RESUMEN
In this study, it has been aimed to determine the difference between water footprint values of individuals with different socio-economical levels, living in various cities, before and during COVID-19 pandemic period. For this purpose, a questionnaire study has been made and data obtained because of questionnaire have been processes in a water footprint calculation module. Data obtained from questionnaires have also been evaluated statistically in SPSS application. According to the findings obtained, while average water footprint before COVID-19 pandemic has been calculated as 4178.42 L/day, average water footprint during COVID-19 pandemic period has been calculated as 4606.18 L/day. It was determined that the percentage of participants whose water footprint increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period at all education levels was higher than other participants. When the water footprint values of the participants with an income level of 7000 TL and above were compared with the water footprint values of other income groups, it was observed that the water footprint values of the participants with an income of 7000 TL and above increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. When the water footprint values of individuals according to age groups are examined, it has been determined that the water footprint values of individuals tend to increase in all age groups (except for the 51-60 age range) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been seen that in the monthly clothing expenses and car washing numbers of participants, there was a tendency to decrease and that in their monthly kitchen expenditures there was a tendency to increase. Because of statistical evaluations, it was seen that there was a meaningful correlation between change in water footprint values and weekly shower numbers, weekly laundry washing numbers, and monthly kitchen expenses. Despite the increase in water consumption with many daily activities, it can be said that the average water footprint value did not increase much due to the decrease in clothing expenditures of the participants during the pandemic process, the change in car washing frequencies, and the fact that red meat consumption did not increase in general despite the increase in kitchen expenses.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT: COVID-19 was not taken seriously by many of us until the wave hit our countries and impacted daily life routines and travel plans, similar to our responses to climate change. COVID-19 led to a decrease of anthropogenic activities in Turkey, largely due to lockdown. Changes in the air quality index (AQI) were assessed before and during coronavirus. In this study, the authors investigated the changes of AQI for 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM2.5), a primary air pollutant, as well as ozone, a secondary air pollutant, in Turkey during December 2019, April 2020, and May 2020. Overall, the PM2.5 index improved by 34.5% by the end of April 2020. However, the ozone index increased from 16.8 to 28.8 by the end of April. The increase in ozone is attributed to the reduction of PM levels, which increased sunlight penetration. Before COVID-19, the AQI for Turkey was categorized as unhealthy for sensitive groups (PM2.5 = 103); however, during the pandemic, AQI fell to lower boundaries of the moderate category by May 2020 (PM2.5 = 56.9). Changes in municipal wastewater were also assessed. Municipal wastewater quality and hospital waste generation did not change during the pandemic in Turkey. Therefore, we should not expect COVID-19 risks in treatment plant effluents. This study gives confidence to regulators that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve.
RESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the mechanical properties of fluoride-releasing dental materials after an accelerated fluoride recharge/discharge procedure. Two fluoride-releasing glass ionomer types of cement (Ketac Molar Easymix and IonoStar Molar), a resin-modified glass ionomer (Photac Fil Quick Aplicap), and two compomers (Compoglass F and Glasiosite) were used in this study. A total of 30 rectangular specimens and 30 disk specimens of each material were prepared and placed in distilled/deionized water (n = 5). The amount of fluoride released was analyzed from the materials for 7-day discharge, 1st recharge, 7-day discharge, 2nd recharge, and 7-day discharge, and 3rd recharge. The de/pre- and post-recharge fluoride release were measured using an ion chromatography for 24 days. The flexural strength and microhardness of each group were evaluated. The microhardness of all restorative materials showed no significant change (p > 0.05) over the experimental period. The flexural strength properties of the restorative materials did not change within the time of the study. The study showed that the fluoride release/uptake causes no effect on the mechanical and physical properties of dental materials.
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as propriedades mecânicas de materiais dentários liberadores de flúor após um procedimento acelerado de recarga/descarga de flúor. Dois tipos de cimento de ionômero de vidro liberador de flúor (Ketac Molar Easymix e IonoStar Molar), um ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Photac Fil Quick Aplicap) e dois compômeros (Compoglass F e Glasiosite) foram utilizados neste estudo. Um total de 30 amostras retangulares e 30 amostras de disco de cada material foram preparadas e colocadas em água destilada/deionizada (n = 5). A quantidade de fluoreto liberado foi analisada a partir dos materiais para descarga em 7 dias, 1ª recarga, descarga em 7 dias, 2ª recarga e descarga em 7 dias e 3ª recarga. A liberação de fluoreto pré e pós-recarga foi medida usando uma cromatografia de íons por 24 dias. A resistência à flexão e a microdureza de cada grupo foram avaliadas. A microdureza de todos os materiais restauradores não apresentou alteração significativa (p > 0,05) durante o período experimental. As propriedades de resistência à flexão dos materiais restauradores não mudaram no período do estudo. O estudo mostrou que a liberação/captação de flúor não afeta as propriedades mecânicas e físicas dos materiais dentários.
