A Review of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei: Insights Into Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare and complex clinical syndrome characterized by the accumulation of mucinous ascites within the peritoneal cavity, typically associated with mucinous tumours of appendiceal origin. Despite its rarity, PMP poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to its indolent yet locally aggressive nature. This comprehensive review provides insights into the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of PMP, synthesizing current evidence and emerging trends in the field. Challenges and opportunities in PMP management are discussed, along with recommendations for clinical practice emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and specialized care. Despite ongoing challenges, advances in surgical techniques, perioperative chemotherapy, and emerging therapies offer hope for improved outcomes and quality of life for PMP patients.

Beyond the Norm: Navigating a Unique Papillary Carcinoma Journey in Breast Cancer.

The presence of papillary structures inside the tumor is a unique and uncommon characteristic of breast cancer, and it is known as papillary carcinoma. In contrast to other forms of breast cancer, this variant usually manifests as a well-defined mass in imaging investigations and is frequently linked to a good prognosis. We present a case of a 72-year-old female with papillary carcinoma of the breast identified after presenting with a palpable breast lump. Following a left simple mastectomy and adjuvant treatment, the presence of papillary structures inside the tumor was verified by a histopathological study. Understanding the clinical and pathological characteristics of breast papillary carcinoma is crucial for precise diagnosis and suitable therapy strategizing. More research is required to further understand the molecular traits and best practices for treating this uncommon subtype of breast cancer.

A Case of Well-Differentiated Endometrial Adenocarcinoma in a Postmenopausal Woman.

Endometrial adenocarcinoma is a prevalent malignancy among postmenopausal women, often presenting with symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. We present a case of a 60-year-old postmenopausal female who exhibited abnormal vaginal bleeding for three months, accompanied by pelvic pain and unintentional weight loss. Clinical evaluation, including physical examination, imaging studies, and histopathological examination, led to the diagnosis of well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent an abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and histopathological analysis confirmed invasive tumor involvement in the lower uterine segment and cervix. The final pathological tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging was reported as pT1b No Mx, FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage II. This case underscores the importance of considering endometrial adenocarcinoma in the differential diagnosis of postmenopausal bleeding and highlights the significance of timely diagnosis and multidisciplinary management for optimizing patient outcomes.

Stealthy Encroachment: Unraveling an Encounter With Renal Myelolipoma.

Myelolipoma of the kidney is an exceedingly unusual benign tumor of hematological components mixed with mature adipose tissue. We present a case of a 59-year-old male who presented with left flank pain and was found to have an atrophic left kidney on imaging studies. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a small and shrunken left kidney with an extrarenal pelvis. A diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) scan results showed a total glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 45.6 ml/min with a non-functional left kidney. The patient underwent a left nephrectomy, and a histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis and highlighted the distinctive morphological features of this rare entity. Postoperatively, the patient experienced a complete resolution of symptoms. This case underscores the importance of considering myelolipoma in the differential diagnosis of renal masses and highlights the successful management of symptomatic cases through surgical intervention. Awareness of this rare tumor is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Further studies are needed to elucidate the natural history and optimal treatment strategies for renal myelolipomas.

From Pixels to Prognosis: A Narrative Review on Artificial Intelligence's Pioneering Role in Colorectal Carcinoma Histopathology.

Colorectal carcinoma, a prevalent and deadly malignancy, necessitates precise histopathological assessment for effective diagnosis and prognosis. Artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a transformative force in this realm, offering innovative solutions to enhance traditional histopathological methods. This narrative review explores AI's pioneering role in colorectal carcinoma histopathology, encompassing its evolution, techniques, and advancements. AI algorithms, notably machine learning and deep learning, have revolutionized image analysis, facilitating accurate diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Furthermore, AI-driven histopathological analysis unveils potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, heralding personalized treatment approaches. Despite its promise, challenges persist, including data quality, interpretability, and integration. Collaborative efforts among researchers, clinicians, and AI developers are imperative to surmount these hurdles and realize AI's full potential in colorectal carcinoma care. This review underscores AI's transformative impact and implications for future oncology research, clinical practice, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

A Case Report of Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor Presenting As Anterior Thigh Swelling: A Diagnostic Challenge.

This case report describes the presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management of a 64-year-old male with a malignant mesenchymal tumor presenting as a swelling in the anterior thigh. Despite initial misdiagnosis and treatment at a local hospital, the swelling worsened, leading to referral to a specialized hospital. Further investigations, including blood tests, ultrasonography (USG), and MRI, revealed a large solid cystic lesion compressing adjacent muscles, indicative of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). A skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a malignant mesenchymal tumor. The patient, also suffering from hypertension and diabetes mellitus, was subsequently referred to the oncology department for further management. This case underscores the importance of thorough evaluation and histopathological confirmation for accurate diagnosis and management of STS, particularly in the context of atypical presentations and comorbidities.

Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast: A Case Report.

This case report presents the diagnostic journey of a 65-year-old female presenting with symptoms suggestive of breast pathology, ultimately diagnosed with mucinous carcinoma, following comprehensive clinical evaluation and histopathological confirmation. Initial assessments indicated a fibroadenoma; however, subsequent histopathological examination revealed mucinous carcinoma, highlighting the importance of histopathological confirmation in establishing definitive diagnoses. The case underscores the challenges in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lesions based on clinical presentation and imaging findings alone. The multidisciplinary approach facilitated discussions regarding treatment options tailored to the patient's clinical and pathological characteristics. This case emphasizes the significance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, integrating clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis, in ensuring accurate diagnosis and guiding optimal management strategies for patients with breast cancer.

Role of Cathepsin B Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review.

This comprehensive review delves into the intricate landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by examining the role of cathepsin B expression in its pathogenesis. OSCC, a prevalent and clinically significant oral malignancy, poses a considerable global health burden, necessitating a thorough exploration of its underlying molecular mechanisms. Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, emerges as a critical player in OSCC, influencing tumour initiation, invasion, and metastasis. The review begins with a brief overview of OSCC, emphasizing its epidemiological and clinical features, followed by exploring the significance of studying cathepsin B expression in this context. In the manuscript, the structure and function of cathepsin B are elucidated, providing a foundation for understanding its aberrant expression in OSCC. Clinical studies revealing correlations with tumour grade and stage, along with prognostic significance, are scrutinized, offering insights into the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of cathepsin B. The biological functions of cathepsin B in OSCC, including its impact on tumour invasion and modulation of apoptosis, are comprehensively discussed. The Therapeutic Implications section explores targeting cathepsin B as a potential strategy, emphasizing the need for future research to overcome associated challenges. In the Conclusion section, the review synthesizes key findings, delineates implications for future research, and highlights the potential impact of cathepsin B on OSCC diagnosis and treatment, contributing to the ongoing efforts to advance our understanding of this complex malignancy, which is associated with a high mortality rate and improve clinical outcomes.

Navigating the Future: A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Gastrointestinal Cancer.

This comprehensive review explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastrointestinal cancers present unique challenges, necessitating precise diagnostic tools and personalized treatment strategies. Leveraging AI, particularly machine learning and deep learning algorithms, has demonstrated remarkable potential in revolutionizing early detection, treatment planning, prognosis, and drug development. The analysis of current research and technological advancements underscores the capacity of AI to unravel intricate patterns within extensive datasets, providing actionable insights that enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. The transformative impact of AI on the landscape of gastrointestinal cancer is emphasized, signaling a paradigm shift towards more precise and targeted cancer care. The conclusion emphasizes the need for sustained research efforts and collaborative initiatives among AI researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, we can navigate the evolving field of gastrointestinal cancer care, embracing the potential of AI to improve patient outcomes and contribute to a more effective and personalized approach to cancer management.

Prediction of emulsification behaviour of pea and faba bean protein concentrates and isolates from structure-functionality analysis.

The effects of different extraction methods on the structure-functionality and emulsification behaviour of pea and faba bean protein isolates, and concentrates were studied at pH 7 and 2, and a regression model was developed to predict emulsion characteristics based on protein properties. The concentrates produced by air classification had lower protein content but higher solubility in water compared to the isolates produced by isoelectric precipitation. The protein secondary structure did not show a consistent difference; however, much higher intrinsic fluorescence was observed for the soluble compared to the insoluble fractions. Interfacial tension of all faba proteins was lower than pea, while there was no significant difference between the concentrates and isolates. The higher protein content of the isolates was found to improve their water holding capacity. Canola oil (40 wt%)-in-water coarse emulsions, prepared with 2 wt% proteins and 0.25 wt% xanthan gum showed smaller particle size at pH 7 than pH 2, while the zeta potential, viscosity and gel strength were higher at pH 7. Emulsions stabilized with concentrates were better or comparable to the isolates in terms of particle size, zeta potential, and microstructure. The regression model predicted that an increase in solubility, intrinsic fluorescence, water and oil holding capacities are more favourable to decrease emulsion particle size, while an increase in solubility, intrinsic fluorescence would lead to higher emulsion destabilization. A decrease in interfacial tension was more favourable to lower destabilization. Emulsion viscosity was more dependent on water holding capacity compared to any other factor. Such models could be extremely beneficial for the food industry to modulate processing for the development of desired pulse protein ingredients.

Assessment of gelation behaviour of fenugreek gum and other galactomannans by dynamic viscoelasticity, fractal analysis and temperature cycle.

Gelling properties of three galactomannan dispersions (fenugreek (FG), guar (GG) and locust bean gum (LBG)) were compared by strain and frequency sweep viscoelasticity, and temperature cycle at a constant strain and frequency in the concentration range 1 to 2 wt%. For FG and GG dispersions, tan δ remain <1 in the linear viscoelastic region during strain sweep analysis. FG and GG dispersions also showed a sol to gel transition at higher frequencies compared to LBG, indicating gelation by inter-polymer interactions and network formation. Conversely, strain and frequency sweep analysis of LBG dispersions revealed poor gelling ability. The fractal dimensions of the gels were 1.82, 2.38 for FG and 1.64, 2.10 for GG, using Shih (1990) and Wu-Morbidelli model (2001), respectively. According to the Shih model, FG and GG fell into the strong gel regime, but the Wu-Morbidelli model revealed that both dispersions were in the transition gel regime, more inclined towards weak gels, which is a more accurate description of the gels. FG and GG could form thermo-reversible gels, while for LBG, an improvement in gel strength was observed after the temperature cycle. The dynamic viscoelastic studies on FG dispersions support their use as food gelling agents.

Rheological characterization of fenugreek gum and comparison with other galactomannans.

Fenugreek gum (FG), guar gum (GG), and locust bean gum (LBG) dispersions were studied for their flow behaviour, intrinsic viscosity, viscoelasticity and the effect of environmental stress on their physicochemical properties. Shear thinning behaviour was observed in all three gum dispersions prepared at concentrations > 0.25 wt%. The impact of the change in concentration (0.125 to 2 wt%) on dispersion flow behaviour and consistency coefficient were determined using power law model. Both GG and LBG dispersions have a higher intrinsic viscosities (16.93 ±â€¯0.02 dL/g and 15.20 ±â€¯0.02 dL/g) compared to FG (13.46 ±â€¯0.02 dL/g), but FG has higher average viscosity molecular weight (3.10 ±â€¯0.01) compared to GG and LBG. This could impart higher apparent viscosity to FG dispersions compared to GG and LBG. All gum dispersions above 0.1 wt% concentration showed entanglement among the polymer chains. Variation in pH (3-7) did not significantly affect viscosity of the dispersions while it was significantly decreased with the addition of salt. The FG had superior gelling properties compared to GG, and LBG at 1 wt% concentration which could have potential application in certain food and non-food products.

Solubility of caffeine from green tea in supercritical CO2: a theoretical and empirical approach.

Decaffeination of fresh green tea was carried out with supercritical CO2 in the presence of ethanol as co-solvent. The solubility of caffeine in supercritical CO2 varied from 44.19 × 10(-6) to 149.55 × 10(-6) (mole fraction) over a pressure and temperature range of 15 to 35 MPa and 313 to 333 K, respectively. The maximum solubility of caffeine was obtained at 25 MPa and 323 K. Experimental solubility data were correlated with the theoretical equation of state models Peng-Robinson (PR), Soave Redlich-Kwong (SRK), and Redlich-Kwong (RK). The RK model had regressed experimental data with 15.52 % average absolute relative deviation (AARD). In contrast, Gordillo empirical model regressed the best to experimental data with only 0.96 % AARD. Under supercritical conditions, solubility of caffeine in tea matrix was lower than the solubility of pure caffeine. Further, solubility of caffeine in supercritical CO2 was compared with solubility of pure caffeine in conventional solvents and a maximum solubility 90 × 10(-3) mol fraction was obtained with chloroform.

Polyphenols from fresh frozen tea leaves (Camellia assamica L.,) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with ethanol entrainer - application of response surface methodology.

Fresh frozen tea leaves (Camellia assamica L.) were extracted with SC-CO2 to obtain polyphenols rich in EGCG and compared with conventional solvent extraction. Extraction parameters such as temperature, pressure and solvent to material ratio were critical factors in extraction and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum yield of extractable solids using SC-CO2 with ethanol entrainer was carried out at pressures 150 to 350 bar, temperatures from 40 °C to 60 °C and solvent to material ratio 100 to 200. The theoretical yield was 3.91 % (w/w), while experimental yield was 4.20 ± 0.27 % (w/w) at temperature of 50 °C, pressure 250 bar and solvent to material ratio of 200. The chemical compositions of extracted solids were investigated by HPLC which showed 722.68-848.09 ± 1.12 mg of EGCG/g of extractable solids were separated in SC-CO2. Also, 54.62 ± 1.19 mg of EGCG/g of extractable solids was separated using conventional extraction which is quantitatively lesser than SC-CO2 extraction yield. Thus, SC-CO2 extraction was proved to be effective technique in obtaining extracts rich in EGCG (>95 %).

Catechin concentrates of garden tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.): extraction/isolation and evaluation of chemical composition.

BACKGROUND: Solid-liquid (SLE) and liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction techniques were applied to extract catechins and caffeine from quick mechanically expelled tea leaf juice (QMETLJ) and freeze-dried (FD)-QMETLJ of Camellia sinensis L. The concentrates obtained were analyzed for total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (DPPH(•) inhibition, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum assay). Catechins were identified and quantified using HPLC. RESULTS: Overall, 95% (v/v) ethanol was the best solvent system for extracting total polyphenols (355.26 ± 23.68 to 457.89 ± 28.94 g GAE kg(-1) extractable solid yield (ESY)) and antioxidants (DPPH(•) inhibition, 16.97 ± 0.52 to 20.83 ± 3.11%; FRAP, 4.15 ± 0.32 to 6.38 ± 0.57 mmol TE g(-1) ESY; Mo(V) reduction, 2.47 ± 0.19 to 3.84 ± 0.39 mmol AAE g(-1) ESY) from FD-QMETLJ. Similarly, in LLE, ethyl acetate showed the best results for recovering polyphenols (960.52 ± 7.89 g GAE kg(-1) ESY) and antioxidants (DPPH(•) inhibition, 42.39 ± 0.91%; FRAP, 11.39 ± 0.83 mmol TE g(-1) ESY; Mo(V) reduction, 6.71 ± 1.14 mmol AAE g(-1) ESY) from QMETLJ. CONCLUSION: It was found that 95% ethanol can be used to increase the total polyphenols and antioxidants in extracts from FD-QMETLJ, while ethyl acetate can be effectively employed for concentrating catechins from QMETLJ.