divided as to the type of neurological intervention: group 1 consisted of subjects undergoing brain reperfusion therapy or thrombolysis and group 2 for those undergoing no such therapy or non-thrombolysed. Data was obtained from the subjects relative to age, sex, level of oral dietary intake at the beginning of hospitalization and at discharge, length of hospital stay, comorbidities and site of neurological lesion. RESULTS: Group 1 was composed of 39 patients while 48 patients were in group 2. Both groups consisted of subjects with similar mean age and balanced gender distribution. Both groups presented hypertension as the most frequent comorbidity. The individuals in group 1 demonstrated improvement of oral dietary intake (p = 0.002) and shorter hospital stay (p = 0.007) when compared with group 2. CONCLUSION: There was greater improvement of oral dietary intake and shorter hospital stay for patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy.

Locais de início da fase faríngea da deglutição: meta-análise / Onset locations of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing: meta-analysis

RESUMO Objetivo Revisar a literatura quanto aos locais de início da fase faríngea da deglutição em adultos e idosos, assintomáticos e sintomáticos. Estratégia de pesquisa Foi realizada pesquisa nas bases PubMed, BIREME e SciELO através dos descritores fluoroscopia (fluoroscopy), deglutição (deglutition) e faringe (pharynx). Critérios de seleção Estudos publicados entre 2005 e 2015, com adultos e idosos que realizaram videofluoroscopia da deglutição (VFD) e citaram o local de início da fase faríngea da deglutição. Análise dos dados Foi realizada análise descritiva e meta-análise, com estudo da heterogeneidade e de medidas agrupadas com efeito aleatório por meio da estatística I2. Para o cálculo de proporção na meta-análise, os locais descritos nos artigos foram classificados pelo Modified Barium Swallowing - Measurement Tool for Swallowing Impairment (MBSImp). Resultados Ao final, foram selecionados 12 artigos para análise descritiva e sete para meta-análise. Foi encontrada heterogeneidade entre os estudos, especialmente, devido às diferenças clínicas e metodológicas. O efeito aleatório indicou predominância (58%) do início da fase faríngea da deglutição nos níveis zero e um do MBSImP. Em indivíduos assintomáticos, observou-se o início da fase faríngea na cavidade oral, base da língua, dorso da língua e valécula. Em indivíduos sintomáticos, o início foi observado, principalmente, em orofaringe, valécula, hipofaringe e recessos piriformes. Conclusão Foi observada maior frequência de início da fase faríngea da deglutição em valécula. O início da fase faríngea em hipofaringe e recessos piriformes foi mais observado em indivíduos idosos ou com comorbidades que poderiam alterar a deglutição.

ABSTRACT Purpose Literature review on the onset locations of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults and elderly people. Research strategies Research was conducted in the PubMed, BIREME and SciELO databases through the descriptors fluoroscopy (fluoroscopia), deglutition (deglutição) and pharynx (faringe). Selection criteria Studies published between 2005 and 2015, carried out with adults and elderly people who underwent swallowing videofluoroscopy (SVF), and citing the onset location of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Data analysis Descriptive analysis and meta-analysis were performed, evaluating the heterogeneity and the measures grouped with random effects through I2 statistics. For ratio calculation in the meta-analysis, the locations described in the articles were classified according to the Modified Barium Swallowing protocol - Measurement Tool for Swallowing Impairment (MBSImp). Results Twelve articles were selected for descriptive analysis and seven for meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was found between studies, especially due to clinical and methodological differences. The random effect indicated predominance (58%) of the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing at levels 0 and 1 of the MBSImP. In asymptomatic individuals, the onset of the pharyngeal phase was observed in the oral cavity, base of the tongue, dorsum of the tongue and vallecula. In symptomatic individuals, onset was mainly observed in the oropharynx, vallecula, hypopharynx and pyriform sinus. Conclusion We noted a greater frequency of the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in the vallecula. The onset of the pharyngeal phase in the hypopharynx and pyriform sinus was more often observed among elderly individuals or with comorbidities that could alter swallowing.

Acoustic analysis of oropharyngeal swallowing using Sonar Doppler / Análise acústica da deglutição orofaríngea utilizando Sonar Doppler

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: During the aging process, one of the functions that changes is swallowing. These alterations in oropharyngeal swallowing may be diagnosed by methods that allow both the diagnosis and biofeedback monitoring by the patient. One of the methods recently described in the literature for the evaluation of swallowing is the Sonar Doppler. OBJECTIVE: To compare the acoustic parameters of oropharyngeal swallowing between different age groups. METHODS: This was a field, quantitative, study. Examination with Sonar Doppler was performed in 75 elderly and 72 non-elderly adult subjects. The following acoustic parameters were established: initial frequency, first peak frequency, second peak frequency; initial intensity, final intensity; and time for the swallowing of saliva, liquid, nectar, honey, and pudding, with 5- and 10-mL free drinks. RESULTS: Objective, measurable data were obtained; most acoustic parameters studied between adult and elderly groups with respect to consistency and volume were significant. CONCLUSION: When comparing elderly with non-elderly adult subjects, there is a modification of the acoustic pattern of swallowing, regarding both consistency and food bolus volume.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Durante o processo de envelhecimento, uma das funções que sofre modificação é a deglutição. Estas alterações na deglutição orofaríngea podem ser diagnosticadas por métodos que permitem tanto o diagnóstico quanto o monitoramento e biofeedback ao indivíduo. Um dos métodos descrito na literatura recentemente para a avaliação da deglutição é o Sonar Doppler. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os parâmetros acústicos da deglutição orofaríngea entre faixas etárias distintas. MÉTODO: Estudo de campo, quantitativo. O exame com o Sonar Doppler foi aplicado em 75 idosos e 72 adultos. Estabeleceram-se os parâmetros acústicos: frequência inicial, frequência do primeiro pico, frequência do segundo pico, intensidade inicial, intensidade final e tempo, para as deglutições de saliva, liquido, néctar, mel e pudim, com gole livre, 5 mL e 10 mL. RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se dados objetivos e mensuráveis, apresentando significância para a maioria dos parâmetros acústicos estudados entre o grupo de idosos e adultos em relação à consistência e volume. CONCLUSÃO: Verificamos que há modificação do padrão acústico da deglutição, tanto em relação à consistência quanto a volume do bolo alimentar, quando comparados adultos idosos e não idosos.

Acoustic analysis of oropharyngeal swallowing using Sonar Doppler.

INTRODUCTION: During the aging process, one of the functions that changes is swallowing. These alterations in oropharyngeal swallowing may be diagnosed by methods that allow both the diagnosis and biofeedback monitoring by the patient. One of the methods recently described in the literature for the evaluation of swallowing is the Sonar Doppler. OBJECTIVE: To compare the acoustic parameters of oropharyngeal swallowing between different age groups. METHODS: This was a field, quantitative, study. Examination with Sonar Doppler was performed in 75 elderly and 72 non-elderly adult subjects. The following acoustic parameters were established: initial frequency, first peak frequency, second peak frequency; initial intensity, final intensity; and time for the swallowing of saliva, liquid, nectar, honey, and pudding, with 5- and 10-mL free drinks. RESULTS: Objective, measurable data were obtained; most acoustic parameters studied between adult and elderly groups with respect to consistency and volume were significant. CONCLUSION: When comparing elderly with non-elderly adult subjects, there is a modification of the acoustic pattern of swallowing, regarding both consistency and food bolus volume.

Biofeedback eletromiográfico no tratamento das disfunções orofaciais neurogênicas: revisão sistemática de literatura / Electromyography biofeedback in the treatment of neurogenic orofacial disorders: systematic review of the literature

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se o uso do biofeedback eletromiográfico na terapia voltada às funções orofaciais (expressão facial, mastigação, deglutição, fonação e fala) produz efeitos benéficos para os indivíduos com doenças neurológicas. Estratégia de pesquisa Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, por meio dos descritores "electromyographic biofeedback", "swallowing", "speech" "chewing", "phonation", e "facial expression". A busca nas bases de dados e a seleção dos artigos foram realizadas independentemente, por duas pesquisadoras e, nos casos de não concordância, houve discussão fundamentada nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para que chegassem a um consenso. Critérios de seleção Foram incluídos estudos experimentais em seres humanos, em inglês e português, que descreveram e discutiram a utilização do biofeedback eletromiográfico no tratamento das alterações das funções orofaciais provenientes de doenças neurológicas. Resultados Foram encontrados 175 artigos, sendo que somente 10 se adequaram aos critérios de inclusão. A maioria dos trabalhos relacionou-se a estudo de caso, seguido por estudos de série de casos, caso controle e ensaio clínico randomizado. A maior parte dos artigos abordou a aplicação da terapia com biofeedback eletromiográfico na função da deglutição, seguida da função da fala e apenas um artigo utilizou esta modalidade de tratamento na terapia para melhora da expressão facial. Não foram encontrados estudos que abordassem o tratamento fonoaudiológico utilizando o biofeedback eletromiográfico em pacientes com doenças neurológicas, nas funções de fonação e mastigação. Conclusão O uso do biofeedback eletromiográfico na terapia voltada às funções orofaciais pode produzir efeitos benéficos para os indivíduos com doenças neurológicas, nas funções de deglutição, fala e expressão facial.

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine whether the use of electromyographic biofeedback in the therapy of orofacial functions (facial expression, chewing, swallowing, phonation and speech) will result in beneficial effects for individuals with neurological diseases. Research strategy A keyword search was conducted in the MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO databases, using the terms "electromyographic biofeedback", "swallowing", "speech", "chewing", "phonation", and "facial expression". The database search and the selection of papers were conducted independently by two researchers. In case of any disagreement, there was a discussion based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that they could reach a common ground. Selection criteria This work has included experimental studies in humans, in English and Portuguese, which described and discussed the use of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of orofacial function diseases resulting from neurological illness. Results A total of 175 papers were found, wherein only 10 fitted the inclusion criteria. Most works were case studies, followed by case series, case control, and only one randomized controlled trial. Most of studies addressed the therapy with electromyographic biofeedback in the swallowing function, followed by speech function, and only one study addressed the use of electromyographic biofeedback in therapy to improve facial expression. No studies addressing speech therapy using electromyographic biofeedback in patients with neurological diseases in the functions of phonation and chewing were found. Conclusion The use of electromyographic biofeedback in the therapy for orofacial functions can result in beneficial effects for individuals with neurological diseases in the swallowing, speech, and facial expression functions.

Identification of risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients in a university hospital.

PURPOSE: To identify risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients in a university hospital. METHODS: The study was design as an exploratory cross-sectional with quantitative data analysis. The researched population consisted of 32 patients admitted to the medical clinic at the university hospital. Patient history data were collected, followed by a universal swallowing screening which included functional feeding assessment, to observe clinical signs and symptoms of dysphagia, and assessment of nutritional status through anthropometric data and laboratory tests. RESULTS: Of the total sample, the majority of patients was male over 60 years. The most common comorbidities related to patients with signs and symptoms of dysphagia were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. The food consistency that showed higher presence of clinical signs of aspiration was pudding and the predominant sign was wet voice. CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients and an even higher rate of hospitalized patients with nutritional deficits or already malnourished. Hospitalized patients with respiratory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure and patients with xerostomia were indicated as risk group for oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Assessment of swallowing in preterm newborns fed by bottle and cup.

PURPOSE: To compare the swallowing performance of premature infants using a cup and a bottle during the first offer of food by mouth. METHODS: This study was carried out with preterm newborns who presented low weight at birth and no neurological illnesses, genetic syndromes or congenital malformations. The newborns were assessed by videofluoroscopy while using a cup and a bottle, when they reached a post-conceptual age of ≥34 weeks, weight ≥ 1,500 g and showed signs of readiness for oral feeding. All children were fed exclusively by gavage during the period prior to the study. RESULTS: This study included 20 preterm newborns, with average birth weight of 1,356 g and gestational age of 31.3 weeks. The majority of the bottle-fed newborns (68%) presented strong and rhythmic suction and 63% showed good sucking/swallowing/breathing coordination. The same percentage of newborns fed by cup (68%) could not perform the sipping movement and only 32% could suck a minimal amount of liquid contrast. There were no signs of laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration in both procedures. CONCLUSION: At the first oral feeding, preterm newborns showed better swallowing performance with a bottle in comparison to using a cup.

Acurácia da avaliação clínica da disfagia orofaríngea na encefalopatia crônica não progressiva / Accuracy of clinical swallowing evaluation for oropharyngeal dysphagia in cerebral palsy

Objetivo : analisar a acurácia da avaliação clínica da disfagia orofaríngea para detectar penetração e aspiração laringotraqueal na encefalopatia crônica não progressiva.Métodos : participaram deste estudo 45 indivíduos com ECNP e disfagia orofaríngea, sendo 28 do sexo masculino e 17 do sexo feminino, faixa etária variando de 3 a 19 anos. A avaliação clínica da deglutição utilizou protocolo específico e a videofluoroscopia de deglutição (VFD) foi utilizada como padrão ouro.Resultados : verificou-se que houve sensibilidade de 80,0% (IC 95%: [82,7;100]), especificidade de 46,67% (IC 95%: [18,1;75,3]), valor preditivo positivo de 77,78% (IC 95%: [62,8;92,8]) e valor preditivo negativo de 77,78% (IC 95%: [45,1;100]).Conclusão : constatou-se que a avaliação fonoaudiológica clínica da disfagia orofaríngea na ECNP apresenta maior sensibilidade que especificidade.

Identification of risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients in a university hospital / Identificação de grupos de risco para disfagia orofaríngea em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário

Purpose: To identify risk groups for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients in a university hospital. Methods: The study was design as an exploratory cross-sectional with quantitative data analysis. The researched population consisted of 32 patients admitted to the medical clinic at the university hospital. Patient history data were collected, followed by a universal swallowing screening which included functional feeding assessment, to observe clinical signs and symptoms of dysphagia, and assessment of nutritional status through anthropometric data and laboratory tests. Results: Of the total sample, the majority of patients was male over 60 years. The most common comorbidities related to patients with signs and symptoms of dysphagia were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. The food consistency that showed higher presence of clinical signs of aspiration was pudding and the predominant sign was wet voice. Conclusion: There is a high incidence of risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalized patients and an even higher rate of hospitalized patients with nutritional deficits or already malnourished. Hospitalized patients with respiratory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure and patients with xerostomia were indicated as risk group for oropharyngeal dysphagia. .

Objetivo: Identificar os grupos de risco para disfagia orofaríngea em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário. Métodos: O estudo foi transversal do tipo exploratório com análise quantitativa dos resultados. A população pesquisada foi formada por 32 pacientes internados nas clínicas médicas do hospital. Foram coletados dados da história do paciente e realizada a triagem universal de deglutição, avaliação funcional da alimentação para observação de sinais e sintomas de disfagia e avaliação do estado nutricional por dados antropométricos e exames laboratoriais. Resultados: Da amostra total, a maioria dos pacientes era homens acima de 60 anos. As comorbidades mais associadas a pacientes com sintomas e sinais de disfagia foram doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, diabetes melitus e infarto agudo do miocárdio. A consistência alimentar em que foi observada a maior presença de sinal clínico de aspiração foi o pudim, e o sinal predominante, a voz molhada. Conclusão: Há grande incidência de risco para disfagia orofaríngea nos pacientes internados e um índice ainda maior de pacientes internados em comprometimento nutricional ou já desnutridos. Pacientes internados com doenças respiratórias, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e pacientes com xerostomia foram apontados como grupo de risco para disfagia orofaríngea. .

Assessment of swallowing in preterm newborns fed by bottle and cup / Avaliação da deglutição em prematuros com mamadeira e copo

Purpose: To compare the swallowing performance of premature infants using a cup and a bottle during the first offer of food by mouth. Methods: This study was carried out with preterm newborns who presented low weight at birth and no neurological illnesses, genetic syndromes or congenital malformations. The newborns were assessed by videofluoroscopy while using a cup and a bottle, when they reached a post-conceptual age of ≥34 weeks, weight ≥ 1,500 g and showed signs of readiness for oral feeding. All children were fed exclusively by gavage during the period prior to the study. Results: This study included 20 preterm newborns, with average birth weight of 1,356 g and gestational age of 31.3 weeks. The majority of the bottle-fed newborns (68%) presented strong and rhythmic suction and 63% showed good sucking/swallowing/breathing coordination. The same percentage of newborns fed by cup (68%) could not perform the sipping movement and only 32% could suck a minimal amount of liquid contrast. There were no signs of laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration in both procedures. Conclusion: At the first oral feeding, preterm newborns showed better swallowing performance with a bottle in comparison to using a cup. .

Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho da deglutição com uso de copo e mamadeira em prematuros, na primeira oferta do alimento por via oral. Métodos: Estudo em prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer, sem comprometimento neurológico, síndromes genéticas ou malformações congênitas. Os recém-nascidos foram avaliados por meio da videofluoroscopia, com uso de copo e mamadeira, quando atingiram idade corrigida ≥34 semanas, peso ≥1.500 g e apresentavam indicação de iniciar alimentação por via oral. Todos receberam alimentação exclusivamente por gavagem no período prévio ao estudo. Resultados: Foram avaliados 20 prematuros, com peso médio de 1.356 g e idade gestacional ao nascimento de 31,3 semanas. Grande parte dos recém-nascidos alimentados por mamadeira (68%) apresentou sucção forte e com ritmo e 63% mostraram boa coordenação das funções sucção/deglutição/respiração. A mesma porcentagem de recém-nascidos alimentados pelo copo (68%) não realizou o movimento de sorver e apenas 32% sorveram quantidades mínimas de contraste líquido. Não foram observados sinais de penetração laríngea e aspiração traqueal em ambos os procedimentos. Conclusão: Na primeira oferta de alimento por via oral, recém-nascidos prematuros apresentaram melhor desempenho na deglutição com o uso da mamadeira em relação ao copo. .

Clinical and fiberoptic endoscopic assessment of swallowing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by progressive and partially reversible obstruction of pulmonary airflow. AIM: To characterize swallowing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and correlate the findings with the degree chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and smoking. METHOD: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 19 patients (12 men and 7 women; age range, 50-85 years) with confirmed medical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study was performed in 2 stages (clinical evaluation and functional assessment using nasolaryngofibroscopy) on the same day. During both stages, vital signs were checked by medical personnel. RESULTS: Clinical evaluation of swallowing in all patients showed the clinical signs of cough. The findings of nasolaryngofibroscopy highlighted subsequent intraoral escape in 5 patients (26.5%). No patient had tracheal aspiration. There was no association of subsequent intraoral escape with degree of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, or smoking. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there was a prevalence of oral dysphagia upon swallowing and nasolaryngofibroscopy highlighted the finding of subsequent intraoral escape. There was no correlation between intraoral escape and the degree of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, or smoking...