Differential Effects of Three Nutritional Supplements on the Nutrient Intake of Pregnant Women Enrolled in a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Mexico: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

Supplementation in malnourished pregnant women should not displace natural healthy foods. Objective: To estimate the differential effects of three nutritional supplements on macro- and micronutrient intake of pregnant women beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program Prospera (CCT-POP). Methods: Prospective cluster randomized trial. Communities were randomly assigned to receive a fortified beverage (Beverage), micronutrient tablets (Tablets), or micronutrient powder (MNP). Pregnant women (at <25 weeks) were recruited. The food frequency questionnaire was applied at 25 and 37 weeks of pregnancy and at one and three months postpartum (mpp). Differential effects of the three supplements on the median change in nutrient intake from baseline to each follow-up stage were estimated. Results: Median change in protein intake from dietary and supplement sources were significantly lower for MNP and Tablets than for Beverages (baseline to 37 w: −7.80 ± 2.90 and −11.54 ± 3.00, respectively; baseline to 1 mpp: −7.34 ± 2.90 for MNP, p < 0.001). Compared to Beverages, median increases were higher for the MNP for vitamins C (31.2 ± 11.7, p < 0.01), E (1.67 ± 0.81, p < 0.05), and B12 (0.83 ± 0.27, p < 0.01) from baseline to 37 wk; from baseline to 1 mpp, there was a higher median increase in B12 (0.55 ± 0.25, p < 0.05) and folate (63.4 ± 24.3, p < 0.01); and from baseline to 3 mpp, a higher median increase in iron (2.38 ± 1.06, p < 0.05) and folate (94.4 ± 38.1, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Intake of micronutrients was higher for MNP and Tablets, likely due to food displacement among Beverage consumers. Although iron bioavailability and absorption inhibitors were not considered for the present analyses, the distribution of Tablets or MNP had several advantages in this context where micronutrient deficiency remains high among pregnant women, but macronutrient intake is generally adequate or even high.

Nutrition Status of Children, Teenagers, and Adults From National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Mexico From 2006 to 2020.

Background: Population-level health and nutrition surveys provide critical anthropometric data used to monitor trends of the prevalence of under nutrition and overweight in children under 5 years old, and overweight and obesity in the population over 5 years of age. Objective: Analyze the children malnutrition and overweight and obesity in children, teenagers and adults through the National Health and Nutrition Surveys information available from public databases. Materials and Methods: Comparable anthropometric data was gathered by five Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys (in Spanish, ENSANUT). In pre-school-age children, under nutrition status was identified through underweight (Z-score below -2 in weight-for-age), stunting (chronic malnutrition) (Z-score below -2 for length/height-for-age), or wasting (Z-score below -2, for weight-for-length/height); overweight status was defined as a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) for age over +2. For school-age children and adolescents, a Z-score BMI between +1 and +2 deviations was defined as overweight, and between +2 and +5.5 as obesity. In adults (≥20 years of age), overweight status was classified as a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9, and obesity as ≥30. Results: The anthropometric data presented derives from the databases of five survey years of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey: 2006, 2012, 2016, 2018, and 2020. They include a total of 210,915 subjects with complete anthropometric data (weight, length/height) distributed on five survey moments; subjects were categorized by age group: pre-school-age children (n = 25,968), school-age children (n = 42,255), adolescents (n = 39,275), and adults (n = 103,417). Prevalence of malnutrition by indicator was calculated: in pre-school-age children: low height- and weight-for-age, low weight-for-height, and overweight; and in school-age children, adolescents, and adults, the indicators calculated were overweight and obesity. Conclusions: Results demonstrate the importance of maintaining systematic, reliable, and timely national anthropometric data in the population, in order to detect and track trends and to form the basis of nutrition-related public policy.

Consumo del desayuno escolar y su asociación con la ganancia de peso en niñas de San Luis Potosí / School breakfast consumption and its association with weight gain in girls of San Luis Potosí, Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo del Desayuno Escolar Frío (DEF) y su asociación con la ganancia de peso en población preescolar y escolar beneficiaria en San Luis Potosí, México. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en 255 niñas y niños de 3 a 8 años. Se midió la ganancia de peso durante un año, y la ingesta energética total se estimó por medio de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. La energía proveniente del DEF se dividió en terciles y su asociación con la ganancia de peso fue estimada a través de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: En los escolares, la interacción entre los terciles de energía del DEF y sexo mostró que las niñas del segundo y tercer tercil ganaban 500g (p=0.063) y 800g (p=0.015) más, respectivamente. Conclusión: Un mayor consumo de energía proveniente del desayuno escolar se asocia con un incremento en la ganancia de peso en niñas de edad escolar.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the consumption of cold school breakfast (CSB) and its association with weight gain in the preschool and school beneficiary population in San Luis Potosí. Materials and methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on 255 girls and boys from 3 to 8 years old. The weight gain was measured during one year and the total energy intake was estimated by means of a frequency of consumption questionnaire. The energy from CSB was divided into terciles and its association with weight gain was estimated through multiple linear regression. Results: In schoolchildren, the interaction between the energy tercile of CSB and sex showed that the girls of the second and third tercile gained 500g (p=0. 063) and 800g (p=0. 015) more, respectively. Conclusion: Higher energy consumption from school breakfast is associated with an increase in weight gain in school-age girls.

[Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among female Mexican teenagers]. / Factores de riesgo asociados con sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes mexicanas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze risk factors associated with overweight and obesity (OW+O) among female Mexican teenagers (12 to 19 years old). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Secondary analysis of 1 072 teenagers from the Halfway National Survey of Health and Nutrition (Ensanut MC, 2016). Ordinal logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between OW+O and screen time, living with adults with OW+O, marital union, and dietary patterns, among others. RESULTS: OW+O in adolescents was higher when living with overweighed and obese adults (OR= 2.13), >2 hours of screen time (OR= 2.5), discretionary food consumption pattern (OR= 1.81), living in marital union (OR = 2.13), classified in the highest tertile of household wealth index (OR= 1.86), work and doing housework (OR= 5.4). CONCLUSIONS: The most important risk factors associated with OW+O in Mexican teenagers were related to family factors and lifestyles.

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores de riesgo asociados con sobrepeso y obesidad (SP+O) en adolescentes mexicanas (12 a 19 años). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de 1 072 adolescentes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016. Mediante modelos de regresión logística ordinal se estimó la asociación entre SP+O y tiempo frente a pantalla, convivir con adultos con SP+O, cohabitar con pareja, patrones dietarios, entre otros. RESULTADOS: El SP+O en adolescentes se asoció con convivir con adultos con SP+O (RM=2.13), >2 horas frente a pantalla (RM=2.5), patrón de consumo de alimentos discrecionales (RM=1.81), cohabitar con pareja (RM=2.13), índice de condición de bienestar alto (RM=1.86) y dedicarse al hogar y trabajar (RM=5.4). CONCLUSIONES: Los factores de riesgo más importantes asociados con el SP+O en adolescentes mexicanas se relacionan con factores de convivencia familiar y de estilos de vida.

[School breakfast consumption and its association with weight gain in girls of San Luis Potosí, Mexico]. / Consumo del desayuno escolar y su asociación con la ganancia de peso en niñas de San Luis Potosí.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consumption of cold school breakfast (CSB) and its association with weight gain in the preschool and school beneficiary population in San Luis Potosí. MATERIALS AND METHODS: longitudinal study was conducted on 255 girls and boys from 3 to 8 years old. The weight gain was measured during one year and the total energy intake was estimated by means of a frequency of consumption questionnaire. The energy from CSB was divided into terciles and its association with weight gain was estimated through multiple linear regression. RESULTS: In schoolchildren, the interaction between the energy tercile of CSB and sex showed that the girls of the second and third tercile gained 500g (p=0. 063) and 800g (p=0. 015) more, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher energy consumption from school breakfast is associated with an increase in weight gain in school-age girls.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el consumo del Desayuno Escolar Frío (DEF) y su asociación con la ganancia de peso en población preescolar y escolar beneficiaria en San Luis Potosí, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en 255 niñas y niños de 3 a 8 años. Se midió la ganancia de peso durante un año, y la ingesta energética total se estimó por medio de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. La energía proveniente del DEF se dividió en terciles y su asociación con la ganancia de peso fue estimada a través de regresión lineal múltiple. RESULTADOS: En los escolares, la interacción entre los terciles de energía del DEF y sexo mostró que las niñas del segundo y tercer tercil ganaban 500g (p=0.063) y 800g (p=0.015) más, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Un mayor consumo de energía proveniente del desayuno escolar se asocia con un incremento en la ganancia de peso en niñas de edad escolar.

Asociación de un índice de dieta saludable y sostenible con sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos mexicanos / Association of a healthy and sustainable dietary index and overweight and obesity in Mexican adults

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de un patrón de dieta sostenible con sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos mexicanos. Material y métodos: En 11 506 adultos de la Ensanut 2018-19, con información de índice de masa corporal y del cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, se estimó el puntaje de un índice de dieta saludable y sostenible (IDSS) clasificando los alimentos y bebidas en 13 grupos. Mediante modelo logístico ordinal, se analizó la asociación entre el puntaje del IDSS y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Resultados: El puntaje promedio del IDSS fue 6.7 de 13 puntos. Se encontró interacción significativa entre IDSS y sexo sobre la prevalencia de obesidad. Los hombres con mayor IDSS presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad (OR=0.55,p<0.05); esta asociación no fue significativa en mujeres. Conclusiones: Mayor IDSS se relaciona con menor prevalencia de obesidad y, por ende, de enfermedades crónicas. Se requiere mayor investigación para su implementación a nivel poblacional.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the association between a healthy and sustainable dietary index (HSDI) and overweight and obesity in Mexican adults. Materials and methods: We analyzed a sample of Mexican adults (n=11 506) from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19 with body mass index and dietary intake data. We estimated the HSDI score based on foods and beverages recorded in a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, which were classified into 13 food groups. Ordinal logistic model was fitted to analyze the association between HSDI score and overweight and obesity. Results: The mean HSDI score was 6.7 out of 13 points. A significant interaction of HSDI score and sex was found. Men with higher HSDI score showed lower obesity prevalence (OR=0.55,p<0.05); this association was not significant in women. Conclusions: A higher HSDI is related to a lower prevalence of obesity and therefore of chronic diseases. Further research is required for its implementation at the population level.

[Methodology of the National Health and Nutrition Survey for localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k)]. / Metodología de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición para localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes (Ensanut 100k).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological design of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Ensanut 100k is a probabilistic survey that over-represents households with less economic capabilities. This paper describes the scope of the survey, sampling procedures, measurement and inference and logistics organization. RESULTS: 10 461 home interviews and 26 161 individual interviews were obtained. The household response rate was 89 and 92% from individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The probabilistic design of the Ensanut 100k allows to make valid statistical inferences about parameters of interest for public health in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants, localities where 52% of the population lives according to the 2010 census. The comparability of the results with the Ensanut 2012 faci- litates the assessment of the government's support actions to populations with lower economic capacities in the period 2012-2018.

OBJETIVO: Describir el diseño metodológico de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes (Ensanut 100k). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La Ensanut 100k es una encuesta probabilística que sobrerrepresenta a los hogares con menos capacidades económicas. Se describe el alcance de la encuesta, los procedimientos de muestreo, medición e inferencia y la organización logística. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 10 461 entrevistas de hogar y 26 161 de individuos. La tasa de respuesta de hogar fue 89% y de individuos 92. CONCLUSIONES: El diseño probabilístico de la Ensanut 100k permite hacer inferencias estadísticas válidas sobre parámetros de interés para la salud pública en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes, localidades donde vive 52% de la población según el censo de 2010. La comparabilidad de los resultados con la Ensanut 2012 facilita evaluar las acciones de apoyo que otorga el gobierno a poblaciones con menores capacidades económicas en el periodo 2012-2018.

Tendencias de la mala nutrición en menores de cinco años en México, 1988-2016: análisis de cinco encuestas nacionales / Trends of malnutrition in Mexican children under five years from 1988 to 2016: Analysis of five national surveys

Resumen: Objetivo: Estudiar la magnitud, distribución y tendencias de la desnutrición y el peso excesivo en menores de cinco años entre 1988 y 2016. Material y métodos: Se calcularon prevalencias de bajo peso, emaciación, desnutrición crónica y sobrepeso, en el ámbito nacional, en cuatro regiones y localidades urbanas/rurales, en menores de cinco años obtenidas en encuestas nacionales probabilísticas en 1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 y 2016. Resultados: Actualmente 3.9% de la muestra tiene bajo peso, 1.9% emaciación y 10% desnutrición crónica. Hubo un descenso en la desnutrición crónica de 1988 a 2016 (26.9 vs 10.0%), en localidades rurales (43.1 vs 12.6%) y urbanas (22.5 vs 9.1%) y en el sur (38.6 vs 13.4%), centro (29.2 vs 8.4%) y Ciudad de México (13.6 vs 4.7%). En el Norte el descenso fue menor (13.3 vs 11.4%). El sobrepeso disminuyó de 9.7% a 5.8%, entre 2012-2016. Conclusiones: La desnutrición crónica continúa a la baja en México, pero persisten prevalencias elevadas en grupos vulnerables. El sobrepeso presentó una disminución inesperada entre 2012-2016.

Abstract: Objective: To study the magnitude, distribution and trends of undernutrition and overweight in Mexican children under five years between 1988 and 2016. Materials and methods: Underweight, wasting, stunting and overweight prevalences were calculated, at national, regional and rural/urban locality levels in children under five years from the 1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016 national probabilistic surveys. Results: Currently 3.9% suffer underweight, 1.9% wasting and 10% stunting. There was an decrease in stunting from 1988 to 2016 (26.9 vs 10.0%), in rural (43.1 vs 12.6%) and urban (22.5 vs 9.1%) localities and in South (38.6 vs 13.4%), Center (29.2 vs 8.4%) and Mexico City (13.6 vs 4.7%). In the North region the decrease was smaller (13.3 vs 11.4%). Overweight diminished from 9.7% to 5.8, mainly between 2012-2016. Conclusions: Stunting has continued its decline in Mexico, but high prevalences persist in some vulnerable groups. Overweight had an unexpected decline between 2012-2016.

Tendencia en la prevalencia de anemia entre mujeres mexicanas en edad reproductiva 2006-2016. Ensanut MC 2016 / Trend in the prevalence of anemia in Mexican women of childbearing age from 2006-2016. Ensanut MC 2016

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres de 20 a 49 años de edad, según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016), y comparar su tendencia con la registrada en las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud (Ensanut) 2006 y 2012, así como su asociación con la presencia de hierro en la dieta y factores sociodemográficos. Material y métodos: La Ensanut MC 2016 tiene un diseño metodológico comparable con el de las Ensanut 2006 y 2012. Se obtuvo hemoglobina (Hb) capilar y se clasificó anemia con valores de Hb <120g/L. Se excluyó a las embarazadas. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia resultó mayor en la Ensanut MC 2016 que en la Ensanut 2012 (p<0.001) y difirió por grupos de edad, área (urbano-rural) y región (Norte, Centro, Ciudad de México y Sur). El modelo logístico mostró un incremento de la prevalencia de anemia en 2016. Conclusiones: La reducción de anemia, de 2006 a 2012, fue seguida de un incremento en 2016. Es necesario identificar otros factores de riesgo que estén favoreciendo en el aumento de la prevalencia de anemia y evaluar la ingesta de alimentos ricos en hierro, mediante un cuestionario de recordatorio de 24 horas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the anemia prevalence among women from 20 to 49 years from 2016-Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut MC 2016) and compare the trends in 2006, 2012 and 2016 surveys, as well as its association with dietary iron and sociodemographic factors. Materials and methods: The methodological design of Ensanut MC is fully comparable with Ensanut 2006 and 2012. Capillary hemoglobin (Hb) was obtained and those values <120 g/L were classified as anemic. Pregnant women were excluded from the analysis. Results: Anemia prevalence is higher in Ensanut MC 2016 when compared with Ensanut 2012 (p<0.001), differences can be found by age-groups, locality (urban-rural) and country region (North, Center, Mexico City and South). Logistic model showed an increase in anemia prevalence in 2016. Conclusions: Anemia decrease from 2006 to 2012 was followed by an increase in 2016. It is necessary to identify potential risk factors that could be promoting anemia prevalence rising as well as estimate the iron-rich foods intake whit 24 hours recall.

[Methodological design of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016]. / Diseño metodológico de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016.

OBJECTIVE:: Describe the design methodology of the halfway health and nutrition national survey (Ensanut-MC) 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Ensanut-MC is a national probabilistic survey whose objective population are the inhabitants of private households in Mexico. The sample size was determined to make inferences on the urban and rural areas in four regions. Describes main design elements: target population, topics of study, sampling procedure, measurement procedure and logistics organization. RESULTS: A final sample of 9 479 completed household interviews, and a sample of 16 591 individual interviews. The response rate for households was 77.9%, and the response rate for individuals was 91.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The Ensanut-MC probabilistic design allows valid statistical inferences about interest parameters for Mexico´s public health and nutrition, specifically on overweight, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Updated information also supports the monitoring, updating and formulation of new policies and priority programs.

Diseño metodológico de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 / Methodological design of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el diseño metodológico de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino (Ensanut-MC) 2016. Material y métodos: La Ensanut-MC es una encuesta probabilística nacional cuya población objetivo son los habitantes de viviendas particulares en México. El tamaño de muestra se determinó para poder hacer inferencias sobre las localidades urbanas y rurales de cuatro regiones. Se describen los elementos principales del diseño: población objetivo, temas de estudio, procedimiento de muestreo, procedimiento de medición y organización logística. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 9 479 entrevistas de hogar completas y 16 591 entrevistas de individuos completos. La tasa de respuesta de hogar fue 77.9%. La tasa de respuesta de individuo fue 91.9%. Conclusiones: El diseño probabilístico de la Ensanut-MC permite hacer inferencias estadísticas válidas sobre parámetros de interés para la salud y nutrición pública de México, específicamente en variables de sobrepeso, obesidad y diabetes mellitus. Asimismo, la información actualizada sustentará el monitoreo, la actualización y formulación de nuevas políticas y programas prioritarios.

Abstract: Objective: Describe the design methodology of the halfway health and nutrition national survey (Ensanut-MC) 2016. Materials and methods The Ensanut-MC is a national probabilistic survey whose objective population are the inhabitants of private households in Mexico. The sample size was determined to make inferences on the urban and rural areas in four regions. Describes main design elements: target population, topics of study, sampling procedure, measurement procedure and logistics organization. Results A final sample of 9 479 completed household interviews, and a sample of 16 591 individual interviews. The response rate for households was 77.9%, and the response rate for individuals was 91.9%. Conclusions The Ensanut-MC probabilistic design allows valid statistical inferences about interest parameters for Mexico´s public health and nutrition, specifically on overweight, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Updated information also supports the monitoring, updating and formulation of new policies and priority programs.