Safety and efficacy of frameless stereotactic robot-assisted intraparenchymal brain lesion biopsies versus image-guided biopsies: a bicentric comparative study.

PURPOSE: User-friendly robotic assistance and image-guided tools have been developed in the past decades for intraparenchymal brain lesion biopsy. These two methods are gradually becoming well accepted and are performed at the discretion of the neurosurgical teams. However, only a few data comparing their effectiveness and safety are available. METHODS: Population-based parallel cohorts were followed from two French university hospitals with different surgical methods and defined geographical catchment regions (September 2019 to September 2022). In center A, frameless robot-assisted stereotactic intraparenchymal brain lesion biopsies were performed, while image-guided intraparenchymal brain lesion biopsies were performed in center B. Pre-and postoperative clinical, radiological, and histomolecular features were retrospectively collected and compared. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty patients were included: 131 frameless robot-assisted stereotactic intraparenchymal brain lesion biopsies in center A and 119 image-guided biopsies in center B. The clinical, radiological, and histomolecular features were comparable between the two groups. The diagnostic yield (96.2% and 95.8% respectively; p = 1.000) and the overall postoperative complications rates (13% and 14%, respectively; p = 0.880) did not differ between the two groups. The mean duration of the surgical procedure was longer in the robot-assisted group (61.9 ± 25.3 min, range 23-150) than in the image-guided group (47.4 ± 11.8 min, range 25-81, p < 0.001). In the subgroup of patients with anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy administered preoperatively, the intracerebral hemorrhage > 10 mm on postoperative CT scan was higher in the image-guided group (36.8%) than in the robot-assisted group (5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In our bicentric comparative study, robot-assisted stereotactic and image-guided biopsies have two main differences (shorter time but more frequent postoperative hematoma for image-guided biopsies); however, both techniques are demonstrated to be safe and efficient.

Indications for surgical evacuation of cerebellar intracerebral hemorrhage: consensus guidelines from the French Society of Neurosurgery (SFNC) and the French Society of Vascular Neurology (SFNV).

BACKGROUND: Cerebellar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with poor functional prognosis and high mortality. Surgical evacuation has been proposed to improve outcome. The purpose of this review was to determine the benefit of surgical evacuation of cerebellar ICH and to establish guidelines for when it should be performed. METHOD: The writing committee comprised 9 members of the SFNV and the SFNC. Recommendations were established based on a literature review using the PICO questions. The American Heart Association (AHA) classification was used to define recommendation level. In case of insufficient evidence, expert opinions were provided. RESULTS: Levels of evidence were low to moderate, precluding definitive recommendations. Based on available data, surgical hematoma evacuation is not recommended to improve functional outcome (Class III; Level B NR). However, based on subgroup analysis, surgical evacuation may be considered in strictly selected patients (Class IIb; Level C-EO): hematoma volume 15-25 cm3, GCS 6-10, and no oral anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Moreover, surgical evacuation is recommended to decrease risk of death (Class IIa; Level B NR) in patients with a hematoma volume >15 cm3 and GCS score <10. CONCLUSION: These guidelines were based on observational studies, limiting the level of evidence. However, except for strictly selected patients, surgical evacuation of cerebellar ICH was not associated with improved functional outcome, limiting indications. Data from RCTs are needed in this field.

Impact of early external ventricular drainage on functional outcome after traumatic brain injury: a bicentric retrospective cohort analysis.

PURPOSE: Several studies have confirmed that external ventricular drain decreases intracranial pressure (ICP) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Considering its impact on ICP control and cerebral waste metabolites clearance, timing of external ventricular drain (EVD) insertion could improve CSF drainage efficiency. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of early EVD versus a later one on the 3-month outcome. METHODS: For this retrospective cohort study conducted in two regional trauma-center (Caen CHU Côte de Nacre and Beaujon Hospital) between May 2011 and March 2019, all patients with intracranial hypertension following TBI and treated with EVD were included. We defined the early EVD by drainage within the 24 h of the hospital admission and the late EVD insertion by drainage beyond 24 h. A poor outcome was defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale of one or two at 3 months. RESULTS: Among the cohort of 671 patients, we analyzed 127 patients. Sixty-one (48.0%) patients had an early insertion of EVD. In the early EVD group, the mean time to insertion was 10 h versus 55 h in the late EVD group. Among the analyzed patients, 69 (54.3%) had a poor outcome including 39 (63.9%) in the early group and 30 (45.5%) in the later one. After adjustment on prognostic factors, early EVD insertion was not associated with a decrease in a poor outcome at 3-months (OR = 1.80 [0.73-4.53]). CONCLUSION: Early insertion of EVD (<24 h) for intracranial hypertension after TBI was not associated with improved outcome at 3 months.

Microsurgery and Endovascular Therapy for Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Distal anterior cerebral aneurysm (DACA) represents 4% of intracranial aneurysms. Two treatment modalities are available: microsurgery and endovascular therapy (EVT). OBJECTIVE: To compare the results between microsurgery and EVT in a modern French cohort. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study of 3 French neurosurgical units was carried out from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020. All participants were adult patients who required treatment for a ruptured or unruptured DACA aneurysm. RESULTS: A total of 69 patients were included; 16 patients (23.2%) were treated by microsurgery and 53 (76.8%) were treated by EVT. Thirty-one patients (44.9%) had ruptured aneurysms. The complication rate was low, with 1 death and 1 symptomatic ischemia. There was no difference in complications between microsurgery and EVT (P = 0.22). The number of retreatments was higher in EVT (15% vs. 0%) but not significantly (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: In the specific subgroup of DACA, both treatment modalities are effective in ruptured and unruptured aneurysms, with a low rate of complications. Retreatment may be more frequent in EVT but it does not lead to more complications.

Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: clinical outcomes of patients included in the registry of a pragmatic randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: The role of endovascular treatment in the management of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains uncertain. AVM embolization can be offered as stand-alone curative therapy or prior to surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) (pre-embolization). The Treatment of Brain AVMs Study (TOBAS) is an all-inclusive pragmatic study that comprises two randomized trials and multiple registries. METHODS: Results from the TOBAS curative and pre-embolization registries are reported. The primary outcome for this report is death or dependency (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score > 2) at last follow-up. Secondary outcomes include angiographic results, perioperative serious adverse events (SAEs), and permanent treatment-related complications leading to an mRS score > 2. RESULTS: From June 2014 to May 2021, 1010 patients were recruited in TOBAS. Embolization was chosen as the primary curative treatment for 116 patients and pre-embolization prior to surgery or SRS for 92 patients. Clinical and angiographic outcomes were available in 106 (91%) of 116 and 77 (84%) of 92 patients, respectively. In the curative embolization registry, 70% of AVMs were ruptured, and 62% were low-grade AVMs (Spetzler-Martin grade I or II), while the pre-embolization registry had 70% ruptured AVMs and 58% low-grade AVMs. The primary outcome of death or disability (mRS score > 2) occurred in 15 (14%, 95% CI 8%-22%) of the 106 patients in the curative embolization registry (4 [12%, 95% CI 5%-28%] of 32 unruptured AVMs and 11 [15%, 95% CI 8%-25%] of 74 ruptured AVMs) and 9 (12%, 95% CI 6%-21%) of the 77 patients in the pre-embolization registry (4 [17%, 95% CI 7%-37%] of 23 unruptured AVMs and 5 [9%, 95% CI 4%-20%] of 54 ruptured AVMs) at 2 years. Embolization alone was confirmed to occlude the AVM in 32 (30%, 95% CI 21%-40%) of the 106 curative attempts and in 9 (12%, 95% CI 6%-21%) of 77 patients in the pre-embolization registry. SAEs occurred in 28 of the 106 attempted curative patients (26%, 95% CI 18%-35%, including 21 new symptomatic hemorrhages [20%, 95% CI 13%-29%]). Five of the new hemorrhages were in previously unruptured AVMs (n = 32; 16%, 95% CI 5%-33%). Of the 77 pre-embolization patients, 18 had SAEs (23%, 95% CI 15%-34%), including 12 new symptomatic hemorrhages [16%, 95% CI 9%-26%]). Three of the hemorrhages were in previously unruptured AVMs (3/23; 13%, 95% CI 3%-34%). CONCLUSIONS: Embolization as a curative treatment for brain AVMs was often incomplete. Hemorrhagic complications were frequent, even when the specified intent was pre-embolization before surgery or SRS. Because the role of endovascular treatment remains uncertain, it should preferably, when possible, be offered in the context of a randomized trial.

Clipping Versus Coiling for Ruptured MCA Aneurysms Associated with Intracerebral Hematoma Requiring Surgical Evacuation.

BACKGROUND: Ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm (MCAa) can lead to intracerebral hematoma, and surgical evacuation can be performed in these cases. MCAa can be treated by clipping or before by endovascular therapy (EVT). Our objective was to compare the impact on the functional outcome of MCAa in patients with intracerebral hematoma requiring evacuation. METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study with nine French neurosurgical units from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2020. All participants were adult patients who required evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma. We looked for risk factors for poor outcomes by comparing the baseline characteristics and treatments performed by using the 6-month modified Rankin scale score. Poor outcomes were defined by an modified Rankin scale score of 3-6. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients were included. A total of 129 (79.6%) patients were treated by microsurgery, and 33 (20.4%) patients were treated by EVT. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with poor outcomes included hematoma volume, realization of a decompressive craniectomy, occurrence of procedure-related symptomatic cerebral ischemia, occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia, and EVT. In the propensity score matching analysis (n = 33 per group), poor outcomes were observed in 30% of the patients in the clipping group versus 76% in the EVT group (P < 0.001). These differences may have been related to a longer delay between hospital admission and hematoma evacuation in the EVT group. CONCLUSIONS: In the specific subgroup of ruptured MCAa with intracerebral hematoma that requires surgical evacuation, clipping with concomitant hematoma evacuation could provide better functional outcomes than EVT followed by surgical evacuation.

Systematic Review of Meningiomas Revealed by Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage: Clinicopathological Features, Outcomes, and Rebleeding Rate.

BACKGROUND: Meningiomas are rarely revealed by an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Rebleeding occurrence rate and time of onset are unknown. Here, we performed a systematic review of the literature of meningiomas revealed by ICH. METHODS: We retrospectively collected all meningiomas revealed by spontaneous ICH published between January 1980 and December 2021. We reported clinicopathological features of meningiomas revealed by ICH. We also estimated rebleeding rate and time to onset. RESULTS: Ninety-two studies met all inclusion criteria, led to a total of 120 cases. The mean age was 56.3 years, with 66 (55%) female. Seventy-nine (66%) cases were conscious before surgery, 20 (17%) were in coma, and 17 (14%) were unconscious after deterioration. The most frequent bleeding type was subdural hemorrhage (N = 49, 41%) followed by intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) (N = 44, 37%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (N = 22, 18%), and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (N = 5, 4%). IPH and hindbrain/ventricular locations are associated with poor outcomes (P = 0.031 and < 0.001, respectively). Among the 19 patients who did not undergo surgical resection of the meningioma, 14 (74%) experienced rebleeding with a median occurrence of 120 days (interquartile, [90; -]). Rebleeding occurs earlier if the type of bleeding is SAH or IVH and for hindbrain location (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ICH is a rare presentation of meningiomas. Hindbrain and ventricular tumor location and IPH are associated with poor outcomes. Rebleeding rate is high and premature. It occurs earlier if the first bleeding was SAH or IVH and for hindbrain location.

Patient Selection in a Pragmatic Study on the Management of Patients with Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.

BACKGROUND: The Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Study (TOBAS) is an all-inclusive pragmatic study comprising 2 randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Patients excluded from the RCTs are followed in parallel treatment and observation registries, allowing a comparison between RCT and registry patients. METHODS: The first randomized clinical trial (RCT-1) offers 1:1 randomized allocation of intervention versus conservative management for patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The second randomized clinical trial (RCT-2) allocates 1:1 pre-embolization or no pre-embolization to surgery or radiosurgery patients judged treatable with or without embolization. Characteristics of RCT patients are reported and compared to registry patients. RESULTS: From June 2014 to May 2021, 1010 patients with AVM were recruited; 498 patients were observed and 373 were included in the treatment registries. Randomized allocation in RCT-1 was applied to 139 (26%) of the 512 patients (including 127 of 222 [57%] with unruptured AVMs) considered for curative treatment. RCT-1 AVM patients differed (in rupture status, Spetzler-Martin grade and baseline modified Rankin Score) from those in the observation or treatment registries (P < 0.001). Most patients had small (<3 cm; 71%) low-grade (Spetzler-Martin I-II; 64%) unruptured (91%) AVMs. The allocated management was conservative (n = 71) or curative (n = 68), using surgery (n = 39), embolization (n = 16), or stereotactic radiosurgery (n = 13). Pre-embolization was considered for 179/309 (58%) patients allocated/assigned to surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery; 87/179 (49%) were included in RCT-2. RCT-2 patient AVMs differed in size, eloquence and grade from patients of the pre-embolization registry (P < 0.01). Most had small (<3 cm in 82%) low-grade (83%) AVMs in non-eloquent brain (64%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients included in the RCTs differ significantly from registry patients. Meaningful results can be obtained if multiple centers actively participate in the TOBAS RCTs.

Impact of Decompressive Craniectomy on Hemorrhagic Transformation in Malignant Ischemic Stroke in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular thrombectomy has changed the management of ischemic stroke. The reperfusion can however lead to a hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical procedure used for malignant ischemic stroke. However, its efficacy was demonstrated before the era of endovascular thrombectomy trials. Here, we hypothesized that DC for ischemic stroke after thrombectomy could lead to a higher risk of HT. We thus evaluated this hypothesis in a mouse model of stroke induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) with or without mechanical reperfusion. METHODS: Ninety mice subjected to MCAO were divided into 6 groups: permanent MCAO with or without DC; MCAO followed by a mechanical reperfusion with or without DC and MCAO with a mechanical reperfusion followed by r-tPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator)-induced reperfusion with or without DC. Mice were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging 24 hours after the MCAO to assess ischemic lesion volumes, and the rate, type, and volume of HTs. RESULTS: The ischemic volume was higher in the 2 groups without reperfusion than in the 4 groups with reperfusion independently of r-tPA treatment and DC. The distribution of HT types was different between the 6 groups. The HT volumes and HT scores was smaller in the 2 groups without reperfusion and in the reperfusion group without r-tPA and without DC. In mice having reperfusion, the mean HT score was higher in mice who had DC without r-tPA (HT score 5; P=0.048) or with r-tPA (HT score 8; P=0.02), than in mice without DC (HT score 1). CONCLUSIONS: DC for a malignant stroke, after reperfusion, corresponding to an endovascular thrombectomy failure, increases the risk of severe hemorrhagic transformations in a model of ischemic stroke in mice. This result support the need of clinical studies to evaluate the added value of DC at the era of endovascular thrombectomy.

Surgical treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: clinical outcomes of patients included in the registry of a pragmatic randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: The Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Study (TOBAS) is a pragmatic study that includes 2 randomized trials and registries of treated or conservatively managed patients. The authors report the results of the surgical registry. METHODS: TOBAS patients are managed according to an algorithm that combines clinical judgment and randomized allocation. For patients considered for curative treatment, clinicians selected from surgery, endovascular therapy, or radiation therapy as the primary curative method, and whether observation was a reasonable alternative. When surgery was selected and observation was deemed unreasonable, the patient was not included in the randomized controlled trial but placed in the surgical registry. The primary outcome of the trial was mRS score > 2 at 10 years (at last follow-up for the current report). Secondary outcomes include angiographic results, perioperative serious adverse events, and permanent treatment-related complications leading to mRS score > 2. RESULTS: From June 2014 to May 2021, 1010 patients were recruited at 30 TOBAS centers. Surgery was selected for 229/512 patients (44%) considered for curative treatment; 77 (34%) were included in the surgery versus observation randomized trial and 152 (66%) were placed in the surgical registry. Surgical registry patients had 124/152 (82%) ruptured and 28/152 (18%) unruptured arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), with the majority categorized as low-grade Spetzler-Martin grade I-II AVM (118/152 [78%]). Thirteen patients were excluded, leaving 139 patients for analysis. Embolization was performed prior to surgery in 78/139 (56%) patients. Surgical angiographic cure was obtained in 123/139 all-grade (89%, 95% CI 82%-93%) and 105/110 low-grade (95%, 95% CI 90%-98%) AVM patients. At the mean follow-up of 18.1 months, 16 patients (12%, 95% CI 7%-18%) had reached the primary safety outcome of mRS score > 2, including 11/16 who had a baseline mRS score ≥ 3 due to previous AVM rupture. Serious adverse events occurred in 29 patients (21%, 95% CI 15%-28%). Permanent treatment-related complications leading to mRS score > 2 occurred in 6/139 patients (4%, 95% CI 2%-9%), 5 (83%) of whom had complications due to preoperative embolization. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical treatment of brain AVMs in the TOBAS registry was curative in 88% of patients. The participation of more patients, surgeons, and centers in randomized trials is needed to definitively establish the role of surgery in the treatment of unruptured brain AVMs. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02098252 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Factors associated with favorable visual outcome after surgery of clinoidal meningiomas.

BACKGROUND: The anatomical relationship between clinoidal meningiomas and the optic nerve accounts for their frequent finding on visual disturbances. The goal of the surgery is to perform complete resection and obtain visual recovery. The aim of this study is to determine the factors associated with favorable visual outcome. METHODS: We recorded clinical (including ophthalmological), imaging and surgical data of all patients operated on for clinoidal meningiomas between 2010 and 2020 in 2 French neurosurgical departments and we analyzed their impact on visual outcome. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients were included. At 3-4 months after surgery, 23 patients (68%) had favorable visual outcome. Factors associated with favorable visual outcome were duration of ophthalmologic symptoms < 6 months, preoperative visual acuity > 0.5, absence of optic atrophy, meningioma in high signal intensity on T2-weighted or FLAIR MRI, absence of optic canal involvement and absence of bone hyperostosis on pre-operative CT scan. A soft tumor and a clear brain/tumor border were intra-operative factor associated with favorable ophthalmological outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In clinoidal meningiomas, an early surgery should be performed to optimize visual improvement. Hyperintense lesion on T2-weighted/FLAIR preoperative MRI is correlated with a soft consistency which allows an easier surgery associated with a favorable visual outcome. Invasion of the optic canal and bone hyperostosis should reserve the visual prognosis.

Microsurgical Clipping of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Complications and Risk Factors for Complications.

OBJECTIVE: Middle cerebral artery aneurysms (MCAAs) have been considered good candidates for microsurgery. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of complications and the risk factors for complications with microsurgical treatment of MCAAs to better define the indications for microsurgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 3 tertiary neurosurgical units from January 2013 to May 2020. We evaluated the frequency of complications and searched for the risk factors for complications after microsurgery. Complications were defined as a composite criterion with the presence of one of the following: procedural-related death, symptomatic cerebral ischemia, impossible exclusion, incomplete exclusion, or rebleeding of the treated aneurysm and symptomatic surgical site hematoma. RESULTS: A total of 292 MCAAs were treated, with 29 complications (9.9%), including symptomatic cerebral ischemia (4.8%), aneurysm rebleeding (0.3%), surgical site hematoma (1.0%), impossible exclusion (0.3%), and incomplete exclusion (4.1%). Severe complications, defined as death or a modified Rankin scale score of ≥4 at 3 months, were infrequent, occurring in 7 of the 292 patients (2.4%). On multivariate analysis, the risk factors were a ruptured aneurysm, a larger maximum aneurysm size, a larger neck size, and arterial branches passing <1 mm from the aneurysm neck or dome. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical management of MCAAs can be performed with very low morbidity rates. In some cases, at least for factors that do not result in significant difficulty for endovascular therapy, such as the presence of an en passage artery or ruptured aneurysm, endovascular therapy can be considered to be as safe and effective as clipping.

Predictive Factors of Favorable Visual Outcomes After Surgery of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Because of their proximity to the visual structures, tuberculum sellae meningiomas are frequently revealed by ophthalmologic impairment. The goal of surgery is gross total resection and improvement of visual function. The purpose of the present study was to identify the predictors of favorable visual outcomes after surgery of tuberculum sellae meningioma. METHODS: We retrospectively collected tuberculum sellae meningiomas treated at 2 neurosurgical centers from 2010 to 2020. We collected the clinical, imaging and surgical data and analyzed their effects on the visual outcome. A favorable visual outcome was defined as an increase in visual acuity of ≥0.2 point and/or an increase of >25% of the visual field or complete recovery. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were included. At 4 months after surgery, 30 patients (60%) had experienced visual improvement. The predictors of a favorable visual outcome were a symptom duration of <6 months, preoperative visual acuity >0.5, a smaller tumor size, and tumor with T2-weighted/fluid attenuated inversion recovery hypersignal on magnetic resonance imaging. During surgery, a soft tumor and a clear brain-tumor interface were associated with favorable visual outcomes. Preoperative optic coherence tomography measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness >80 µM and ganglion cell complex thickness >70 µM were also associated with a better ophthalmologic outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In tuberculum sellae meningiomas, rapid surgical treatment must be performed to optimize vision improvement. A hyperintense lesion on T2-weighted/fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging and minor vision impairment at the initial ophthalmologic presentation might give hope for a favorable outcome. Performing optic coherence tomography measurements before surgery could clarify patients' expectations regarding their recovery.

Surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis in patients over 80: is there an increased risk?

Management of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) represents the first cause of spinal surgery for the elderly and will increase with the aging population. Although the surgery improves quality of life, the procedure involves anaesthetic and operative risks. The aim of this study was to assess whether the postoperative complication rate was higher for elderly patients and to find confounding factors. We conducted a retrospective study including all LSS surgeries between 2012 and 2020 at the University Hospital of Caen. We compared two populations opposing patients aged over 80 with others. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a severe complication (SC). Minor complications were the secondary endpoint. Comorbidities, history of lumbar spine surgery and surgical characteristics were recorded. Nine hundred ninety-six patients undergoing surgery for degenerative LSS were identified. Patients over 80 were significantly affected by additional comorbidities: hypertension, heart diseases, higher age-adjusted comorbidity Charlson score, ASA score and use of anticoagulants. Knee-chest position was preferred for younger patients. Older patients underwent a more extensive decompression and had more incidental durotomies. Of the patients, 5.2% presented SC. Age over 80 did not appear to be a significant risk factor for SC, but minor complications increased. Multivariate analysis showed that heart diseases, history of laminectomy, AA-CCI and accidental durotomies were independent risk factors for SC. Surgical management for lumbar spinal stenosis is not associated to a higher rate of severe complications for patients over 80 years of age. However, preoperative risk factors should be investigated to warn the elderly patients that the complication risk is increased although an optimal preparation is the way to avoid them.

Medicosurgical management of deep wound infections after thoracolumbar instrumentation: risk factors of poor outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) after thoracolumbar osteosynthesis is a common complication. Its management relies on surgical revision and antibiotic therapy, but treatment failure is not uncommon. The aim of our study was to assess the frequency of SSI management failure and its risk factors. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients hospitalized from 2011 to 2019 at the University Hospital of Caen was carried out. The infection rate and the time to onset of failure were assessed over a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Treatment failure was defined as the occurrence of a new intervention in the spine in the year following the end of antibiotic therapy, the establishment of long-term suppressive antibiotic therapy, or death from any cause within 1 year of the end of antibiotic therapy. We compared the treatment failure group with the treatment success group to determine risk factors for treatment failure. RESULTS: A total of 2881 patients underwent surgery during the study period, and 92 developed an SSI, corresponding to an SSI rate of 3.19%. Thirty-six percent of the patients with an SSI presented treatment failure. The median time to failure was 31 days. On multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus was identified as a risk factor for treatment failure, whereas prolonged postoperative drainage for 4 to 5 days was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: The number of failures was significant, and failure occurred mainly during the early phase. To decrease the risk of treatment failure, prolonged duration of postoperative drainage seems to be helpful. Additionally, as diabetes is a risk factor for treatment failure, good control of glycemia in these patients might impact their outcomes.

Bumetanide lowers acute hydrocephalus in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can lead to acute hydrocephalus (AH). AH pathophysiology is classically attributed to an obstruction of the arachnoid granulations by blood. Recent findings in rodents suggest that after intraventricular hemorrhage, AH is related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypersecretion by the choroid plexus (CP), as it can be reduced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of bumetanide. OBJECTIVE: Here, we investigated if and how CSF hypersecretion and/or CSF outflow disorders contribute to post-SAH hydrocephalus. METHODS: Ninety-four Wistar rats were used. SAH was induced by the endovascular perforation technique. The presence of AH was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and rats with AH were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group, superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis to block CSF reabsorption, ICV injection of saline, and ICV injection of bumetanide to decrease CSF secretion. Clinical outcome was evaluated with a neuroscore. A second MRI was performed 24 h later to evaluate the ventricular volume. RESULTS: Fifty percent of rats that survived SAH induction had AH. Their ventricular volume correlated well to the functional outcome after 24 h (r = 0.803). In rats with AH, 24 h later, ventricular volume remained equally increased in the absence of any further procedure. Similarly, ICV injection of saline or SSS thrombosis had no impact on the ventricular volume. However, ICV injection of bumetanide reduced AH by 35.9% (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: In rodents, post-SAH hydrocephalus is may be due to hypersecretion of CSF by the CP, as it is limited by ICV injection of bumetanide. However, we cannot exclude other mechanisms involved in post-SAH acute hydrocephalus.

Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Trial (MCAAT): A Randomized Care Trial Comparing Surgical and Endovascular Management of MCA Aneurysm Patients.

BACKGROUND: Whether the best management of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm patients is surgical or endovascular remains uncertain, with little evidence to guide decision-making. A randomized care trial offering MCA aneurysm patients a 50% chance of surgical and a 50% chance of endovascular management may optimize outcomes in the presence of uncertainty. METHODS: The Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Trial (MCAAT) is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, parallel group, prospective, 1:1 randomized controlled clinical trial. All adult patients with MCA aneurysms, ruptured or unruptured, amenable to surgical and endovascular treatment can be included. The composite primary outcome is "Treatment Success": (i) occlusion or exclusion of the aneurysm using the allocated treatment modality; (ii) no intracranial hemorrhage during follow-up; (iii) no retreatment of the target aneurysm during follow-up, (iv) no residual aneurysm on angiographic follow-up; and (v) independence (mRS <3) at 1 year. The trial tests 2 versions of the same hypothesis (one for ruptured and one for unruptured MCA aneurysm patients): Surgical management will lead to a 15% absolute increase in the proportion of patients reaching Treatment Success from 55% to 70% (ruptured) or from 75% to 90% (unruptured aneurysm patients) compared with endovascular treatment (any method). In this pragmatic trial, outcome evaluations are by treating physicians, except for 1-year angiographic results which will be core lab assessed. The trial will be monitored by an independent data safety monitoring committee to assure safety of participants. MCAAT is registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05161377. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MCA aneurysms can be optimally managed within a care trial protocol.