Mitigative effects of the bioactive flavonol fisetin on high-fat/high-sucrose induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide growing rates of obesity are correlated with the rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with limited available therapeutics. AIM: The present study was undertaken to investigate the modulatory effects of dietary supplementation fisetin on hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) gene expression, hepatic lipin-1 signaling, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) levels, poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity, as well as some oxidative stress parameters in a rat model of high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) induced NAFLD. METHODS: Sixty male albino rats were allocated into four equal groups: normal control group, fisetin-treated control group, NAFLD group, and fisetin-treated NAFLD group. Gene expression levels of HNF4-α were estimated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while Lipin-1, TXNIP levels, and PARP-1 activity were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); lipid profile, hepatic lipid contents, hepatic lipoperoxides, fatty acid synthase activity, and total antioxidant capacity were also assessed colorimetrically. RESULTS: Fisetin ameliorated HFHS-induced NAFLD; where it suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation, upregulated HNF4-α /lipin-1 signaling, mitigated oxidative stress, inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated TXNIP induction, and PARP-1 activation . In conclusion, fisetin could confer protection against NAFLD and impede its progression. However,additional experimental scrutiny is needed to verify these findings.

Hesperidin promotes lysosomal biogenesis in chronically ethanol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A proposed mechanisms of protection.

Alcohol consumption is a major global risk factor for mortality and morbidity. We aimed to delineate the mechanisms underlying the potential ameliorative effects of hesperidin against chronically ethanol-induced cardiotoxicity. Sixty male albino rats were divided into normal control group, hesperidin-treated control group, untreated alcoholic group, and hesperidin-treated alcoholic group. Transcription factor-EB (TFEB) expression levels were estimated using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α, poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity, and tenascin C levels in cardiac tissues were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; while tissue malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Our data portrayed promoting lysosomal biogenesis, as judged by upregulation of TFEB expression and its target PGC1-α, as well as decreased PARP-1 activity and offsetting inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue injury as the principal culprits mediating the cardioprotective effect of hesperidin in alcohol-induced cardiotoxicity. In conclusion, hesperidin can be used as a cardioprotective agent in chronically ethanol-induced cardiotoxicity.

Expression of long non-coding RNA CCHE1 in colorectal carcinoma: correlations with clinicopathological features and ERK/COX-2 pathway.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Compelling evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) can control carcinogenesis by regulating various aspects of cell biology. However, limited number of CRC-related lncRNAs has been well characterized. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression pattern of the novel lncRNA-CCHE1 in CRC patients and to examine its correlation with clinicopathological features, ERK/COX-2 pathway and some cell proliferation markers in order to gain biological insights on its role in CRC pathogenesis. Colon cancer specimens with their adjacent non-cancerous tissues were taken from 60 patients with primary CRC. LncRNA-CCHE1 relative expression was assessed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. P-ERK ½ and cyclin D1 levels were estimated by ELISA. COX-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression were assessed immunohistochemically. lncRNA-CCHE1 expression was upregulated in CRC tissues compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and was significantly associated with larger tumor size, less differentiated histology, advanced dukes' stage, positive lymph node involvement and vascular invasion. It also showed a significant positive correlation with the expression of p-ERK1/2, COX-2 as well as cyclin D1and PCNA (as markers for cell proliferation). These findings signify that lncRNA-CCHE1 is a key oncogene possibly involved in CRC development and progression by modulating ERK/COX-2 pathway and cell proliferation activity. Our study also provides a rationale for potential use of lncRNA-CCHE1 as a novel prognostic marker, and opens the door for the development of lncRNA-CCHE1-directed therapeutic approaches for CRC patients.

NOD2 expression, DNA damage and oxido-inflammatory status in atopic bronchial asthma: Exploring their nexus to disease severity.

BACKGROUND: Allergic asthma is a chronically relapsing inflammatory airway disease with a complex pathophysiology. AIM: This study was undertaken to investigate the potential contribution of NOD2 signaling, proinflammatory cytokines, chitotriosidase (CHIT1) activity, oxidative stress and DNA damage to atopic asthma pathogenesis, as well as to explore their possible role as surrogate noninvasive biomarkers for monitoring asthma severity. METHODS: Sixty patients with atopic bronchial asthma who were divided according to asthma severity into 40 mild-moderate, 20 severe atopic asthmatics, in addition to thirty age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. NOD2 expression in PBMCs was assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. DNA damage indices were assessed by alkaline comet assay. Serum IgE, IL-17, IL-8 and 3-Nitrotyrosine levels were estimated by ELISA. Serum CHIT1and GST activities, as well as MDA levels, were measured. RESULTS: NOD2 mRNA relative expression levels were significantly decreased in atopic asthmatic cases relative to controls with lower values among severe atopic asthmatics. On the other hand, IL-17 and IL-8 serum levels, CHIT1 activity, DNA damage indices and oxidative stress markers were significantly increased in atopic asthmatic cases relative to controls with higher values among severe atopic asthmatics. The change in these parameters correlated significantly with the degree of decline in lung function. CONCLUSION: The interplay between NOD2 signaling, proinflammatory cytokines, CHIT1 activity, heightened oxidative stress and DNA damage orchestrates allergic airway inflammation and thus contributing to the pathogenesis of atopic asthma. These parameters qualified for measurement as part of new noninvasive biomarker panels for monitoring asthma severity.

Mechanistic insights into the effects of quercetin and/or GLP-1 analogue liraglutide on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats.

BACKGROUND: The development of complementary treatment strategies that focuses on achieving a balance between adaptive and apoptotic unfolded protein response (UPR), enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and thus preserving ß cell mass and function is particularly warranted. AIM: This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the combined treatment by Quercetin (QUE) and Liraglutide (LIRA) in modulating hyperglycemia, insulin-insensitivity, UPR/ER stress markers, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation using a high-fat diet/streptozotocin -induced type 2 diabetic rat model. METHODS: Sixty male albino rats were allocated into five equal groups: normal control, diabetic control, LIRA treated diabetic; QUE treated diabetic and combined treatment diabetic groups. Fasting glucose, insulin, CHOP, macrophage inflammatory protein -1 α (MIP-1α) and Bax, Bcl2 levels were estimated by ELISA; mRNA expression levels of the spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) were estimated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, while MDA, advanced oxidation protein products, reduced glutathione levels and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) activity were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Pancreatic tissues were also subjected to histopathological examination. RESULTS: The combined treatment with both LIRA and QUE causes significant improvements in all the studied parameters; including XBP1 splicing, CHOP, MIP-1α, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, PDI activity, as well as oxidative stress markers as compared to either treatment alone. It also attenuated pancreatic histopathological damage. IN CONCLUSION: Our study nominates this combination to be used in T2DM to achieve adequate glycaemic control and to preserve optimal ß cell function.

Apigenin potentiates the antitumor activity of 5-FU on solid Ehrlich carcinoma: Crosstalk between apoptotic and JNK-mediated autophagic cell death platforms.

BACKGROUND: Although 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) has exhibited effectiveness against cancer, novel therapeutic strategies are needed to enhance its antitumor efficiency and modulate its cytotoxity. Apigenin, a flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables, is a potent dietary phytochemical effective in cancer chemoprevention. AIM: This study was undertaken to investigate the potential synergistic antitumor activity of apigenin and 5-FU on Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC). METHODS: Eighty Swiss albino male mice were divided into four equal groups: vehicle treated control SEC, SEC+5-FU, SEC+apigenin, SEC+ 5-FU+apigenin. Beclin-1 and caspases 3, 9 and JNK activities were estimated by ELISA; mRNA expression levels of the antiapoptotic gene Mcl-1 were estimated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, while tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated spectrophotometrically. A part of the tumor was examined for histopathological and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS: 5-FU and/or apigenin caused significant increase in tissue levels of Beclin-1, caspases 3, 9 and JNK activities, MDA with significant decrease in tumor volume, Mcl-1expression, tissue glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity and alleviated the histopathological changes with significant decrease of Ki-67 proliferation index compared to vehicle treated SEC control group. IN CONCLUSION: The combination of 5-FU and apigenin had a greater effect than each of 5-FU or apigenin alone against solid Ehrlich carcinoma in mice.