La visualización en la rehabilitación de lesiones deportivas: una revisión / Guided imaginary in the rehabilitation of sports injuries: a review

La visualización se ha utilizado en programas de intervención psicológica para la rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados ya que diferentes estudios la asocian con una mejoría en el afrontamiento psicológico y reducción de la ansiedad por el temor a volver a lesionarse. Por esto, el objetivo es revisar las publicaciones que utilizan la visualización en la rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados y determinar su eficacia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo la guía PRISMA, en la Web of Science, usando como palabras clave: sport injur*, psycho* y rehabilitation. Los criterios de inclusión fueron ser un estudio empírico y la aplicación de la visualización en la rehabilitación de la lesión deportiva. Se obtuvieron 394 artículos, que se redujeron a cinco. Los resultados muestran que cuatro trabajos emplean la visualización junto con otras técnicas psicológicas. Se emplearon, en su mayoría, instrumentos de evaluación ad hoc. La visualización se mostró eficaz en cuatro de los cinco estudios, consiguiendo los efectos deseados. Las variables psicológicas más estudiadas fueron el dolor, la adherencia a la rehabilitación, la autoeficacia, la motivación y la ansiedad. Se deduce que la visualización, ha resultado útil en la rehabilitación de lesiones deportivas como parte de un programa de tratamiento integral del deportista lesionado. (AU)

Guided imaginary has been used in psychological intervention programs for the rehabilitation of injured athletes, since different studies associate it with an improvement in psychological coping and a reduction in anxiety due to the fear of being injured again. Therefore, the objective is to review the publications that use guided imaginary in the rehabilitation of injured athletes and determine its effectiveness. A systematic search was carried out following the PRISMA guide, in the Web of Science, using as keywords: sport injury*, psycho* and rehabilitation. The inclusion criteria were to be empirical and the application of guided imaginary in the rehabilitation of sports injury. 394 articles were acquired, which were reduced to 5. The results show that 4 works carried out guided imaginary together with other psychological techniques. Ad hoc evaluation instruments were used for the most part. Guided imaginary was shown to be affective in 4 of the 5 studies, achieving the desired effects. The most studied psychological variables were pain, adherence to rehabilitation, self-efficacy, motivation and anxiety. It follows that guided imaginary has been useful in the rehabilitation of sports injuries as part of a comprehensive treatment program for the injured athlete. (AU)

Psychological readiness to return to sports practice and risk of recurrence: Case studies.

Returning to sport after the sports injury is a difficult decision because it's multicausal and the fact that a rash decision can result in numerous negative consequences. Given the importance of psychological variables for the correct rehabilitation of the injured athlete and his or her optimal return to sports practice, there seems to be little information on this subject. In this sense, the objective is to determine the relationship between the subjective psychological disposition of the athlete in the process of Return to Play (RTP) with the type of mood profile and his mental health. This is based on the fact that each athlete evaluates his or her recovery differently and has different levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. For this purpose, four athletes participated in the study. Two males and two females from the sports of indoor soccer and soccer, who had just returned to sports after a moderate or severe injury. The average age was 24.25 years. Various measurements were taken after practices and after matches, to assess mood, psychological readiness, anxiety, stress, and depression. The results confirm Morgan's iceberg profile and the influence that subjective psychological perceptions and assessed emotional states have on athletes' incorporation into their sports practice with a guarantee of success.

Programas de intervención psicológica en procesos de rehabilitación de lesiones deportivas / Psychological programs in sport injury rehabilitation

Introducción: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar las publicaciones respecto de las intervenciones psicológicas aplicadas en los procesos de rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados hasta el año 2020. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos electrónica Web of Science (WoS) de acuerdo con las líneas de recomendación para revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis de la guía PRISMA. Para ello, se utilizaron los términos de búsqueda sport injur*, psycho* y rehabilitation. Los criterios de inclusión utilizados fueron: 1) tener como objeto de estudio la medición de variables psicológicas durante la fase de rehabilitación de una lesión deportiva; 2) ser de carácter empírico y; 3) la aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento psicológico como parte del tratamiento en la rehabilitación de la lesión deportiva. Resultados: Tras aplicar las estrategias de búsqueda, se obtuvieron un total de 394 artículos, de los cuales tras eliminar los que no cumplían los criterios de exclusión se redujeron a 15 artículos. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los programas de intervención psicológica más utilizados en la rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados han sido la relajación, la visualización, el establecimiento de objetivos y el Mindfulness. Por su parte, las variables psicológicas más estudiadas fueron el dolor, la adherencia a la rehabilitación y la autoeficacia. Finalmente, la aplicación de intervención psicológica en el proceso de rehabilitación del deportista lesionado se mostró eficaz, para el objetivo que perseguía, en 13 de los 15 trabajos objeto de estudio.(AU)

Introduction: This paper aims to review the publications regarding the psychological interventions applied in the rehabili­tation processes of injured athletes until 2020. Material and method: A datasearch were conducted in Web of Science (WoS) databases according to the recommenda­tions and criteria established in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. To do this, the search terms sport injur*, psycho* and rehabilitation were used. The inclusion criteria used were: 1) to have as an object of study the measurement of psychological variables during the rehabilitation phase of a sports injury; 2) be empirical in nature and; 3) the application of a psychological training program as part of the treatment in the rehabilitation of the sports injury. Results: After applying the search strategies, a total of 394 articles were obtained, of which after eliminating those that did not meet the exclusion criteria were reduced to 15 articles. Conclusions: The results show that the most used psychological intervention programs in the rehabilitation of injured athle­tes have been relaxation, guided imagery, goal-setting and mindfulness. On the other hand, the most studied psychological variables were pain, adherence to rehabilitation and self-efficacy. Finally, the application of psychological intervention in the rehabilitation process of the injured athlete was effective, for the objective pursued, in 13 of the 15 works under study.(AU)

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the sports field unprecedentedly. The emergency alert has deprived athletes of training in a suitable environment, as they are faced with cancellations of relevant events in their sports careers. This situation can cause stress levels and other emotional disorders similar to those experienced by athletes during periods of injury. Since the relationship between psychological factors and sports injuries is well-studied, the Global Psychological Model of Sports Injury (MGPLD) is applied to this historical situation for athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between perfectionism and trait anxiety with indicators of mental health (mood, depression, state anxiety, and stress) in high-performance athletes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to explore the coping strategies that athletes have applied and whether they are perceived as useful for managing negative emotional states. A cross-sectional study was conducted through online questionnaires during April 2020, adapting the Psychological Assessment Protocol of the High-Performance Sports Center of Murcia (Spain), to assess the psychological effects of confinement in a cross-cultural sample of 310 athletes (141 women and 169 men) from different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, and from diverse sports disciplines. The protocol comprised six instruments that test perfectionism, trait anxiety, mood states, stress, depression, coping strategies, and sleep. It was answered online via Google Forms. The results show that maladaptive perfectionism was related to all the indicators of athletes' mental health. However, athletes' levels of anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms are relatively low, and the use of coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring and emotional calm was associated with lower levels of negative emotional states. Besides, the Iceberg Profile, a suitable fit for the mental health model, is observed in the mood of athletes, both in men and in women, although women showed higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression than men. A strong relationship was observed between maladaptive perfectionism and martial arts sports discipline, superior to other sports. In short, it can be concluded that high-performance athletes in the studied sample showed negative emotional state values below the expected average. Finally, the proposals for practical applications of the results collected are discussed.

Psychological Intervention Program to Control Stress in Youth Soccer Players.

The influence on the psychological well-being of the players and their sports performance seems to be one of the keys to the current sports practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a psychological intervention program for stress control in youth soccer players. A total sample of 19 male youth soccer players (age: 16.3 ± 0.99 years; years playing soccer: 10.89 ± 1.56 years) completed the current research. The Psychological Characteristics Questionnaire related to Sports Performance (CPRD) was used to assess stress factors related to sports competition. A program based on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy was implemented during eight sessions of approximately 50 min each. A pre-post design was used and statistical differences between pre- and post-measures were checked through dependent sample t-tests. The results indicated that the post-test scores were higher than the pre-tests in "Influence of the Evaluation of Performance" and "Mental Skills" factors, which supposes a significant improvement of the stress management related to performance evaluation, as well as the use of psychological resources and techniques. In addition, the post-test scores were also higher in the "Stress Control" factor, although in this case the differences were not statistically significant. Practical indications deriving from the findings of this study can help youth soccer players to manage the stress of competition using a psychological training program.

Return to Play (RTP) y aspectos psicológicos asociados: Una revisión sistemática / Return to Play (RTP) and psychological aspects associated: a systematic review

El objetivo es examinar las investigaciones que tratan la asociación entre el Return to Play (RTP) y factores psicológicos en población deportista. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo las indicaciones de la guía PRISMA. Como palabras clave se usaron: return to play and sport and psycho* and injur*. Como base de datos se uso "Web of Science". Como criterios de inclusión: 1) abordar al menos una variable psicológica, 2) ser de carácter empírico y 3) no ser validación de un instrumento. Se obtuvieron 70 artículos, reducidos a 29. Los resultados muestran relación directa entre la influencia de los factores psicológicos y el tiempo y calidad que el deportista emplea en la rehabilitación y retoma el deporte. El tiempo empleado en la rehabilitación y la retirada temprana del deportista de su deporte tras la lesión parecen ser determinantes para el correcto RTP. Se discute la importancia de comprender los aspectos psicosociales que forman parte del proceso de rehabilitación. Igualmente, el miedo a una nueva lesión, el nivel deportivo previo a la lesión, los rasgos de personalidad y la disposición psicológica para volver a jugar desempeñan un rol muy importante para el RTP

This review aim to examine the researches that address the association between Return to Play (RTP) and psychological factors in athletes. To this end, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, taking in consideration PRISMA guidelines. As keywords were used: return to play and sport and psycho* and injur*. Base data used were "Web of Science". Inclusion criteria were: 1) address at least one psychological variable, 2) to be empirical investigation and 3) not to be a validation. 70 articles were obtained, which were reduced to 29. The results show a direct relationship between the influence of psychological factors and the time and quality that the athlete uses in rehabilitation and return to play. The time spent in rehabilitation and the early withdrawal of the athlete from his activity after the injury seems to be decisive for the correct RTP. The importance of understanding the psychosocial aspects that are part of the rehabilitation process is discussed. The fear of a re-injury, the sport level prior to the injury, the personality traits and the psychological disposition to play again were very important for the RTP